Readiness standards comprise 65% of the U. S. History Test 3 (B)
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Transcript of Readiness standards comprise 65% of the U. S. History Test 3 (B)
Readiness standards comprise 65% of the U. S. History Test
3 (B)
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
The Student is expected to:(B) Analyze economic issues such as
industrialization, the growth of railroads, the growth of labor unions, farm issues, the cattle
industry boom, the rise of entrepreneurship, free enterprise, & the pros & cons of big business
Mark Twain (1835-1910) coined the term implying that what looked
beautiful and valuable on the surface--growing industry and accumulation of fortunes by the privileged few--was but
a cover for the less valuable (“brass-like”) or destructive features of the
period--poverty, child labor, widespread political corruption, trusts
and monopolies, etc.
“Under the cruel impact of the depression, ideas changed in many areas including politics. A realignment of the American
political system. . . finally reached its fruition in the 1890s, establishing new patterns that gave rise to the Progressive
Era and lasted well into the twentieth century.”
THE GILDED AGE
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 1 Industrialization
The Growth of Industrial
Society in the Unites States of America
The Raw Materials
Of National
Greatness
Rise of American Industry
COAL
IRON
Mesabi iron ore range in Minnesota
PETROLEUM
Manpower / LaborMassive immigration in the late-19th century helped create a large supply of labor to staff burgeoning U.S.
The U.S. had ALL the resources necessary for
national greatness
Tariffs, Trusts, and the Regulation of Business
• Trusts
There were New Laws Regulating:
Trusts
• Prohibited monopolies • Made deliberate destruction of
competition a crime• The terms of the Act were vague leaving a
wide area for interpretation by the courts • United States v. E. C. Knight Company,
1895
Sherman Antitrust Act—1890—First federal effort to control trusts, regulate
big business
United States v. E. C. Knight Company, 1895
Blow against the Sherman Antitrust Act—drew false line of distinction between
“trade or commerce” and manufacturing.” Allowed Knight Co.—a business that controlled 98% of American
sugar refining—to continue operations that were only in “one state.”
McKinley Tariff Act—1890
Passed during the Harrison
administration (right), the Act popularly bore
the name of Ohio Congressman William
McKinley (left)
McKinley Tariff Act—1890
• Raised tariff duties about 4%• Included novel reciprocity provision allowing
president to lower duties if other countries did the same
• Promoted certain new industries, e.g., canned foods
• Upshot was development of holding companies through which one company could control others through purchase of the stock in those companies
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 2 Growth of railroads
Development of InfrastructureThe map to the left shows
U.S. railroad mileage in the 1850s. The two maps on the next frame show the rapid growth of the
American rail system from the year 1850 to 1860.
Most construction was in the industrial Northeast and the recently settled
Midwest.
U.S. rail mileage by 1925
The Transcontinental Railroad
Completed May 10, 1869 The Railroads worked the largest
changes of all from the mid-19th century forward
Standardization of the Rail System
• Standard gauge (distance between rails) in 1866
• Adoption of standard schedules, signals, and equipment
• Creation of Time Zones
Difficulties and Problems with the Railroads
• Consolidation forced many companies into heavy debt
• Unfair Business Practices Implemented Rate wars—necessary to operate at a loss since capital was already paid for
• Illegal Practices
Illegal Practices • Rebate—discount on normal shipping
charge (if not offered equally to all customers, was illegal)
• Pooling—agreement by managers of several companies to share in carrying certain %age of freight so all could remain in business
• Bribery & promises not to cut rates = other illegal acts
Tariffs, Trusts, and the Regulation of Business
• Railroads Trusts
Trust Buster Teddy
Roosevelt
Railroad magnate
Jay Gould
Railroads
• Banned rebates and pooling
• Required railroads to set “reasonable and just” rates
• Required end of overcharging short haul customers
• Created Interstate Commerce Commission
Interstate Commerce Act—1887—Interstate commerce = trade that crosses state lines
The ICC Charged with investigating and overseeing railroad activities and became prototype of federal commissions today
that regulate various sectors of the economy
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 3 Growth of labor unions
Samuel Gompers
The Working Class In spite of some positive
developments—a rise in real wages, improved working
conditions, and an increase in the working man’s influence in
national affairs—work conditions, a grueling and
impersonal routine, and poor safety standards in the work
place prompted the growth of unions to improve conditions.
Who Worked: Mostly White Males (vs. Women and Blacks)
• Discrimination—policy or attitude denying certain rights to a certain group
• Often resulted in receiving less desirable jobs, less pay for same work
Immigrant Work Force
• Slavs—steel mills in Gary, Indiana
• Jews—New York City’s garment industry
• 13.5 million emigrants came to U. S. between 1865-1900--they sped the pace of industrialization
By 1870, about a third of America’s factory work force were foreign-born. Coming out of low
standard of living in Europe, they were willing to take low paying jobs.
Rise of Unions
• Formed 1869 as secret brotherhood • Skilled workers only • Main aims were 8 hour work day and
equal pay for men and women • Elected Terence V. Powderly as
leader in 1879
Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly (1849-1924)
Powderly’s Contributions
Lifted veil of secrecy Opened ranks to women, Blacks,
immigrants, unskilled laborers—goal = unify ALL workers
Opposed strikes (work stoppage) as tool Wanted 8 hour work day Wanted safety in factories Wanted compensation for on-the-job injury
Strike of 1885 against Jay Gould (1836-1892)
This rail strike occurred when Gould
(dominating caricature to left) cut railroad workers salary— strikers won back
salary and membership in union rose to 700,000
by mid-1886
Haymarket Riot and Decline of Knights of Labor
• 80,000 Chicago workers struck for 8-hour day in 1886
• Police killed several strikers near McCormick Harvester Works
• Anarchists (who opposed all forms of government)
staged rally for May 4
• 100,000 met in Haymarket Square to hear anarchist speakers denounce police and industrialists (below right)
• Police moved in • Someone threw a bomb
killing 1 policeman (above right)
• Riot ensued with 7 police and 4 civilians dying
Spies (lower right) was convicted of murder and
executed for his role in the Haymarket Square riot. At his trial, he uttered the following
indictment against society: “Let the world know that in A.D. 1886, in the state of Illinois, eight men were sentenced to
death because they believed in a better future; because they had
not lost their faith in the ultimate victory of liberty and
justice!” Anarchist
August Spies
The riot turned public against labor organizations since Knights were lumped together with anarchists; membership dropped to 100,000 by 1890.
American Federation of Labor
• Founded 1881 with Samuel Gompers as 1st president
• Membership open to skilled workers only
• Members joined through local craft unions and then the local union associated with the AFL
Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) RQ 14
AFL’s limited goals:
• 8 hour workday• Right to collective
bargaining (right of unions to represent workers as a group)
• Did not seek to reorganize society
• Considered strikes a legitimate tool
AFL Membership Figures
• 1886— 150,000
• 1900— 500,000
• 1904—1 million
Management vs. LaborSuspicion and Distrust Existed on
Both Sides• Management’s position—Unions interfered
with management’s right to bargain with individuals
Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Plant Strike
Smoke rising from the
Homestead Steel Plant
Above left, plant manager Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919) and above to the right, plant
owner Andrew Carnegie
Armed Suppression of the Strike:• Workers angered by
unexpected wage cut• Strike threatened• Henry Clay Frick,
plant manager, closed plant
• Frick hired 300 armed Pinkerton guards
•Angry union workers attacked
•Seven Pinkerton men and 9 workers killed
Was a stunning defeat for the
union
Pullman Strike of May-July 1894—the First National Strike in U.S.
History
George Pullman,
1831-1897
President Grover
Cleveland, 1837-1908
Closure of the Pullman
Plant
• Eugene Debs’ American Railway Union boycotted the rolling stock of the Pullman Palace Car Company
• The boycott was in protest of the company’s wage cuts and victimization of union representatives
• The company obtained a federal injunction and used federal troops to break the strike
Eugene Debs, 1855-1926—the strike brought Debs to
national attention
The outcome was a major setback for the American labor movement
Opposition to Unions—Supreme Court Decisions
• In re Debs, 1895—The Supreme Court upheld the injunction that helped to break the Pullman Strike of 1894
• Holden v. Hardy, 1898—The Court upheld a law that limited working hours for miners on the grounds that work in the mines was dangerous and long hours might increase the risk of on-the-job injury
• Lochner v. New York, 1905—The Court struck down a law limiting bakery workers to a sixty-hour workweek and a ten-hour day
Opposition Continued• Press usually sided with employers—
publishers depending on advertising revenue from local businesses, and were employers themselves
• Public generally opposed unions—People considered them radical organizations
• Collective bargaining was foreign to American traditions of individualism
The Socialist View• Government should make decisions
representing society as a whole
• Profits gained from making products, providing services should be distributed evenly among workers
• 1877—Socialist Labor Party founded— was small with limited influence
Eugene Debs stirred railway
workers to strike against the Pullman Company in
1894
For his trouble—specifically his refusal to honor the injunction issued against striking workers—Debs went to jail. Not only did these events put Debs in the national spotlight; his experiences
moved him further to the political left and eventually to support American socialism. Debs would later run as the 1912 and 1920
Socialist Party presidential candidate
Socialist campaign poster
Who Won?• Nobody wins: workers lose wages and
employers lose profits
• Was “unfortunate byproduct of competitive pressures in the new Industrial Age”
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 4 Farm issues
DISCUSSED ABOVE UNDER
(3) (A) Beginnings of
Populism
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 5 The cattle industry boom
Cowboys and Cattle Trails—the Financial possibilities of the open
range• Joseph G. McCoy—the man who
conceived the idea of taking cattle to the railhead in Kansas to the market in Chicago
• Made possible transporting cattle from the Great Plains to the
•Population centers of the East•Texas price = $3-5 per cow vs. Railhead price = $30-50
Cattle Trails
•Western Trail•Goonight-Loving Trail•Chisolm Trail•Sedalia and Baxter Springs Trail
Cattle “Bust”• Overgrazing of the plains
(note competition for grazing land between cattle & sheep)
• Conflicts, quarrels over land & water rights
• Theft of cows from open herds—led to barbed wire fencing around 1874
• Weather—winters of 1885-1886 & 1886-1887 brought blizzards & sub-zero temperatures
Cattle ranching becomes “Big Business”
• Fenced land & barbed wire
• Wells to protect against dry weather
• Hay in tough winter months
By the spring of 1887, 80-90% of the cattle had died—the last roundup on the
northern range took place in 1905
Closing of the American Frontier• The Superintendent of
Census, in 1890, declared that there is hardly a “frontier line” any longer Frederick Jackson Turner—recommended that, with the “closing of the American frontier,” the U. S. turn to trade
In Turner’s view, the settlement process had shaped U.S. “customs and character; gave rise to independence, self-confidence, and individualism; and fostered invention and adaptation.”
Later historians challenged Turner’s thesis, arguing that
family and community were also important in development of the
frontier.
Omission of Contributions • Native Americans Chinese
miners and laborers• Mexican herdsmen
The vaqueros developed techniques
such as branding,
roundups, and roping
The West—America’s First Empire
It would give place to an entirely new & different kind of empire
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 6 The rise of entrepreneurship
Cornelius Vanderbilt
American Invention and Entrepreneurship
Thomas Alva Edison, 1847-1931
Edison’s incandescent light bulb—1879
Late-1800s: A time of incredible explosion of inventiveness. America becamethe home of invention
Refrigeration
Philip Armour (1832-1901)—used refrigeration in
meatpacking industry; Chicago converted into
railway hub between Great Plains farms and big Eastern cities. Beef slaughtered in Chicago
and stored in refrigerated warehouses, shipped in
refrigerated cars to East
Armour’s innovation affected Texas—Ft. Worth became major meatpacking center; Ft. Worth
stockyards opened in 1890
Chicago meatpacker Gustavus Swift (1839-1903) gave an additional boost to the meat
industry
Swift implemented the idea of distributing meat nationwide by use of refrigerated railcars
• Meatpacking goes from $65 million/year business in 1870 to
$500 million by 1890s. Refrigeration changed eating
habits of nation—it gave wider variety of meat to American public AND provided thousands of jobs
Air Brake for Railroad Cars
• George Westinghouse (left, 1846-1914)–enabled engineer to stop all cars himself instead of a brakeman on each car; made for
Passenger safety and comfort
• Longer, faster trains
Electrical InventionsElectricity was a far more flexible
source of power than water or wind. It allowed change in high-voltage
current traveling long distances on power lines into low-level current for use in homes, offices. People
initially feared electricity because they didn’t understand how it
worked
From Franklin. . .
Electricity—more flexible and effective than water or wind
. . . To Edison
Typewriter Christopher Sholes (1819-1890) introduced it in 1867
This marvelous innovation eliminated handwritten business letters and created an new opportunity for women in the workplace
Telephone (a.k.a., the “Speaking Telegraph”)
On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell (left, 1847-1922) spoke the first sentence—“Mr. Watson, come here; I want you.”—over the telephone that he invented.
PhotographyIn 1879, George Eastman
(right, 1854-1932), developed a process
that laid the foundation for producing both celluloid film and moving pictures.
By1888, Eastman was marketing the Kodak
camera.
Cyrus Field (1819-1892) and the Trans-Atlantic Cable
• Field laid in the first cable in 1858 but it broke. He succeeded in 1876.
• Field’s accomplishment linked European and American telegraph networks.
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 8 The pros & cons of big business
Does the industrial process create good or evil?
Post-Civil War America witnessed perhaps the
greatest industrial expansion in the
history of recorded events. It transformed
the United States of America into the most
powerful nation on earth.
Robber Barons or Industrial Statesmen / Captains of Industry?
• Robber Barons—focus on the acquisitive
• Sought own advantage
• Lost sight of public interest
• Drove smaller competitors out of business undermining healthy competition
• Took advantage of workers; created extra poverty and hardship
Materialism and the Origins of Our Consumer Society
Mail Order Catalogs. . .
brought modern products to customers far and wide
Industrial Statesmen—focus on the creative
• Developed new, effective business methods
• Helped American economy to grow
Bottom Line: by 1900, Americans had highest
standard of living in world
Emergence of the Steel Industry
In the 1850s, Sir Henry Bessemer (English, 1813-1898—right) and William Kelly (US, 1811-1888) independently discovered blasting cold air through iron heated in large furnace caused impurities to burn (“air boiling”). ** 17AThe first Bessemer steel was produced in 1864.
The Bessemer Process Made Steel
• More cheaply (only needed 1 ton of coal where 7 were used to make 1 ton of steel)
• Stronger and more durable
• Less likely to rust
• The Bessemer process (left) increased production from 2,000 tons in 1864 to 7 millions tons by end of 19th century.
• Iron ore came in abundant supply in the American Midwest (see map to right). The Great Lakes proved to be an auspiciously located for the transportation of iron ore to the steel mills that would refine the ore into marketable products.
Brooklyn Bridge connecting Brooklyn to Manhattan Island used steel
The BackgroundColonel Edwin L. Drake, a former railroad conductor, became the
first man to drill on oil well (see “Drake #1,” above). His discovery came in Titusville, Pennsylvania on August 28, 1859. Drake’s auspicious find proved to fuel the growth of one of the
most important industries in American history.
Spindletop—Beaumont, Texas, 1901
Uses for Petroleum Included
• Lubricating oil • Grease • Paint• Wax• Varnish• Naphtha• Paraffin
The Rotary Press and the Rise of Advertising
Rise of Department Stores
R. H. Macy in New York
Marshall Field in Chicago
They enabled 19th century Americans the relatively new opportunity to leisurely browse and buy while they shopped
Chain Stores
A&P Grocery Store . . .
. . . & one of its descendants
F. W. Woolworth and the “Five and Dime Store”
Department Stores
Richard W. Sears Alvah C.
Roebuck
Chicago’s Sears Tower today
The mail-order option brought modern products to unseen
customers far and wide, both in urban and rural settings. In the department stores themselves, people could leisurely browse
and/or buy.
. . . & this is today’s lineal ancestor
Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,
economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.
(B) 7 Free enterprise
Business Organization Caricaturists of the day represented the overbearing power
of industry—and, as the U.S. Capitol in
the background suggests, its influence on
Congressmen and other policy-makers
—as both overwhelming and
malevolent.
Business intrusions into politics there well may have been . . . tut no
system of business organization employed so far has bested the
results of the free enterprise system
Vertical Integration—New form of Organization
Carnegie realized fortunes of his steel plant depended on forces outside his own control, e.g., mining companies, ships and rail lines for transport, so he bought these entities.
Andrew Carnegie and Steel Industry(1835-1919)
He insured control of process from securing raw material through turning it into the finished product.He believed in value of competition, free enterprise--he opposed trusts since they violated laws of competition
“Andrew Carnegie emerged as the undisputed master of the [steel] industry.”
Horizontal Integration—New form of Organization
John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) and Standard Oil Trust
Rockefeller believed competition was wasteful—he ruthlessly eliminated the competition through price cutting to capture competitor’s business (he thereafter raised prices). By 1879, he controlled 90% of U. S. refining capacity.Below—Standard Oil Company stock certificate signed by Rockefeller
The “Trust”The “Trust”—stockholders of independent companies exchange shares of stock for trust certificates issued by large firms like Standard Oil.
“Dividends”—%ages of company’s profits issued to holders of trust certificates; to receive, holder gave up right to help manage the firm
Rockefeller took control of entire refining industry (necessary to turn raw petroleum into saleable product). In time, Standard Oil used vertical integration as well to form a monopoly (complete control over every aspect of an industry).
Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil, 1904
Tarbell exposed his cut-throat tactics, ruthlessness. Rockefeller had driven Tarbell’s father out of the refinery business.Tarbell (1857-1944) is pictured on a commemorative stamp show to the left.
Fini