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![Page 1: Reactors and Bombs Short Version. Reactor Components Moderator – Small A – Small probability of absorbing neutrons; Water Heavy water (deuterium) Graphite.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649ca55503460f94965f9b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reactors and Bombs
Short Version
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Reactor Components• Moderator
– Small A– Small probability of absorbing neutrons;
• Water• Heavy water (deuterium)• Graphite
• Coolant• Control Rods
– Absorbers that suck up neutrons• Cadmium, indium, boron
• Delayed neutrons (0.7%)
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Fuel Needed to Run a 1000 MW(e) Coal-Fired and Nuclear Power Plant
Time of Operation Fuel Used During
Operation 1 Hour 1 Day 1 Year
Coal Plant 350 Tons 8.4x103 Tons
3.0x106 Tons
Nuclear Plant 0.3 Pounds
7.2 Pounds 1.3 Tons
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Uranium Isotopes
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Enrichment Numbers
• Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) or Reactor Grade Fuel = 3-5% U235
• Highly-Enriched Uranium (HEU) or Weapons Grade Fuel = 80-95% U235
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Enrichment - Centrifuge
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Centrifuge Cascade
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Centrifuge Cascade
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Uranium Is Encased in Solid Ceramic Pellets
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Fuel Pellet
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Nuclear Fuel Assembly
Fuel Pellet
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Reactor Core
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Boiling Water Reactor
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PWR
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CANDU
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Graphite Reactor
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Plutonium Production
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Breeder Reactor
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TMI
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Chernobyl Reactor
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Contamination
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History Part 2• 1939 – Neils Bohr and John Wheeler proposed detailed
theory (Liquid Drop Model)
• 1939 – Fermi unsuccessfully tried to alert US Navy of importance of research
• 1939 – Einstein’s famous letter to Roosevelt (Szilard, and Wigner)
• 1941 – Britain joins US effort
• 1942 – Fermi, first reactor in Chicago, Oppenheimer in charge.
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Neutrons From Fission
Possible Fission Fuel
Isotope Average Neutron Released
Slow Fast
233U 2.29 2.45235U 2.07 2.30238U 0 0.97
U - natural 1.34 1.02239Pu 2.08 2.45
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Manhattan Project
Gen Groves Oppenheimer
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Oak Ridge - K-25 Enrichment Plant - 235U
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Hanford Reactor – 239Pu
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Los Alamos – Science, Assembly
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Critical “Mass”
• How much material needed to sustain a chain reaction and build a weapon.
• Depends on–Mass–Shape–Density–Configuration
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Critical Masses
Fuel Critical Mass W/O
With Tamper
(U)
With Tamper
(Be)
Natural Uranium
No!
20 % 235U 160 kg 65 kg
50 % 235U 68 kg 25 kg
100 % 235U 47 kg 16 kg 14 kg
80 % 239Pu 5.4 kg
100 % 239Pu 10 kg 4.5 kg 4 kg
Ben2Ben 84
10
94
10
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Explosion Sequence
80206543210 2......,.........2................,.........2,2,2,2,2,2,2
Numbers of Fissions
Boom!
The whole process takes about 1 µs and the last five generations release about 98% of the energy in 10-8s.
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Yield
• Yield of Nuclear Weapons in equivalent explosive power of tonnes of TNT –(1 tonne = 1000 kg)
• 1 kT = 1000 tonnes is equivalent to 4.2x1012 J of energy –(from 0.056 kg of 235U)
• 1 MT = 1 million tonnes of TNT
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Gun-Barrel Device
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Little Boy: A Gun-Type Bomb
28” in diameter, 10” long, 9,000 lbs50 kg of Uranium, 70% 235UCritical mass = 17” in diameterY = 12.5 kT
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Neutron Trigger
n C He Be 10
126
42
94
Po Be
Thin metal foil
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Plutonium Bomb
• In a Reactor three isotopes of Plutonium produced
• 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu• 240Pu and 241Pu undergo spontaneous fission• A gun barrel design too slow to prevent a
“fizzle”
Spontaneous Fission 240Pu and 241Pu
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Plutonium Bomb
• In a Reactor three isotopes of Plutonium produced
• 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu• 240Pu and 241Pu undergo spontaneous fission• A gun barrel design too slow to prevent a
“fizzle”
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Fat Man: Implosion-type bomb
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Fat Man: Implosion-Type Bomb
60” in diameter, 10”8” long5 kg of PuY = 20 kT
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Nuclear Fusion
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1st Use of Fusion
MeV) 17.6 (~ n HeHH 10
42
21
31 Energy
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Fusion Boosted Fission Weapon
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80206543210 2......,.........2................,.........2,2,2,2,2,2,2
Normal sequence, of fission generations.
Boom!
Boosted Weapon100654321 .2fusion.... from neutrons,........2,2,2,2,2,2
Bigger Boom!
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Second Use of Fusion
• Actual Fusion Explosion• Used Liquid tritium and deuterium• Size of a building• 10 MT 1952
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Important Elements of Fusion Bomb
H He n Li 31
42
10
63
Lithium Hydride (LH) but made with deuteriumLithium deuteride LD
Just need a source of neutrons and lots of energy and high temperatures
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Fission Bomb!
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Sequence of Events1. High explosive detonates – compresses Pu and trigger2. Fission occurs3. Neutrons reflected by casing changes lithium to tritium4. X-rays focused by Styrofoam unto LD target5. Fusion occurs releasing energy AND NEUTRONS6. If outer casing made of 238U, a second large fission
explosion occurs! (If made of 235U, an even bigger fission explosion (x2))
Possible Fission Fuel
Isotope Average Neutron Released
Slow Fast
233U 2.29 2.45235U 2.07 2.30238U 0 0.97
U - natural 1.34 1.02239Pu 2.08 2.45
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Fusion Weapon