Reactive Transport through Carbonates

Reactive Transport through Carbonates

Wen Song, Folake Ogunbanwo, Marianne Steinsbø, Martin Fernø, Hamdi Tchelepi, and Anthony R. Kovscek

SUPRI-A

Department of Energy Resources Engineering

Stanford University

May 25, 2017SCCS Annual Affiliates Meeting 2017

Reservoir engineering at the pore scale

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http://www.spe.org/industry/images/different-scales-involved-in-hydrocarbon-production.png

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Transport in carbonates

[Jordan and Wilson (1994) AAPG Memoir 60]

https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/mearr/num4/stimulate_flow.pdf

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Damkohler number

Dissolution as a function of acid flow rate and concentration

C. N. Fredd and H. S. Fogler, Alternative Stimulation Fluids and Their Impact on Carbonate Acidizing, SPE J., 1998, 34-41.

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http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Oil/gifs/fig2d.jpg

Grain Pore

space

Direct visualization of dissolution dynamics

Single-channel calcite microfluidic platform

6

(a) Silicon

mold

(b) PDMS

channel

(c) PDMS

plate

(d) Calcite-embedded

microchannel

Channel

dimensions:

L = 3 cm

W = 1.5 mm

h = 200 μm

Calcite

dimensions:

W = 500 μm

h = 300 μm

W =

1.5

mm

Wcalcite = 500 μm

Calcite post

PDMS channel

Produced CO2

Acidic fluid

Calcite dissolution in 1D flow

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HClConcentration

[%]0.5%HCl 1%HCl 2%HCl

Fluid

velocity[m/day]

10

NomacroscopicbubblesRe=0.0576

Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=62.5μm

2/s

Da=1.080e-3

PeDa=0.03360

SlowreactionRe=0.0576

Pe=31.11

GasphaseengulfmentRe=0.0576


2/s

Da=5.583e-3

PeDa=0.1739

50

Slowreaction

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56

Dissolutionrate=63.8μm2/s

Da=2.206e-4

PeDa=0.03441

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=2.694e-4

PeDa=0.04202

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=1.139e-3

PeDa=0.1777

100

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=56.8μm

2/s

Da=9.809e-5

PeDa=0.03051

Rapiddissolution


2/s

Da=3.499e-4

PeDa=0.1088

Rapiddissolution


2/s

Da=6.454e-4

PeDa=0.2007


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HClConcentration


Fluid

velocity[m/day]

10



2/s

Da=1.080e-3

PeDa=0.03360


Pe=31.11



2/s

Da=5.583e-3

PeDa=0.1739

50

Slowreaction

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=2.206e-4

PeDa=0.03441

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=2.694e-4

PeDa=0.04202

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=1.139e-3

PeDa=0.1777

100

Gasphaseengulfment


2/s

Da=9.809e-5

PeDa=0.03051

Rapiddissolution


2/s

Da=3.499e-4

PeDa=0.1088

Rapiddissolution


2/s

Da=6.454e-4

PeDa=0.2007


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HClConcentration


Fluid

velocity[m/day]

10



2/s

Da=1.080e-3

PeDa=0.03360


Pe=31.11



2/s

Da=5.583e-3

PeDa=0.1739

50

Slowreaction

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=2.206e-4

PeDa=0.03441

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=2.694e-4

PeDa=0.04202

Gasphaseengulfment

Re=0.2882Pe=155.56


Da=1.139e-3

PeDa=0.1777

100

Gasphaseengulfment


2/s

Da=9.809e-5

PeDa=0.03051

Rapiddissolution


2/s

Da=3.499e-4

PeDa=0.1088

Rapiddissolution


2/s

Da=6.454e-4

PeDa=0.2007


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Reactive transport through porous media

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How does the grain-engulfment

effect translate to systems with

more realistic pore geometry?

Calcite-functionalized 2D microfluidics

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Sporosarcina pasteurii

200 μm

bacteria

grain

pore

Calcite-functionalized 2D microfluidics

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Cementation fluid:- 1M urea- 1M CaCl2

200 μm

grain

pore

Bacteria induced calcite-functionalization of micromodel

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200 μm

calcite

100 μm

calcite

Carbonate dissolution in 2D

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2% HCl in DI water

Superficial velocity 50 m/day

5 psi, 35°C

Sped up 60x

200 μm

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Grain-engulfment due to CO2 wettability

Sped up 35x

50 μm

CO2(g)

Calcite grain

Silicongrain

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Grain-engulfment on dissolution

50 μm

t = 0 s

t = 125 s

t = 250 s

t = 375 s

t = 500 s

CO2(g)

Engulfed calcite grain

Silicongrain

Exposedcalcite grain

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Grain-engulfment on dissolution

Exposed calcite grains

Engulfed calcite grains

Acid in preferentialflow path

Dissolving calcite grain

CO2Calcite grain

Pressure effects on Grain-Engulfment

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Does CO2 come out of

solution at reservoir

conditions?

If so, does grain-

engulfment still play a

role?

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2% HCl in DI water


1200 psi, 35°C

Sped up 60x

200 μm

High pressure carbonate dissolution in 2D

Dissolution rate ~ 60 μm2/s

Da ~ 7.3e-2

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200 μm

High pressure carbonate dissolution with CO2-saturated acid

2% HCl in DI water saturated with CO2

at 1200 psi


1200 psi, 35°C

Sped up 60x

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200 μm

High pressure carbonate dissolution in 2D

scCO2

Calcite grain

CO2-saturated acid 2% HCl in DI water saturated with CO2

at 1200 psi


1200 psi, 35°C

Sped up 60x

Reservoir modeling

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How does the pore-scale grain-

engulfment effect translate to

the reservoir?

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Porosity change and CO2 concentration due to reaction

1

0

15

0

Porosity evolution over time Separate CO2 phase evolution over time

Development of calcite-based microfluidics

Experiments demonstrate impact of separate-phase CO2 and grain-

engulfment on carbonate dissolution

Two-phase flow modeling in reactive transport

Conclusion & Future work

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Direct visualization of carbonate dissolution

Hone method to coat micromodel grains with calcite

Study directly the mechanisms related to subsurface flow phenomena in

carbonate reservoirs using calcite-functionalized micromodels

Pore-scale study of flow through carbonates

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Acknowledgement

Professor Anthony R. Kovscek

Professor Martin Fernø

Dr. Steinar Sorne, Dr. Marianne Steinsbø, Sunniva

Fredriksen

SUPRI-A Industrial Affiliates

NorTex STEP scholarship

SUPRI-A Team

Reactive Transport through Carbonates

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