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Hydraulic Re-Fracturing*
Neil Stegent1
Search and Discovery Article #40837 (2011)Posted November 14, 2011
*Adapted from presentation at AAPG Geoscience Technology Workshop, International Shale Plays, Houston, Texas, September 27-28, 2011
1Pinnacle-A Halliburton Service ([email protected])
Abstract
A discussion and review of re-fracturing of both vertical and horizontal wells. Discussion of basic fundamentals of hydraulic
fracturing, reasons to re-frac, candidate selection, operational considerations, and case histories.
Copyright AAPG. Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Hydraulic Re-Fracturing
Neil Stegent, P.E.
Technology Manager - Fracturing
v1
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Re-Frac Case History Papersnotall inclusive
Vicksburg, S. Texas SPE 4118Canyon Sand, Texas SPE 4800
Antrim Shale, MI SPE 29172Gray Sand, Cotton Valley, LA SPE 29554
scon o an s one, exas
J Sand, Wattenberg, CO SPE 7936Undisclosed low pressured field, SPE 14376Oak Hill, Cotton Valley E TX + LA SPE 14655Morrow, Red Fork, Atoka, OK SPE 18861
mon amsu e ,
Green River Frontier, WY+ Piceance Basin, CO SPE 55627Piceance Basin, CO and GGRB, WY SPE 56482Viking, Ferrier, Alberta Pet Society 99-60
Smackover, Mississippi SPE 19768Mesaverde Group, CO & NM SPE 24307McAllen Field, Vicksburg, S. Texas SPE 24872
Eastern Gas Shales-Antrim, MI and
Barnett Shale, TX SPE 63030Cotton Valley TX SPE 63241Codell, DJ Basin, CO SPE 67211, 71045, OGJ 2006
Medicine Hat, Milk River, Alberta SPE 81730
Mendota, Granite Wash, TX SPE 27933.
Refracs - Why do they work, and Why do they Failin 100 Published Field Studies?
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2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Hydraulic Fracture Design
McGuire & Sikora Curves
fraczone
fracfrac
rXk
wkC
fraczone
fracfrac
rXk
wkC
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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What is a Hydraulic Fracture? overburden
w2
w1
max
h
L
min
v
Wellbore
file
m ax
StressP
r
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
min
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Whats Fractures Really Look l ike.........
Fracture
Bedding Planes
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Whats Fractures Really Look l ike.........
SPE 114173 and 77441
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Initial Hydraulic Fracture Completion:
3500
4000
4500
te,
Mscf/D
1500
2000
2500
3000
Averagegasproductionr
Frac Design
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time, day
Production
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Reasons to Refrac:
Improve original fracture conductivity Alter fracture geometry Restoration fracture conductivity of Proppant Embedment SPE 135502
Embedment Stress cycling Dia enesis Scale/Fines
Restore near-wellbore conductivity Stimulatin b - assed a intervals Utilize new Technology Re-energizing or re-inflating natural fissures
refrac often contacts new rock
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Reasons to Refrac:
Improve original fracture conductivity Alter fracture geometry Restoration fracture conductivity of Proppant Embedment SPE 135502
Embedment Stress cycling Dia enesis Scale/Fines
Restore near-wellbore conductivity Stimulatin b - assed a intervals Utilize new Technology Re-energizing or re-inflating natural fissures
refrac often contacts new rock
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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ncrease r g na o ze
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Restimulation of Oil Wells
SPE 101821
40
100
120
s)
20
25
30
35
Proppant
Initial Frac 60
80
Pressure
(bar
Initial Frac
Refrac
5
10
15
Tonneso Refrac
0
20
40
Reservoir
Well A Well B Well C Well D Well E
Fig. 14 Restimulation Treatment Sizes were 135% Larger
Well A Well B Well C Well D Well E
Fig. 15 Reservoir Pressure declined approximately 15%
Despite pressure depletion of ~15%, refracs provided large benefits
Refracs were designed to improve conductivity, proppant mass increased by 135%.
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Restimulation of Oil Wells Increased Job Size
SPE 101821
120
)
80
100
onnes/da
Initial Frac
Refrac
40
60
nRate(t
20
Producti
0
Well A Well B Well C Well D Well E
Production from restimulated wells increased by an average of 37 t/da
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
(~ 275 bbls/Day)
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2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-fracture due to change in rock Stress
Stress Stress
Sand Depleted
Shale
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-fracture due to change in rock Stress
7820
7700
Stress Profile
Concentration of Proppant in Fracture (lb/ft)
Re-Fracture Treatment
Re-Fracture Treatment
8300
8180
8060
7940
Depth(ft)
esu s n onger
Fracture
8780
8660
8540
8420
Permeability Proppant Concentration (lb/ft)7900 Stress Profile
Concentration of Proppant in Fracture (lb/ft)
Re-Fracture Treatment
5000 6000 7000 8000 90008900
Closure Stress (psi)
Low High 0.00 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
0 300 600 900 1200
Length (ft)
8380
8260
8140
8020
(ft)
8860
8740
8620
8500
Permeabilit Pro antConcentration (lb/ft)
Depth
Original Fracture Grows
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
5000 6000 7000 8000 90009100
Closure Stress (psi)
Low High
0.00 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
0 300 600 900 1200
Length (ft)
pwar an s or
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Re-fracture due to change in rock Stress
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-fracture to remove near wellbore damage
Refrac
Post-FracDecline
62%
Re-Frac placed 74,000 LBS5 PPG
Post-ReFracDecline
40%
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Reasons to Refrac: Candidate Selection
Improve original fracture conductivity Alter fracture geometry Restoration fracture conductivity of Proppant Embedment SPE 135502
Embedment Stress cycling Dia enesis Scale/Fines
Restore near-wellbore conductivity Stimulatin b - assed a intervals Utilize new Technology Re-energizing or re-inflating natural fissures
refrac often contacts new rock
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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New Technology: By-Passed Pay
kh Profile
0 0.5 1 1.5
kgh, md-ft
Low Res PayHigh Clay Content
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Z
o
ne
9000 3000
LowClay
9
10
117000
8000
1500
2000
2500
cac ps
dP/dG
GdP/dG
Closure @ 6,085-psi
12
13
145000
6000
500
1000dP/dG = 750
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
G -function
DFIT Diagnostic Fluid Injection Test
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Increased Production: Re-frac by-passed Pay Zones
2500
20001,818 mcf/d Average
1000
1500
810 mcf/d Average
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Well Test Number
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Reasons to Refrac: Candidate Selection
Improve original fracture conductivity Alter fracture geometry Restoration fracture conductivity of Proppant Embedment SPE 135502
Embedment Stress cycling Dia enesis Scale/Fines
Restore near-wellbore conductivity Stimulatin b - assed a intervals Utilize new Technology Re-energizing or re-inflating natural fissures
refrac often contacts new rock
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-Frac with Different Frac Design: SPE 95568
Original Frac: Viscous Polymer Gel Fluid
30003000 2500
3000
Perforations
2000
2500
2000
2500
1500
2000
h
(ft)
Observation Well 1
1000
1500
rth
ing
(ft) Observation Well 1
1000
1500
uth
-North
(ft)
Observation Well 1
500
1000
South-Nort
0
500N
Perforations
0
500S
Observation Well 2 -1000
-500Observation Well 2
-1000
-500
-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Observation Well 2
-1000
-500
-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
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West-East (ft)
Re-Frac: Low Viscosity Water Frac Fluid
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Easting (ft)West-East (ft )
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Re-Frac with Different Frac Design: SPE 95568
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-fracture Reorientation - Barnett Shale
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2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-fracture Reorientation - Barnett Shale
Original FractureOrientation
Re-FractureOrientation
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Re-fracture Reorientation - Barnett Shale
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Reasons to Refrac:
Improve original fracture conductivity Alter fracture geometry Restoration fracture conductivity of Proppant Embedment SPE 135502
Embedment Stress cycling Dia enesis Scale/Fines
Restore near-wellbore conductivity Stimulatin b - assed a intervals Utilize new Technology Re-energizing or re-inflating natural fissures
refrac often contacts new rock
SPE 134330 by Mike Vincent
2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
e racs - y o t ey wor , an y o t ey ain 100 Published Field Studies?
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Thank You
30