RE-ACT @ Crossfield

Social REpresentations of

Community Multimedia Centres

in Mozambique and ACT ions

for improvement Sa r a Va nn i n i

NewMinE Lab

Università della Svizzera italiana

Lugano, Switzerland

Analysis (mixed methods):

work in progress...

Social Representations Theory

(Moscovici, 1963)

What are the Social

Representations of CMCs in

Mozambique?

radio telecentre

… f o s t e r i n g e q u i t a b l e access to

information a n d knowledge for

development , r e d u c e t h e d i g i t a l d i v i d e ,

p r o m o t e s o c i a l i n c l u s i o n , p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n ,

e d u c a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e , h e a l t h , e t c .

U N E S C O, 2 0 0 0

Community

Multimedia Centres

Mozambique

(2011)

Local Perspectives

Social Representations

M o s c o v i c i , 1 9 6 3

Social Representations

M o s c o v i c i , 1 9 6 3

systems of values, ideas and practices,

that are shared among a given social group

double function

enable individuals to orientate themselves

and interpret their world

provide a code that enable

communication among the members of a community

o b j e c t

s u b j e c t g r o u p

intersubjectivity: need to be in relationship with others to give meaning to the object;

the individual perception and the socio-cultural context are not separated.

o b j e c t

s u b j e c t g r o u p

cognitive polyphasia: no mere reproduction of the external reality, development and negotiation

of SRs lead to contradictions and conflicts:

agency and creative power of the human being are allowed.

dialectic: both prescriptive on human behaviour and a product of human agency:

tradition vs change, agency vs structure.

B a u e r & G a s k e l l , 1 9 9 9

Toblerone Model

Values

Practices

Values

Practices

Semi-structured Interviews

Pictures

Focus Groups

Questionnaires

Pictures

Focus Groups

Questionnaires

Values

Practices

Pictures

Focus Groups

Questionnaires

2 initiating agencies

57 staff members

95 CMC users

72 radio-only users

8 non-users

110+ hours

Computer-aided

Content Analysis

(T-Lab)

Manual

Content Analysis

(N-Vivo)

Computer-aided

Content Analysis

(T-Lab)

Lexical Universes

Thematic Analysis (bisecting

K-means clustering)

Lexical Universes

ECU ECU

Lexical Universes

ECU ECU

min. 3 co-occurrences

Lexical Universes

ECU ECU

6 Thematic Clusters

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.

Learning informatics at the telecentre.

Computers as possibly connected typewriters.

The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.

“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.

The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;

Age: few older than 40;

Status: U-RC, non-users.

Age: older than 30 and 40;

Education: primary school and University;

Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;

Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;

Education: University and high school;

Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.

Status: initiating agencies, staff members.

Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.

Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.

informatics, class, classroom, training, English.

computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.

program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.

service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.

CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.

Thematic Clusters

district community government

information radio

change

Molding the πόλις through the community radio

district community government

information radio

change

“A community radio is an institution for

information with the vocation of letting the

community receive the necessary information, the

information that is important for its conviviality, for

its interaction, it is an institution that creates an

opportunity for the people to interact with one

another and with other people at the international

level”

Molding the πόλις through the community radio

class informatics classroom

training

English

Learning informatics at the telecentre

class informatics classroom

training

English

Learning informatics at the telecentre

“It is important because we learn to know what a

computer is, we learn computer programs, we

study the computer as well, but it is much more a

honor for Xinavane, we now know that we have

informatics courses.”

use learn surf write fiddle explain investigate

computer internet machine

school world

Computers as possibly connected typewriters

use learn surf write fiddle explain investigate

computer internet machine

school world

Computers as possibly connected typewriters

“Internet is a page of the broadband [...], there is

mobile Internet, there is fix Internet that is the one

of the computers, it is Internet that you use when

sitting in an appropriate site, mobile Internet is the

Internet that you surf from your phone, and

wherever you are you can surf.”

program music participating speak listen to home children radio

calling news

The radio experience of the users: information,

education and leisure

program music participating soeak listen to home children radio

calling news

The radio experience of the users: information,

training and leisure

“In the radio what I like at most are informative

programs, as for example programs about sport, about

information of what happens at the local level, as well

as at the national and the international level, I also like

more programs for children, other programs as music

ones, I like entertainment in this case.”

service centre multimedia communitarian telecentre photocopies

“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental

look at the services of telecentres

service centre multimedia communitarian telecentre photocopies

“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental

look at the services of telecentres

“I would say the telecentre is a place where we can

have some services, the services are, for example,

those services of photocopies, printing and typing,

services that can help this very same community to

have something more organized, for example every

person that can read and write has a different kind of

handwriting, can you imagine.”

association pay coordinator volunteers work manager management CMC UNESCO committee collaborator money managing training

The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule

association pay coordinator volunteers work manager management CMC UNESCO committee collaborator money managing training

The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule

“Well, when I came here my activity was to restore the

CMC, it was not working properly, there were

relationship problems in between volunteers and

member of the directive board of the CMC radio, also

there was no transparency in terms of public

management in the CMC, the money, the assets, there

was no transparency, and the last issue we became

aware of was that the CMC does not make money.”

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Thematic Clusters

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Thematic Clusters

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Thematic Clusters

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Thematic Clusters

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Thematic Clusters

Clusters

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%

Variables

Age: older than 40;

Thematic Clusters

Clusters by Interviewees’ typology

2.8% 1.2% 1.7% 11.6%

0.0% 7.5% 11.6%

41.7% 40.9% 29.1%

20.1% 10.2%

30.6% 22.3%

19.9% 14.8% 10.9%

11.1% 8.7%

21.1% 14.3% 10.5%

13.8% 19.4% 16.6% 20.1% 27.8%

Non-Users U-RC U-CMC Staff Agencies Representatives

Manual

Content Analysis

(N-Vivo)

Values Ideas Practices People Benefits of the CMC; Benefits of ICTs; Motivation to work in CMC; Motivation to use CMC; Reasons not to use CMC.

Definitions of CMC, Community Radio, Telecentre, computer, Internet ; Improvements needed in/ challenges for the CMC; Local denomination of CMC; Services of the Community Radio; Services of the Telecentre; Services working properly.

Community involvement/ support in the CMC; Promotion of CMC; Synergies the CMC is able to create; Usages of the Community Radio; Usages of the Telecentre.

Interviewee media exposure; Staff Training.

CMC interpretative model

Values Ideas Practices People Benefits of the CMC; Benefits of ICTs; Motivation to work in CMC; Motivation to use CMC; Reasons not to use CMC.

Definitions of CMC, Community Radio, Telecentre, computer, Internet ; Improvements needed in/ challenges for the CMC; Local denomination of CMC; Services of the Community Radio; Services of the Telecentre; Services working properly.

Community involvement/ support in the CMC; Promotion of CMC; Synergies the CMC is able to create; Usages of the Community Radio; Usages of the Telecentre.

Interviewee media exposure; Staff Training.

CMC interpretative model

Information and Communication Flows

J a k o b s o n , 1 9 6 0

Information and Communication Flows

J a k o b s o n , 1 9 6 0

In-bound

Out-bound

Shared within the community

In- bound

Shared Out-bound

Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%

Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%

Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%

Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%

Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%

Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%

ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%

Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%

Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%

TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%

TOT count 131 87 17 235

Results

In- bound

Shared Out-bound

Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%

Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%

Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%

Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%

Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%

Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%

ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%

Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%

Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%

TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%

TOT count 131 87 17 235

Results

In- bound

Shared Out-bound

Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%

Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%

Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%

Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%

Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%

Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%

ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%

Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%

Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%

TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%

TOT count 131 87 17 235

Results

“…the people here need to know what is happening. They need to get information about other part of the world…”

Chitima, Non-user3

“I think the radio created this space to let people stay close to the Government, and to let them know that not everything that is happening is against the population and when the Government does something, they know that the Radio is going to broadcast it”

Chiure, User3

e-government

In- bound

Shared Out-bound

Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%

Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%

Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%

Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%

Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%

Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%

ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%

Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%

Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%

TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%

TOT count 131 87 17 235

Results

“…in the computer there is a lot of information we can get”

Cuamba, Non-user1

“because people go there, in the Internet, and look for information, and inform the community, and the community is fulfilled in listening to the things that who went to use the Internet found”

Cuamba, Non-User4

In- bound

Shared Out-bound

Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%

Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%

Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%

Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%

Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%

Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%

ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%

Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%

Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%

TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%

TOT count 131 87 17 235

Results

“…we want to talk to you, we want to talk to people and have friends abroad…”

Chiure, User3

Thank you!

[email protected]

www.react-project .ch

www.newmine.org

RE-ACT @ Crossfield

Education

Transcript of RE-ACT @ Crossfield