R.C. Joshi and T. Wada

GLOBAL BASELINE GLOBAL BASELINE INFORMATION ON CURRENT INFORMATION ON CURRENT STATUS OF GOLDEN APPLE STATUS OF GOLDEN APPLE

SNAIL DAMAGE AND SNAIL DAMAGE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

FARMERS’ FIELDSFARMERS’ FIELDS

GLOBAL BASELINE GLOBAL BASELINE INFORMATION ON CURRENT INFORMATION ON CURRENT STATUS OF GOLDEN APPLE STATUS OF GOLDEN APPLE

SNAIL DAMAGE AND SNAIL DAMAGE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

FARMERS’ FIELDSFARMERS’ FIELDS

R.C. Joshi and T. WadaR.C. Joshi and T. Wada

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementThe following individuals and institutions provided information on the golden apple snail and links with snail researchers. We are grateful to them for their contributions and assistance. G. Jahn, IRRI, Philippines

Geoff Baker, CSIRO, AustraliaGrant Singleton, CSIRO, AustraliaHae-Chune Choi, RDA, KoreaHarry Ako, HawaiiHector Srenath, FAO, SriLankaHendarsih Suharto,IndonesiaHo Van Chien, VietNamHoracio Heras, ArgentinaHuynh Kim Ngoc, VietNamI. D. Bowen, UKJ. Breithaupt, FAO, RomeJ. Coupland, LONZA, Switzerland

•A. Hardy, USAB. M. Rejesus, UPLB, PhilippinesBanpot Napompeth, ThailandBede Evans, FAO, VietNamBounneuang Douang Booptha, NARC, Lao PDRC. Austria, IRRI Library, PhilippinesCesar Moquete, Republic of DominicaChompoonut Chayapate, ThailandClyde Tamaru, HawaiiCyrill Rogger, InfoAgrar, SwitzerlandDam Quoc Tru, VietNamDuong Ngoc Cuong, VietNamEdwin Javier, IRRI, Philippines

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementJ. W. Smith, USAJerry R. Tjoe-Awie, SurinameJesus Rosario, Republic of DominicaJianming Chen, ChinaJimin Lee, USAJorge Luis Alonso Gonzales, ColumbiaK. Gallagher, FAO, RomeKarl Goeppert, Lao-IRRRKhamouane Khamphoukeo, NARC, Lao PDRL. Estebenet, ArgentinaL.T. Wilson, USALionel Nugaliyade, SriLankaLuike Pieterse, CanadaLuis R. Sanint, FLAR/CIAT, ColumbiaM. Austria, SEARCA-IPM, Philippines

M. Halwart, FAO, RomeM. Ketelaar, FAO, Lao PDRM. Matsuda JICA, JapanM. Way, UKMahithon Putiso, ThailandMario Corado, FAO, Lao PDRMark Bell, IRRI, PhilippinesMel Jackson, HawaiiMen Sarom, CARDI, CambodiaMu Mu Kyaw, Lao PDRN. Cazzaniga, ArgentinaNguyen Huu Huan, VietNamO. Mochida, JapanOthman Omar, MARDI, MalaysiaP. C. Matteson, FAO, VietNam

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementP. Kenmore, FAO, RomeP. A. C. Ooi, FAO, ThailandPatcharee Menakanit, ThailandPol Chanty, CARDI, CambodiaR. C. Saxena, IndiaR. Cowie, USAR. G. Howells, USAR. Yamakawa, HawaiiRobinson, USARodney Haraguchi, HawaiiRoy Masamdu, PNGS. R. Obien, BAR, PhilippinesSakda Sinives, ThailandSang-Beom Lee, RDA, Korea

Sim Sar, PNGStijn Ghesquiere, BelgiumTagliati Elisabetta, FAO, RomeTeo Su Sin, MalaysiaTerunobu Hidaka, JapanThan Aye, MynmarTran Tan Viet, VietNamU Myo Myint, MynmarXiaoping Yu, China

Questionnaire:Questionnaire:

Area under rice production (ha and %): seasons and rice culture (transplanted and direct-seeded)

Extent of damage by golden apple snail (ha)

List of various methods adopted by rice farmers

List of pesticides used to control golden apple snail (most popular to least preferred)

Questionnaire:Questionnaire:Farmers’ criteria for the choice of a

chemical: Efficacy Immediate kill Cost Ease of application Any other reasons (Availability, biodegradable etc.).

Utilization of golden apple snail by rice farmers

Liquid bio-compost fertilizer/ Bio-control of weeds in rice fields Farm animal feed Any other use (baits for rice bugs/rat baits/ fish baits) Food

GAS BackgroundGAS BackgroundCAMBODIA KOREA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

Historical profileYear Introduced 1995 1986 1981 1982-1983 1988 1989 ?Year reported as rice pest 1991 2002 2000 1988 1993 1993 2001

Purpose of IntroductionPet + - + + - + -Food + + - + + + +Revenue + - + + + + +Other purposes - + - - - - -

Species determinationP. canaliculata + ? + ? ? ? ?P. insularum + ? + ? ? ? ?P. paludosa - ? + ? ? ? ?Other species (Pila spp.) + ? + + + + +

Legend+: Present-: Absent?: not clear

Utilization of GAS in S.E AsiaUtilization of GAS in S.E Asia

USAGE CAMBODIA KOREA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

Liquid bio-fertilizer/compost + +Duck/fish/Prawn/Chicken feed + + +Python, shrimp farm +Food for human beings + + + + + +Gift sovenoirs +Baits for rats and bugs +Paddy weeding +

Control TacticsControl TacticsCAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

CulturalTransplant older seedlings + + + +Construct small canalets in paddies +Install screens at water inlets + + + +Manual collection + + + + +Collect and crush eggmasses + +Place bamboo stakes + + +Additional seedlings +Dry ploughing after harvest +Plant vegetables (to keep land dry) +Adjust 0-3 cm water level from sowing + + +to 15 days after sowing


Insecticide/fungicideEndosulfan + +Cartap (Padan) +Copper sulphate + + +Lime before transplanting + +

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMASynthetic MolluscicidesMetaldehyde + +Niclosamide + + + +


Plant Molluscicides/AttractantDragonbone plant (whole chopped) +Rotex 5% WP (Rotenone) +Ocimum basilicum (leaves) +Castor (leaves) +Papaya (leaves/stems) +Cassava (leaves/stems) +Jackfruit (skin/filaments) +Taro (leaves) +Nerium oleander (leaves) +Saponin (waste product of tea plant) +Blumea balsamia (leaves) +Derris eliptica (roots) +Tobacco +Pinang (Areca catechu) (seeds) +Rerak (Sapindinus reack) (fruits) +Melia azederach (grains) +Pig bran +Neem (dry leaves/dry seeds/fresh seeds) +Water convolvulus +Protek +Dewdrops (Datura repens)- ethanol extract +Ammannia baccifera- ethanol extract +Soapberry (Sapindus emerginatus )- ethanol extract +


Quarantine/LegislativeBan import/raising + + + +Public awareness campaign + + + +Mass Information Campaigns (yearly) + +

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMABiological control agentsDucks + + + +Black ants +Rats + + +Snakes +Fish: Common carp + +Fish: Black carp + +Fish: Hybrid catfish +Fish: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) +Fish: Silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) +Fish: Mujaer (Oreochromis mossambicus) +Fish: (Pristolepis fasciatus) +Fish: (Anabas testudineus) +Bird: Greater coucal (centropus sinensis) +Insect: Water bug (Sphaerodema molestum)

Current Studies Done on GASCurrent Studies Done on GASSTUDIES CAMBODIA KOREA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

Basic StudiesPest status on DSR/TPR + + + +Plant loss + + + +Snail size relationship to damage + + + +Distinguish GAS and NAS + +Soil-type related mortality + +Weather-related mortality +Off-season survival +Feeding behavior +Sex ratio +

Applied StudiesInfested areas determined by GIS +Effect of Dragonbone plant +Liquid bio-fertlizer preparation + + +Animal farm feed for ducks + +Evaluation of natural enemies + + +Attactiveness of botanical leaves + +Effect of botanicals on GAS mortality + + +Effect of pesticides on GAS mortality + +Farmer training on management + +

Common Difficulties/ Constraints Common Difficulties/ Constraints in GAS Managementin GAS Management

Taxonomic confusion of Pomacea spp. complex need to be resolved by molecular approaches.

The information exchange on GAS needs to be strengthened on applesnail.net internet website through cooperative efforts.

Timely community actions are rarely practiced to reduce GAS build-up. Thus there is a need to demonstrate the integrated approach to GAS management.

Lack of viable technologies to manage GAS in flood-prone areas and direct-seeded rice.

Very few information on the effect of botanical molluscicides on non-target organisms.

Choice of non-specific pesticides still preferred by farmers because of immediate kill, followed by ease of application then cost and last efficacy.

TThhaann yyoouu !! !! !!

Let’s continue to

cooperate, collaborate & network!

Yeah, let’s do it together!!!

R.C. Joshi and T. Wada

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