nfsbc!Dvyvbnfsbc!Dvyvbnfsbc!Dvyvbnfsbc!Dvyvb

rbsUwfmvs!fobrbsUwfmvs!fobrbsUwfmvs!fobrbsUwfmvs!fob.ljmpUbljmpUbljmpUbljmpUb!!!!

TfebsfcjUjTfebsfcjUjTfebsfcjUjTfebsfcjUj!!!!

mfrtjlpojmfrtjlpojmfrtjlpojmfrtjlpoj

!!!!

UcjmjtjUcjmjtjUcjmjtjUcjmjtj!!!!3111311131113111....3114311431143114

IBERO-CAUCASICA

Mérab Tchoukhoua Dictionnaire comparé

des Kartvéliens

Merab Chukhua The Kartvelian Comparative

Dictionary

Мераб Чухуа Сравнительный словарь картвельских диалектов

merab Cuxuamerab Cuxuamerab Cuxuamerab Cuxua

vuZRvni profesorvuZRvni profesorvuZRvni profesorvuZRvni profesor

giorgi rogavasgiorgi rogavasgiorgi rogavasgiorgi rogavas xsovnas xsovnas xsovnas xsovnas

qarTvelur enaqarTvelur enaqarTvelur enaqarTvelur ena-kiloTa kiloTa kiloTa kiloTa

SedarebiTiSedarebiTiSedarebiTiSedarebiTi leqsikonileqsikonileqsikonileqsikoni

damatebiTi masalebi damatebiTi masalebi damatebiTi masalebi damatebiTi masalebi istoriulistoriulistoriulistoriul----etimologiuri etimologiuri etimologiuri etimologiuri leqsikonisaTvisleqsikonisaTvisleqsikonisaTvisleqsikonisaTvis

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi 2000200020002000----2003200320032003

leqsikonSi mocemulia Ziebani qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikidan. gamovlenilia saerTo-qarTveluri fuZeenidan momdinare aseulobiT leqsi-kuri erTeuli, romelzec adre ar iyo miTiTebuli saenaTmecniero literaturaSi. avtori uxvad moix-mobs geneturad saerTo masalas monaTesave iberiul-kavkasiuri enebidan. etimologizebul ZirTa garkveu-li nawili interess iwvevs protoqarTvelTa winare kulturis istoriis TvalsazrisiTac.

Sromis Sesaval nawilSi ganixileba qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. aR-werilia aqamde ucnobi fonetikuri procesebi svanu-ridan.

wigni gankuTvnilia filologiis, istoriis, aRmo-savleTmcodneobis fakultetebis studentTa, maswav-lebelTa da qarTuli kulturis istoriiT daintere-sebul mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

3

SiSiSiSinaarnaarnaarnaarsisisisi

gv.

winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 istoriuli fonetikis zogierTi sakiTxis Taobaze svanurSi: sonantTa sistema l r m n E l r m n E l r m n E l r m n E . . . . . . . . . . . 15 $ 1. llll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 $ 2. s.-qarTv. llll → svan. dddd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

$ 3. llll → EEEE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

$ 4. llll → mmmm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

$ 5. llll → nnnn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

$ 6. llll → rrrr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 $ 7. mmmm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 $ 8. s.-qarTv. mmmm → svan. nnnn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

$ 9. mmmm → llll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

$ 10. mmmm → bbbb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 $ 11. nnnn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 $ 12. s.-qarTv. nnnn → svan. rrrr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

$ 13. nnnn → mmmm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

$ 14. nnnn → llll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 $ 15. rrrr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 $ 16. s.-qarTv. rrrr → svan. llll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

$ 17. rrrr → nnnn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

$ 18. rrrr → mmmm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

$ 19. EEEE → bbbb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 $ 20. fonetikur procesTa zogadi kanonzomierebisaTvis svanurSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

$ 21. vvvv → nnnn procesisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi. . . . . . . 24 $ 22. saerToqarTveluri slslslsl Tanmimdevrobis realiza-ciisaTvis svanurSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

$ 23. SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana → | sisisisisisisisinananana gadabgerebisaTvis sibilantebSi 27

$ 24. s.-qarTv. Z c w sZ c w sZ c w sZ c w s → ZgZgZgZg cqcqcqcq wkwkwkwk sqsqsqsq procesisaTvis svanursa da zanurSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

$ 25. s.-qarTv. ssss → qarT. ssss : zan. sqsqsqsq : svan. sgsgsgsg/sksksksk ←*sqsqsqsq . 30

$ 26. s.-qarTv. wwww → qarT. wwww : zan. wkwkwkwk : svan. wkwkwkwk/sksksksk . . . . 31

4

$ 27. s.-qarTv. ZZZZ → qarT. ZZZZ : zan. ZgZgZgZg : svan. ZgZgZgZg → | sgsgsgsg/sk sk sk sk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

$ 28. s.-qarTv. cccc → qarT. cccc : zan. cqcqcqcq/CCCC : svan. sgsgsgsg ←*cq cq cq cq 31 $ 29. ukanaenismierTa dakargvis SemTxvevebi Tanxmovan-kompleqsebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

$ 30. s.-qarTv. sTsTsTsT, TTTT qarTvelur enebSi . . . . . . . . . . 33 $ 31. saerToqarTveluri WWWW|wkwkwkwk-s Sesatyvisebi svanurSi . 36 $ 32. gggg/dddd → zzzz procesisaTvis svanurSi . . . . . . . . . . 37 $ 33. tktktktk kompleqsisaTvis svanurSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 $ 34. saerToqarTveluri yyyy svanurSi . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 $ 35. sisisisisisisisinananana | SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana sibilantTa substituciisaTvis sa-erToqarTvelurSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

$ 36. zmnuri sufiqsaciis zogierTi sakiTxi svanurSi . . 43 $ 37. -ar ar ar ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 $ 38. -er er er er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 $ 39. -ebebebeb → | -@b@b@b@b → | -ab ab ab ab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

$ 40. -efefefef → | -@f@f@f@f → | -af af af af . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 leqsikoni aaaa _ h h h h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47-426 boloTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 saerToqarTvelur arqetipTa indeqsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 SemoklebaTa ganmarteba (enebi, dialeqtebi) . . . . . . . . . . 451 gaanalizebul Zir-fuZeTa saZiebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

5

* * *

qarTvelur ena-kiloTa leqsikis SedarebiTi Seswavla gasuli sauku-nis 80-ian wlebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis kavkasiur enaTa gan-yofilebaze swavlisas daviwyeT prof. g. rogavas xelmZRvanelobiT. mogvia-nebiT kvlevis Sedegebi werilebisa da Tezisebis saxiT periodulad qvey-ndeboda enaTmecnierebis institutis samecniero krebulSi `etimologiuri Ziebani", aseve sxvadasxva samecniero sesiaTa masalebSi.

1991-1992 wlebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli samxedro-kriminaluri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdgom, roca qarTveli eris mtrebma saqarTvelodan gandevnes preprepreprezizizizident zvident zvident zvident zviad gaad gaad gaad gamsamsamsamsaxurxurxurxurdidididiasasasas WeSma-ritad erovnuli xelisufleba, neobolSevikur-antiqarTuli reJimis pi-robebSi Cven iZulebiT davtoveT samSoblo da dRemde devnilobaSi gan-vagrZnobT damoukidebel samecniero muSaobas.

winamdebare monografiis gamoqveynebaze fiqri SesaZlebeli gaxda ax-ladgamocemuli svanuri leqsikonis wyalobiT (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2000). misgan didad aris davalebuli Cveni naSromi. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: svanuri leqsikoni saimedo (mya-ri) safuZvelia qarTvelur ena-kiloTa leqsikis gaRrmavebuli istoriul-etimologiuri kvlevisa. da gvjera, rom igi sapatio adgils daiWers am rigis sxva leqsikonTa Soris.

naSromi iqmneboda cnobili qarTveli leqsikografis i. Wyoniaseu-li ganwyobiT. CvenTvis axloa avtoris gulistkivili gamotovebul qar-Tul sityvebze. aki saTaurSive mosTqvamda kidec: `sityvis kona, saba-sul-xan orbelianis da daviT CubinaSvilis leqsikonebSi g a m o t o v e b u -l i sityvebi". swored sxva leqsikonebSi (SedarebiTi, etimologiuri) `gamotovebul" saerToqarTvelur sityvaTa kvaldakval ZebnaSi mopove-bulma masalam moiyara Tavi am leqsikonSi.

qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni uwinaresad svanurs eZRvneba. Cveni mizania, gamovavlinoT saerToqarTvelur Zir-fuZeTa svanu-ri ekvivalentebi. axsnas vuZebniT aqamde TiTqosda ganmartoebiT mdgom svanur sityvebs. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, warmovaCenT svanuri leqsikis im nawils, romelic kanonzomier fonetikur-semantikur Sesatyvisobebs iZ-leva Zveli qarTulis (iberiulis) mimarT (arn. Ciqobava). amitomac meTa-ur sityvad svanuri gamovitaneT, sadac svanuri erTeuli ver gamovlinda, iq _ qarTuli.

masalebSi Semovida mxolod iseTi Sepirispirebebi, romlebic Cven mier iqna gamovlenili; an Zvel Sesatyvisobebs damatebulia ama Tu im qarTveluri enis (dialeqtis) saTanado, aqamde ucnobi, ekvivalenti (agreTve iberiul-kavkasiuri paralelebi).

calkeul leqsikur erTeulTa ganxilvisas gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-ba eTmoboda fonetikuri procesebis aRweras. amitomac leqsikonis Sesa-val nawilSi specialuri paragrafebi eZRvneba axalgamovlenil fonetikur Sefardebebs qarTvelur dialeqtTa Soris.

naSromi Sesrulebulia Tanamedrove iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnie-rebis miRwevaTa safuZvelze. Cven, rogorc am enaTa sxva mravali specia-

6

listi, viziarebT iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa da xalxTa geneturi naTesao-bis, saerTo warmomavlobis, cnobil Teorias (ivane javaxiSvili, arn. Ciqo-bava), amitomac uxvad movixmobT saerToqarTvelur Zir-fuZeebTan monaTe-save leqsikur masalas mTis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebidan.

gansaxilveli sityvebi dalagebulia anbanTrigze.

* * *

avtori gulwrfel madlobas moaxsenebs megobrebs: goCa naWyebias,

medea sixaruliZes, daTo Samugias, romlebic araerTi wlis manZilze Se-Zlebisdagvarad cdilobdnen xeli SeewyoT samecniero muSaobaSi.

da bolos, mogvitevon im avtorebma, romelTa kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyeneba ver mogvixerxda forsmaJoruli pirobebisa gamo.

mariamobisTve, 2001 weli.

wiwiwiwinanananasisisisityvatyvatyvatyvaoooobabababa

qarTveluri ena-kiloebi (qarTuli, zanuri anu megrul-Wanu-ri,1 svanuri) Semodis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis iberiul (qarTvelur) qvejgufSi afxazur-adiRuri (abazuri, afxazuri, adi-Reuri, ubixuri, yabardouli (Cerqezuli)), naxuri (bacburi, ingu-Suri, CaCnuri (iCqeriuli)) da daRestnuri (xunZur-andiur-didou-ri, lakur-darguuli, lezgiuri...) qvejgufis enebTan erTad (arn. Ci-qobava).

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi erTiandeba Zveli samyaros uZvelesi civilizaciis mkvdari enebic: Sumeruli, etruskul-pelaz-guri, xaTuri (anu protoxeTuri), urartuli, hurituli, elamuri, leleguri... agreTve Tanamedrove baskuri ena (i. brauni).

zemoTCamoTvlil calkeul enaTa da qvejgufTa naTesaobrivi urTierTdamokidebuleba sqematurad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:

1111 megrulisa da Wanuris (lazuris) damoukidebel enebad kvalifikacia zogierTi enaTmecnieris mier (g. deetersi, h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe...) samecniero Tvalsaz-risiT usafuZvloa da dausabuTebeli. sainteresoa, ratom ar Seitanes TavianT etimologiur leqsikonSi fenrix-sarjvelaZem damoukidebel leqsikur statiebad Wanur-megruli izoglosebi (arguniarguniarguniarguni `najaxi", bigabigabigabiga `joxi", neZneZneZneZ-iiii `kakali"...)? Tu megruli da Wanuri damoukidebeli enebia, maSin maT Soris fiqsirebuli saerTo leqsikuri masalac unda asaxuliyo iseT leqsikonSi, rogoric etimologiuria. avtorebis mier SemoTavazebuli principi amas moiTxovda. magram es ar gakeTda. _ ratom? pasuxi arasamecniero SeiZleba iyos...

7

winareiberiul-kavkasiuri (alarodiuli) ena

(baskuri, korsikuli, kelt-iberiuli...)

xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri erToba

huritul-urartul-naxuri erToba

lelegur-albanur-daRestnuri erToba

leleguri ena elamuri ena

winareafxazur-adiRuri ena

xaTuri ena

winaredaRestnuri (albanuri) ena

winarenaxuri ena

albanuri ena

saerToafxazur-adiRuri fuZeena

saerTonaxuri fuZeena

saerTodaRestnuri fuZeena

abaz., afx., ubix., adiR. enebi

hurituli ena

urartuli ena

xunZ., and., did., lak., darg., lezg...

enebi

bacb., ing., CaCn. enebi

Sumerul-iberiul-etruskul-pelazguri erToba

winareqarTveluri (iberiuli) ena

Sumeruli ena

etruskul-pelazguri ena

saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo ena saerToqarTveluri xalxuri (sametyvelo) ena

Zveli qarTuli samwerlo ena

zanuri (megruli, Wanuri (afxaz(a)uri?...))

qarTuli ena (mesxur-diaoxuri, fxour-kuxur-heruli, qarTlur-kaxuri...)

svanuri (xalduri, laSxuri...)

8

warmodgenili sqemis qarTvelur nawilSi ganmartebas iTxovs saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo enisa da saerToqarTve-luri xalxuri (sametyvelo) enis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. vfiq-robT, saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo ena Seiqmna winare-qarTveluri (iberiuli) dialeqturad jer kidev gaudiferencirebe-li enis bazaze. roca samwerlo ena da cocxali metyveleba met-nak-lebad erTmaneTis identur-igiveobrivi iyo. da mxolod momdevno etapze sametyvelo enis bazaze ikidebs fexs qarTul-zanur-svanuri dialeqturi sxvaoba anu kilourad diferencirebuli saero (xalx-uri) zepirmetyveleba. swored xalxalxalxalxuxuxuxuriririri iberiulisgan iRebs saTa-ves Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebi, magram imavdroulad gan-sxvavebulad mometyvele kilour jgufebs yovelTvis aerTianebda sa-mwerlo iberiuli (saerToqarTveluri) ena, rogorc kulturis, ganaTlebis, religiis da saerTod saxelmwifos ena. amgvari mimarTe-ba grZeldeboda qarTvelTa cxovrebis istoriul periodSic. axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan moyolebuli Zveli qarTuli samwerlo ena uSualod agrZelebda saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo enis uwyvet tradicias transformaciis umniSvnelod ne-li tempiT maSin, rodesac qarTveluri dialeqtebis enebad Camoya-libebis procesi ukve dasrulebuli iyo. TviT qarTuli saero me-tyveleba TiTqmis arasdros ar iyo identuri Zveli qarTuli sa-mwerlo enisa im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqebis monacemebia. qarTluri, mesxuri, kaxuri, imeruli... iseve sxvaobda Zvel qarTul saxelmwifo samwerlo enasTan, rogorc me-gruli an romelime sxva qarTveluri dialeqti (Sdr. Zveli laTi-nuri samwerlo saxelmwifo ena da Zveli laTinuri sametyvelo ena, roca laTinuri enis istoriuli dialeqtebis SedarebiTi analiziT rekonstruirebuli sityva-formebi ar emTxveva Zveli laTinuri sa-mwerlo enis realur faqtebs (a. meie)). istoriulad arsebuli sa-erTo suraTi metnaklebi gansxvavebiT dResac Cvens sinamdvileSic analogiuria.

saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis realurad arsebobaze metyvelebs iseTi kompozitebis arseboba, romlebic adian saerToqarTveluri erTianobis qronologiur donemde, Sdr.: qarT. venvenvenven-aBaBaBaB-iiii : zan. binbinbinbin-exexexex-iiii : svan. EenEenEenEen-@B@B@B@B, s.-qarTv. *EinEinEinEin-aBaBaBaB-; saerToqarTveluri *EinEinEinEin-aBaBaBaB- rTuli Sedgenilobisaa: pirveli EinEinEinEin- segmenti igive Ziria, rac s.-qarTv. *REinREinREinREin-(oooo) sityvaSi meordeba (qarT. RvinRvinRvinRvin-oooo, zan. RRRR(vvvv)inininin-iiii, svan. REinREinREinREin-elelelel). EEEE-s win RRRR-s ganviTareba (v. Tofuria) momxdara calke aRebul *EinEinEinEin-oooo sityvaSi saerToqarTvelur doneze, amitomac dasturdeba RRRR fonemiani fuZeebi yvela qarTvelur enaSi. venvenvenven-aBaBaBaB-is *EinEinEinEin-aBaBaBaB-idan momdinareobas mxars uWers iiii-niani formebis arseboba

zanurSi _ binbinbinbin-exexexex- ← *vinvinvinvin-oxoxoxox-, romelic agrZelebs saerToqarTve-

9

lur iiii gaxmovanebas, rac RviRviRviRvinononono-Sicaa daculi. meore nawili kompo-zitisa aBaBaBaB- dRes damoukideblad ar ixmareba, mxolod ven-aBaBaBaB-Sia SemorCenili, misi monaTesave Zirebi dasturdeba daRestnur enebSi: xunZ. axaxaxax, boTl., Rod. axiaxiaxiaxi, axvax. aBiaBiaBiaBi, and. oxioxioxioxi, did. axaxaxax, xvarS. ohohohoh, kap., hunz. ahahahah, hinux. axiaxiaxiaxi-bak `zvari", darg. anBanBanBanB, lak. aBaBaBaB `baRi". e. i. venvenvenven-aBaBaBaB-iiii kompozitia da niSnavs Rvinis (*EinEinEinEin-) baRs (*aBaBaBaB-).1

amrigad, saerToqarTvelur samwerlo enaSi (fuZeena) arsebob-

da damoukidebeli leqsikuri erTeulebi: *EinEinEinEin-(oooo) → REinREinREinREin-oooo da aBaBaBaB- `baRi", maTi SerwymiT (kompoziciiT) saerToqarTvelurSive Se-iqmna EinEinEinEin-aBaBaBaB- `venaxi" kompoziti, romelic Sesatyvisebs iZleva is-toriul qarTvelur enebSi. aqedan daskvna: EinEinEinEin-aBaBaBaB- sityvaTwarmoeba saerToqarTveluri donisaa. da miuTiTebs saerToqarTveluri fu-Zeenis realurad arsebobaze, radganac qarTuli, zanuri Tu svanu-ri enobrivi cnobierebisTvis v e n a x i erTi sityvaa, misi Semdgo-mi segmentacia specialuri samecniero kvlevis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

v e n a x i ar aris erTaderTi sityva, romelic rTuli Sedge-nilobisaa da saerToqarTveluri fuZeenidan momdinareobs. fuZee-nis wiaRSi Seqmnilad miiCneva qarTuli sityva ZewZewZewZewnananana. mis Sesaxeb arn. Ciqobava werda: `ZewnZewnZewnZewn-aaaa/iiii : ZelZelZelZel-wnwnwnwn- (zmna: wn-av-s) (saxelis fu-Zis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, Tb. 1942, gv. 33)". ro-

gorc vxedavT ZeZeZeZe-wnwnwnwn- ←*ZelZelZelZel-wnwnwnwn-, sadac ZelZelZelZel- igivea, rac zanuri

jajajaja(llll-) `xe", xolo wnwnwnwn- _ wanwanwanwan- `wvna", e. i. ZeZeZeZe-wnwnwnwn-iiii/aaaa ←*ZelZelZelZel-wnwnwnwn-iiii/aaaa `xe wnuli". ra mdgomareobaa qarTvelur enebSi? iseve rogorc v e n a x i s SemTxvevaSi, aqac zanuri da svanuri Sesatyvisobebs iZ-

levian mTlianad ZeZeZeZe-wnwnwnwn- fuZis mimarT, Sdr. zan. (megr.) zizizizi-WonWonWonWon-iiii ← jijijiji-WonWonWonWon-iiii (Sdr. gvari jijijiji-WonWonWonWon-aiaaiaaiaaia), svan. WHWHWHWH-WHnWHnWHnWHn-d zs., CHCHCHCH-W'nW'nW'nW'n-d lSx., CiCiCiCi-WHnWHnWHnWHn-d (v. Tofuria). da es maSin, roca svanurs calke aRebuli arc ZelZelZelZel-is da arc wanwanwanwan- `wvna" zmnis Sesatyvisi ar moepoveba, da-karguli aqvs.

sxva mxrivac aris ZeZeZeZe-wnwnwnwn- fuZe saintereso. aq yuradRebas mii-pyrobs llll-s dakargvis fonetikuri procesi fuZeenaSi. anu ZelZelZelZel-wnwnwnwn-

→ ZeZeZeZe-wnwnwnwn- im enaSi ganxorcielda, romlis niadagzec TviTon kompo-zitia Seqmnili, xolo qarTveluri enebi (qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri, svanuri) Sesatyvisobebs iZlevian swored llll dakargulvariantiani alomorfis mimarT. fonetikuri procesebis moqmedeba saerToqar-Tveluri fuZeenis doneze mtkicdeba konkretuli faqtebis mixed-viT. SegviZlia mivuTiToT or amgvar procesze: RRRR-s ganviTareba EEEE-s

wina poziciaSi (*EEEEin-o → *REREREREin-o) da llll sonantis gauCinareba 1111 s.-qarTv. *EinEinEinEin-(oooo) `Rvino" sityvis Sesatyvisebia: nax. venvenvenven, afxaz. a-EHEHEHEH(nnnn) `Rvino". monaTesave enaTa Cveneba Zvirfasia RvinRvinRvinRvin-oooo sityvis istoriis kvlevis gzaze.

10

wwww-sTan prepoziciaSi (Zellll-wwwwn- → Ze-wwwwn-, Sdr. s.-qarTv. Zellll + qqqqva, sadac llll SenarCunebulia).

aseve saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo enis sityvawar-moebis nimuSad ivargebs rTuli agebulebis zazazaza-mTmTmTmT-arararar-iiii sityva, ro-melic zazazaza- `dro, weli" da mmmm-TTTT-arararar-iiii `Tovlianad" iTargmneba, Sdr. zan. zozozozo-TTTT-onjonjonjonj-iiii `zamTari", svan. z@z@z@z@-~~~~ `weli"...

megruli (resp. zanuri) am SemTxvevaSic kanonzomier Sesatyviss zamzamzamzam-TTTT-arararar- kompozitis mimarT iZleva, Torem calke zozozozo- da TTTT-onjonjonjonj-

←*mTmTmTmT-ojojojoj-iiii formebi misTvis ucnobia.1 zemoTaRwerili saerToqarTveluri enobrivi erTianobidan mo-

mdinare kompozitebis analizi cxadyofs, rom saerToiberiuli fu-Zeena ar aris mxolod Teoriulad navaraudevi substancia, igi rea-lurad arsebobda konkretul drosa da sivrceSi. misgan uSualod momdinareobs Zveli qarTuli samwerlo ena, romelic ganagrZobda didi xnis winaT Seqmnili saerToqarTveluri samwerlo enis tradi-ciebs. amdenad qarTveluri (qarTuli) samwerlo enis (damwerlo-bis) Seqmna qronologiurad emTxveva saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis arsebobis periods. amis damadasturebeli sxva konkretuli faqte-bis kvleva-Zieba momavlis saqmea.

saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis diferenciaciis momdevno etapze qarTvelur enebs Soris sabolood Camoyalibda regularul da ka-nonzomier bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa Semdegi formulebi:

s.-qarTv. fonologiuri sistema

qarTuli zanuri svanuri

*a a/e o →/u a → @/e/i *e e a →/e e →/@ *i i i/e i/H

*o o o →/u →/H/i o →/�/Ee *u u u→ /o →/H/i u →/O/Ei *b b b/m/f b/m/f

*f f f f

*p p p p 1111 zozozozo-TonjTonjTonjTonj-Si gamoyofili zozozozo- segmenti, romelic Sesatyvisia qarTuli zazazaza- (zazazaza-mT-ar-i, zazazaza-fx-ul-i), svanuri z@z@z@z@(~~~~) | zazazaza-~~~~ `weli; zafxuli" sityvebisa (n. mari), SeiZ-leba Candes svanur zozozozo-mxaaaa `axali weli" sityvaSi. es ukanaskneli zanuri warmoSo-

bisa unda iyos, razec aaaa → oooo (zazazaza- → zozozozo-) gardaqmnis garda eeee → aaaa-c miuTiTebs (zoooo-mxaaaa), Sdr.: svan. z@z@z@z@(~~~~)maxemaxemaxemaxe | z@m@xez@m@xez@m@xez@m@xe | za~maxeza~maxeza~maxeza~maxe `axali weli" : zan. zomxazomxazomxazomxa

←*zozozozo-moxamoxamoxamoxa (makemakemakemake/mokamokamokamoka...) `axali weli"... ix. aqve.

11

s.-qarTv. fonologiuri sistema

qarTuli zanuri svanuri

*d d d d

*T T T T →/ST *t t t t

*Z Z →/j j/Zg j/Zg

*c c →/C C/cq C (→ h)/cq *w w →/W W/wk W (→h)/wk *z z →/J J →/z J →/z *s s →/S S/sq S/sq

*j j jg →/Zg(E) jg →/Zg(E) *C C Cq →/cq(E)/(r)cq Cq →/cq(E) *W W Wk →/wk(E)/(r)wk Wk → Sk/wk(E) *S S Sq →/sq(E) Sq/sq(E)

*g g g g →/j/Z *q q q q →/C *k k k k →/W *R R R R

*x x x x →/h

*� B q R *B B/x q/x B

*y y y →/�/Ø y →/B *D R/r(E) R/r(E) R/r(E)

*� x/q x/q x/q *m m m m/l

*n n n n/r

*r r r (→ l)/j r (→ m)/n/l(S) *l l l →/r/(S) l (→E)/r/m(S) *E/v E/v v/m/b E/m/b

*~ ~ *~ →/J ~ →/h warmodgenil konsonantur mimarTebaTa fonze naTlad vlinde-

ba zogadi tendencia: 1. labialuri, dentaluri, velaruli, farin-galuri Tanxmovnebi ZiriTadad idenidenidenidentutututuriririri SesatyvisebiTaa warmo-dgenili, sxvaoba enebs Soris minimaluria; 2. ZiriTad sxvaobas

12

qmnis sibilanturi rigi. aq qarTulis wina sibilantebs zanursa da svanurSi ukana sibilantebi Seesatyvisebian, xolo qarTulis ukana sibilantebs _ zanur-svanuri ukana sibilanti + ukanaenismieri xSu-li. amgvari mimarTeba sibilantebSi aixsneba rogorc artikulaciis ukan gadaweva zanursa da svanurSi, rasac mxars uWers a, e saerToqar-

Tvelur xmovanTa evolucia zanurSi: a → o, e → a (arn. Ciqobava). Cven mier gamovlenili damatebiTi masalis moxmobiT irkveva,

rom artikulaciis ukan gadawevis tendencia qarTulsac axasiaTeb-da. procesi qarTulSi SeCerda, aqedan gamomdinare sistemad ar

Camoyalibda, Torem Canasaxis mdgomareoba sisisisisisisisinananana → SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana gadabge-rebisa aqac SeimCneva. kerZod, iseT mimarTebebSi, roca qarTulSi SiSina sibilanti gvaqvs, xolo zanursa da svanurSi sisina + ukana-enismieri xSuli (Sdr. qarT. *CCCCor-/m-CCCCor-e : zan. cqcqcqcqHr- : svan. cqcqcqcqHr `faRaraTi"...) saerToqarTvelurisTvis aRdgeba ara *CCCCor-, aramed

*ccccor- arqetipi, saidanac qarTulSi *CorCorCorCor- ganviTarda cccc → CCCC gada-

svliT, xolo zanursa da svanurSi _ *cqcqcqcqor_ cccc → cqcqcqcq procesis ganvliT. *ccccor- sisina arqetipis aRdgenas mxars uWers iberiul-kav-

kasiur enaTa monacemebic _ Sdr. adiR. cccc◦H� `nakeli", hunz. cumocumocumocumo, lezg. cccc ´́́́EarEarEarEar, arCib. cccc ´́́́oriorioriori `Sardi".

amiT imis Tqma gvsurs, rom sisina rigis sibilantebSi artiku-

laciis ukan gadaweva sisisisisisisisinananana → SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana gardaqmnis garda miiRweoda sisisisisisisisinananana sibilantis momdevnod ukanaenismier xSulTa ganviTarebiT, e. i.

s.-qarTv. Z c w z sZ c w z sZ c w z sZ c w z s → zan., svan. j C W J Sj C W J Sj C W J Sj C W J S trasformaciis pa-ralelurad arsebobda alternaciuli sisisisisisisisina sina sina sina sibibibibilanlanlanlantitititi + ukaukaukaukanananana----

eeeenisnisnisnismimimimieeeeri xSuri xSuri xSuri xSulililili procesi: s.-qarTv. Z c w z sZ c w z sZ c w z sZ c w z s → zan., svan. ZgZgZgZg cqcqcqcq wkwkwkwk (zgzgzgzg) sqsqsqsq _ Sdr. qarT. RvarZl-a (mcen.) : zan. RvanZggggir-a :

svan. Roskkkk ←*REaZgggg... (sxva nimuSebi ix. $$ 25, 26, 27, 28).

qarT. ← s.-qarTv. → zan., svan. j/Z *Z j/Zg

C/← c *c C/*cq

W/← w *w W/wk

J/← z *z J/(zg)

S/← s *s S/sq

sisisisisisisisinananana → SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana sporaduli procesis arsebobiT aixsneba JJJJ-s povnierebac qarTulSi, romelic saerToqarTveluri *zzzz-sagan mo-

mdinareobs _ zzzz → JJJJ. amitomac qarT. JJJJ : zan. JJJJ : svan. JJJJ Sesatyvi-

13

sobisas saerToqarTvelurisTvis *zzzz sisina spiranti unda aRvadgi-noT, da ara JJJJ...

saerToqarTveluri * ���� mJReri faringaluri afrikati aRdgeba qarT. BBBB : zan. qqqq : svan. RRRR korespondenciis safuZvelze, romlisTvi-

sac ramodenime magaliTi moipoveba _ qarT. BBBBnd-ur-i | ← BBBBad-ur-i : zan. qqqqond-ar-i : svan. RRRRed-er; qarT. BBBBb-or- `xbo" : zan. qqqqab-ul-a :

svan. RRRR@b-en-a. masalis simcire *����-s distribuciuli SezRudulobiT unda aixsnas.

faringaluri rigis spirantebis (*D, *�) refleqsebi qarTve-lur enebSi Seerwya RRRR, xxxx da qqqq velarul Tanxmovnebs. maTi rekon-struqcia SesaZlebelia monaTesave iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Cveneba-ze dayrdnobiT, Sdr. bgeraTSesatyvisoba s.-nax. DDDD : s.-qarTv. RRRR_

nax. bDDDD-oE `koSki": qarTv. beRRRR-o... nax. ���� : qarTv. xxxx/qqqq (nax. *b-����ar `Txili" : qarTv. *T-xxxxil-.., nax. ����on- `tvini" : qarTv. qqqqon- `qoni, tvini"...). EEEE-s wina poziciaSi s.-qarTv. *DDDD gadadioda rrrr-Si _ *DEDEDEDE

→ rErErErE : s.-nax. *na-DEDEDEDE- `Zili" : s.-qarTv. rrrrul- ←*DEDEDEDE-il- `ruli, Zili"...

damatebiT distribuciul mimarTebaSi imyofebodnen saerTo-qarTveluri EEEE/vvvv bgerebi erTmaneTis mimarT , rasac gavafiqrebinebs araerTgvarovani refleqsebi qarTvelur enebSi, Sdr.: s.-qarTv.

*ceEEEE- `dacva" → qarT. cavvvv-/cevvvv- : zan. Cvvvv-/Cuuuu- : svan. EEEEC- ←*CEEEE-,

magram s.-qarTv. *EEEEerwyE- → qarT. vvvverwyv-i : zan. mmmmanWkora : svan.

ffffaSyE ←*b@@@@WyE `faSari", e. i. qarT. vvvv : zan. mmmm/bbbb : svan. mmmm/bbbb mimarTe-bisas saerToqarTveluri EEEE ufro kbilbagismierobisken ixreboda, rac kombinatoruli fonetikuri movlenaa da ara fonologiuri

(Sdr. qarT. vvvverZ-i : zan. erj-i ←*EEEEerj-i, magram qarT. vvvveZ-a : zan.

mmmmenj-i ←*vvvvej-i; qarT. arCvvvv-i : zan. ercqemmmm-i ← erCqevvvv-i; qarT. Tivvvv-

`Tiva" : zan. Tiffff- ←*Tibbbb-i ←*Tivvvv- (Sdr. qarT. Tibbbb-av-s : svan.

SdeqEEEE ←*STiEEEE...). da bolos, Cven gamovricxavT saerToqarTvelur (da miT uf-

ro winareqarTvelur) enobriv doneze e. w. marcvlovani ¯̄̄̄ °°°° ±±±± ®®®® sonantebisa da e. w. sisisisisinsinsinsin-SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana sibilantebis arsebobas. maTi Semotana mkvlevarTa mier samecniero mimoqcevaSi, Cveni azriT, Se-pirobebulia, ara faqtobrivi mdgomareobiT, aramed sakiTxisadmi sqematuri midgomiT. struqturalistebisagan fonetikis uaryofam enaTmecnierebaSi daamkvidra meqanikuri midgoma enobrivi faqtebisa-dmi. arada, swored fonetikuri kanonebis aRmoCenam aqcia enaTmec-niereba samecniero disciplinad (amaze dawvrilebis sxvagan da sxva dros).

14

Cven aseve ver gaviziarebT g. klimovis mier SemoTavazebul e. w. qarTul-zanur enobriv erTobas, svanuris sapirispirod. rom, TiTqos, raRac etapze qarTul-zanuri erTianobis arsebobisaTvis aRdgeba esa Tu is sityva, umTavresad kulturuli sferodan (rki-na, spilenji, vercxli...). rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, qarTul-zanu-ri r k i n -is, s-pipipipilenZlenZlenZlenZ-is Sesatyvisebi svanurSic moipoveba, Sdr.

Sesabamisad: svan. mH-krkrkrkr-aaaa `saxnisi" ← et. `rkina", bebebebereJreJreJreJ `rkina" ← `spilenZi" da sxv. rogor moviqceT im SemTxvevebSi, roca saerTo-qarTveluri ekvivalentebi aklia zanurs, da ara _ svanurs? aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalian xSiria, magram es xom ar niSnavs imas, rom za-nurs es sityvebi ar hqonda. hqonda, magram daikarga droTa ganmav-lobaSi; an jer kidev ar aris gamovlenili. an kidev: rogor aris SesaZlebeli sityva `qarTul-zanuri" erTianobis droindeli iyos da amitom svanurs ar hqondes, da amave dros paralelebs eZebde monaTesave mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Sdr. qarT. (rrrr)kikikikinananana-; zan. (rrrr)kikikikinananana-, ererererkikikikinananana (?); svan. _: lezg. rakrakrakrak, Tabas. rukrukrukruk `rkina" (Г. Климов, ЭСКЯ, gv. 156-157). e. w. qarTul-zanuri erTobis usafuZ-vloba samecniero literaturaSi samarTlianad aris gakritikebuli (b. gigineiSvili). amitom amaze aq ver SevCerdebiT.

15

isisisistotototoririririuuuuli foli foli foli fonnnneeeetitititikis zokis zokis zokis zogigigigiererererTi saTi saTi saTi sakikikikiTxisTxisTxisTxis TaTaTaTaoooobabababaze svaze svaze svaze svanurnurnurnurSiSiSiSi

am ganakveTSi vecdebiT vaCvenoT, Tu ra saxis transformacie-

bi ganicada saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) konsonanturi sistemis ama Tu im fonemam svanurSi _ rogori fonetikuri procesebi da tendenciebia ZiriTadi.

sonantTa sistema l r m n El r m n El r m n El r m n E

$ 1. llll. sonanti llll svanurSi mravali mimarTulebiT icvala,

rasac cxadhyofs qarTvelur enaTa saTanado monacemebTan Sedare-

ba. Tavs iCens Semdegi sporaduli fonetikuri gardaqmnebi: llll → dddd,

llll → EEEE, llll → mmmm, llll → nnnn, llll → rrrr. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani calcalke.

$ 2. s.-qarTv. llll → svan. dddd. bgeraTSefardebaze qarT. llll : svan. dddd adrec miuTiTebdnen.1 g. klimovi varaudobda ukuprocess

(dddd → llll) qarTulsa da zanurSi. amitom saerToqarTveluri forme-bi aRdgenilia svanuris Cvenebis niadagze: qarT. (m)grgEalgrgEalgrgEalgrgEal- : svan. girgirgirgirgodgodgodgod, s.-qarTv. *mgrgodmgrgodmgrgodmgrgod `mrgvali"; qarT. cEilcEilcEilcEil- : zan. (m) CirCirCirCir- svan. jEidjEidjEidjEid, s.-qarTv. *cEidcEidcEidcEid `cvili". arada svanuri masalis anali-

zi aCvenebs amgvari varaudis usafuZvlobas, radganac llll → dddd mo-

qmedi fonetikuri procesia svanurSi, xolo sapirispiro dddd → llll

qarTulSi ar SeiniSneba. llll → dddd gardaqmna nasesxeb, sxva enaTagan SeTvisebul, erTeulebSic iCens Tavs, rac kidev ufro sarwmunos

xdis llll → dddd-s sakuTriv svanuris niadagze axsnis SesaZleblobas _

Sdr.: qarT. ququququlalalala → svan. ququququdadadada `qula (matylisa, bambisa)", qarT.

dededededidididinacnacnacnacvalvalvalval-i → svan. diLnacPddiLnacPddiLnacPddiLnacPd, qarT. SvelSvelSvelSvel-aaaa → svan. SedSedSedSed- `Sve-

la"... Cven mier gamovlenilia llll → dddd gardaqmnis sxva nimuSebic: svan. dHbJHdHbJHdHbJHdHbJH bz., bq., dHbJidHbJidHbJidHbJi lxm. `gamolenCebuli" : zan. (megr.)

loblobloblobJoJoJoJo `lenCi", svan. dHbJHdHbJHdHbJHdHbJH, ← lHbJHlHbJHlHbJHlHbJH; svan. TodTodTodTod zs. `Sulo", i-TEdTEdTEdTEd-i zs., lSx. `iqselavs darTul Zafs" : qarT. TelTelTelTel-, TelTelTelTel-v-a

`matylis Senabdva (saba)", svan. TodTodTodTod- ←*TolTolTolTol-; svan. sdugsdugsdugsdug-E

←*sgudsgudsgudsgud-E `nawnavi", sdugsdugsdugsdug- `wvna" : qarT. SulSulSulSul-, SulSulSulSul-o, svan.

sdugsdugsdugsdug-E ←*sgudsgudsgudsgud-E ←*SqulSqulSqulSqul-(E); svan. jEidjEidjEidjEid- (←*CEidCEidCEidCEid-) `Taflis

sanTeli" : qarT. cAlcAlcAlcAl-i | ccccvilvilvilvil-i : zan. (m)CirCirCirCir-i ←*CEilCEilCEilCEil-i, svan. 1 Г. А. Климов, Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М. 1964, gv. 130, 229.

16

jEidjEidjEidjEid ←*CEidCEidCEidCEid (CCCC → jjjj (mas Semdeg, rac llll → dddd) gamjRereba dddd-s-Tan

asimilaciiT) ←*CEilCEilCEilCEil; svan. xixixixiadadadad- : zan. xixixixiolololol- `sixaruli", svan.

xixixixiadadadad- ← xixixixialalalal- (Sdr. qarT. xixixixiarararar-, mximximximxiarararar-ul-i ←*m-xixixixialalalal-ur-i); svan. SedSedSedSed `WurWeli; xafangi" : qarT. sisisisilalalala `sisisisilalalala-WurWeli", svan. SedSedSedSed

←*SiSiSiSilalalala (aaaa-s arsebobaze istoriulad iiii → eeee xmovangadasvlac mow-mobs (m. qaldanis wesi); svan. zadzadzadzad `safuari" : qarT. zelzelzelzel-/zilzilzilzil-

`zela" : zan. zelzelzelzel-i `comi", svan. zadzadzadzad- ← z@dz@dz@dz@d-a ←*zzzzelelelel-a; svan. pipipipi----

risdrisdrisdrisd- → | prisdprisdprisdprisd- `monaTvla" : zan. (qarT.) pipipipiririririselselselsel-iiii | pirpirpirpirselselselsel-iiii

`naTlia" ("кума"), svan. pipipipirisdrisdrisdrisd- ←*pipipipirislrislrislrisl- ← pipipipiririririselselselsel-; svan.

maSdmaSdmaSdmaSd : qarT. (mox.) marslmarslmarslmarsl-iiii, svan. maSdmaSdmaSdmaSd ←*mamamama(rrrr)slslslsl-; svan. SdekESdekESdekESdekE- |

SdokSdokSdokSdok- : qarT. slokslokslokslok- `slokini", svan. SdekESdekESdekESdekE- | ← SdokSdokSdokSdok- ←*slokslokslokslok-; svan. W@dW@dW@dW@d- | WadWadWadWad- `farcxva" : qarT. kalkalkalkal- `lewva", kalkalkalkal-oooo, svan. WadWadWadWad- |

W@dW@dW@dW@d- ←*k@dk@dk@dk@d- ←*kalkalkalkal-; svan. girgirgirgirgodgodgodgod : qarT. m-grgvalgrgvalgrgvalgrgval- : zan. gorgorgorgor----golgolgolgol-ia `grgoli", svan. girgirgirgirgodgodgodgod

17

bEiybEiybEiybEiy ←*bliybliybliybliy-; svan. SdaESdaESdaESdaE-al `mercxali" : zan. TolTolTolTol-ia `Tolia",

svan. SdaESdaESdaESdaE-al ←*STalSTalSTalSTal-al; svan. uREauREauREauREa | uREauREauREauREa `uReli" : qarT.

uReluReluReluRel- : zan. uRuuRuuRuuRu, svan. uREauREauREauREa | uREauREauREauREa ← uR@EuR@EuR@EuR@E ← uR@EauR@EauR@EauR@Ea

←*uReluReluReluRel-aaaa; svan. JeRJeRJeRJeR : qarT. ZaRlZaRlZaRlZaRl- : zan. jojojojoRorRorRorRor-, svan. JeRJeRJeRJeR ←

JeREJeREJeREJeRE ←*jeRljeRljeRljeRl-; svan. gEigEigEigEi | gugugugu `guli" : qarT. gulgulgulgul- : zan. gurgurgurgur-,

svan. gEigEigEigEi | gugugugu ←*guEguEguEguE ←*gulgulgulgul-, svan. mamamamayalyalyalyal → | ma-yaEyaEyaEyaE lxm. `Si-Si"...

$ 4. llll → mmmm: amgvari cvalebis magaliTebi SedarebiT mcirea, magram procesis utyuarobas amowmebs qarTuli enidan nasesxebi

leqsikuri erTeulebis Cveneba _ Sdr.: qarT. ururururduldulduldul-iiii → svan.

hurhurhurhurdumdumdumdum bz. `urduli"; qarT. SurSurSurSurduldulduldul-iiii → svan. SurSurSurSurdumdumdumdum bz., SurdEimSurdEimSurdEimSurdEim bq. `Surduli"; svan. ToToToTomirmirmirmir bz., bq., lnt., ToToToTomurmurmurmur lSx. `burvaki" : qarT. TelTelTelTel-i `goWi" : zan. (megr.) TuTuTuTu, TulTulTulTul-(ef(i) `go-

Wi", Wan. TilTilTilTil-a `goWi" ←*TulTulTulTul-a, svan. TomTomTomTom-ur | TomTomTomTom-ir ←*TamTamTamTam-ir

←*TalTalTalTal-ir ← s.-qarTv. *TalTalTalTal- `goWi"; svan. JomJomJomJom-, i-JomJomJomJom-i `iSleba" : qarT. zulzulzulzul-, zulzulzulzul-ev-a `Cavardna, daSla" : zan. (Wan.) JolJolJolJol- | JulJulJulJul-

`gadavardna", svan. JomJomJomJom- ←*JolJolJolJol-; svan. BemadBemadBemadBemad | Bem@dBem@dBem@dBem@d | Bem@tBem@tBem@tBem@t

`mSvildi" : qarT. yoyoyoyodaldaldaldal-iiii → kokokokodaldaldaldal-iiii `isari", svan. BemadBemadBemadBemad ←

BedamBedamBedamBedam ←*BodalBodalBodalBodal; svan. yalyalyalyal- → | yamyamyamyam-, x-a-ylylylyl-un-i (←x-a-yalyalyalyal-un-i)

bz., x-a-yalyalyalyal-un-i lSx. `eSinia" _ magram x-a-yamyamyamyam-n-i (←x-a-yalyalyalyal-n-i ← x-a-yalyalyalyal-un-i) lnt. `eSinia", Sdr. ma-yalyalyalyal zs., qs. `SiSi"; svan. lalalala-rrrr----

tamtamtamtam | ha-rtamrtamrtamrtam `bostani" : qarT. mtilmtilmtilmtil-i, svan. -rtamrtamrtamrtam ←* -rtilrtilrtilrtil-...

$ 5. llll → nnnn: moqmedebs mxolod sityvis absolutur boloSi. procesi bunebrivia rogorc nasesxeb leqsikaSi, iseve sakuTriv sva-

nuri fondis sityvebSi: qarT. CerCerCerCergilgilgilgil-i → svan. CerCerCerCergengengengen, qarT.

mtkamtkamtkamtkavelvelvelvel-i → svan. kamHlkamHlkamHlkamHl lSx., | kakakakamilmilmilmil lnt. → | kakakakaminminminmin bz., bq.; svan. WyEenWyEenWyEenWyEen | WyonWyonWyonWyon `sazarduli" : qarT. (xevs.) m-wyvilwyvilwyvilwyvil-i `sazardu-

li" : zan. (megr.) wyurwyurwyurwyur- (←WyurWyurWyurWyur-), svan. WyEenWyEenWyEenWyEen | WyonWyonWyonWyon ←*WyuWyuWyuWyuenenenen

←*WyEilWyEilWyEilWyEil; svan. WHminWHminWHminWHmin zs., qs. `qeri": qarT. wiwiwiwinolnolnolnol-i ← wiwiwiwimolmolmolmol-i :

zan. WiWiWiWimurmurmurmur-i, svan. WHminWHminWHminWHmin ←*WHmHlWHmHlWHmHlWHmHl; svan. qE@nqE@nqE@nqE@n | qEanqEanqEanqEan `qva, Wiuxi,

kldovani adgili" : qarT. qvaqvaqvaqva, qolqolqolqol- ←*qEaqEaqEaqEa-llll-, Ca-qolqolqolqol-av-s : zan. quaquaquaqua, quaquaquaqua-llll-ef-i `qvebi", ququququalalalal-on-i | qvalqvalqvalqval-on-i (top., et. `qvavna-

ri"), svan. qE@nqE@nqE@nqE@n | qEanqEanqEanqEan ←*qEaqEaqEaqEa-llll-; svan. tyentyentyentyen `keti" : qarT. tyetyetyetye- : zan. tyatyatyatya-, tyaltyaltyaltyal-ef-i `tyeebi", tyaltyaltyaltyal-on-a `tyiani", svan. tyentyentyentyen

←*tyetyetyetye-llll (s.-qarTv. *tyetyetyetye-llll-); svan. gengengengen- | gngngngn-, @-gengengengen-@l-i `garekavs" :

18

qarT. gelgelgelgel-, mi-a-gelgelgelgel-v-eb-s, svan. gengengengen ←*gelgelgelgel-, svan. paSanpaSanpaSanpaSan `zvini" :

qarT. pasalpasalpasalpasal-i `boZi, palo", svan. paSanpaSanpaSanpaSan ←*paSalpaSalpaSalpaSal...

$ 6. llll → rrrr. amgvari gadasvla cnobilia zanuri enidan, sadac miTiTebulia mis poziciur Sinaarsze: nebismier TanxmovanTan me-zoblobaSi, aseve saxelebSi saxelobiTis iiii brunvis niSnis zegavle-

niT (g. rogava). svanuris llll → rrrr fakultatiuri fonetikuri pro-cesia da poziciiT ar aris arc SezRuduli da arc Sepirobebuli: svan. krankkrankkrankkrank-, i-kr@nkkr@nkkr@nkkr@nk-i `gordeba" : qarT. klaknklaknklaknklakn- : zan. kerkkerkkerkkerk-,

i-kerkkerkkerkkerk-el-u(n) `gordeba", i-kikikikirokrokrokrok-u(n) `iklakneba", svan. krankkrankkrankkrank ← klaknklaknklaknklakn-; svan. JirJirJirJir- | JHrJHrJHrJHr-, x-e-JrJrJrJr-i `usveldeba", mH-JirJirJirJir `sveli", JHrJHrJHrJHr- `wyaloba", le-JrJrJrJr-i `sabralo" (et. sawyali) : qarT. zalzalzalzal-a `Saravi, viTarca wyawyawyawyalililili (saba)", fS. zazazazalalalala `mariliani wyali" : zan.

(megr.) JverJverJverJver-i ← JorJorJorJor-i `sveli", JvarJvarJvarJvar-JvalJvalJvalJval-i (redupl.) `wyliano-

ba, wveTeba", svan. JirJirJirJir- | JHrJHrJHrJHr- ←*JalJalJalJal-; svan. JRerJRerJRerJRer ← `Tavsxma, wvi-ma, TqeSi": qarT. zRvezRvezRvezRvellll-, zRvelzRvelzRvelzRvel-a `kokispiruli wvima" : zan.

(megr.) zRvarzRvarzRvarzRvar-zRvalzRvalzRvalzRval-i (redupl.) `zRvela", svan. JRerJRerJRerJRer ← JREelJREelJREelJREel; svan. jijijijinirnirnirnir `ciyvi" : qarT. ZamlZamlZamlZaml-i `virTagva" : zan. (Wan.) ZeZeZeZemurmurmurmur-i

←*jojojojomurmurmurmur-i, svan. jijijijinirnirnirnir ← jejejejemilmilmilmil; svan. BamirBamirBamirBamir | BemurBemurBemurBemur | BemHrBemHrBemHrBemHr `sa-qonlis fexebis tyavi" : qarT. BamlBamlBamlBaml-i, me-BamlBamlBamlBaml-e, svan. BamirBamirBamirBamir |

BemurBemurBemurBemur | BemHrBemHrBemHrBemHr ←*BamHlBamHlBamHlBamHl; svan. bJRerbJRerbJRerbJRer bq., lnt. `Cvili, yrma" : qarT. bzRilbzRilbzRilbzRil-i `mweris kvercxi" : zan. JRirJRirJRirJRir-t-al-i `Zval-rbili,

Cvili", svan. bJRerbJRerbJRerbJRer ← bJRilbJRilbJRilbJRil; svan. kukukukukurkurkurkur `xis kvirti" : qarT.

kukukukukkkkulululul-i `kvirti" : zan. kvikkvikkvikkvikvilvilvilvil-i `kvirti", svan. kukukukukurkurkurkur ← kukukuku----kulkulkulkul; svan. mH-nCxrnCxrnCxrnCxr-i | mH-nCxirnCxirnCxirnCxir `gavarvarebuli; cxeli" : qarT.

cxelcxelcxelcxel-i : zan. CxeCxeCxeCxe ← CxelCxelCxelCxel-, svan. mH-nCxirnCxirnCxirnCxir ←*mH-CxelCxelCxelCxel; svan. na-JarJarJarJar `gaZleba" : qarT. ZalZalZalZal- | ZlZlZlZl-, ga-ZlZlZlZl-eb-a : zan. njolnjolnjolnjol- | nnnnjeljeljeljel- `Zle-

va", svan. na-JarJarJarJar ← na-jarjarjarjar ← na-jaljaljaljal; svan. cilcilcilcil zs., lSx. circircircir lnt. `kani, qerqi" : qarT. (z. imer.) cilcilcilcil-i `kanis TeTri nawili", svan.

circircircir | cilcilcilcil ← cilcilcilcil; svan. JaBEerJaBEerJaBEerJaBEer | JaBE@rJaBE@rJaBE@rJaBE@r `aryis xe" : qarT.

ZaBEelZaBEelZaBEelZaBEel-i | ZaBvelZaBvelZaBvelZaBvel-i `Zaxveli", svan. JaBE@rJaBE@rJaBE@rJaBE@r | JaBEerJaBEerJaBEerJaBEer ←*jaBEeljaBEeljaBEeljaBEel; svan. TeErTeErTeErTeEr- | TLErTLErTLErTLEr-, a-TLErTLErTLErTLEr-Pl-i bz., a-TLErTLErTLErTLEr-Kl-i lSx., @-TeErTeErTeErTeEr-al-i lnt. `aTvalierebs" : qarT. TvalTvalTvalTval-, a-TvalTvalTvalTval-ier-eb-s, svan.

TLurTLurTLurTLur- | TeErTeErTeErTeEr- ← TEerTEerTEerTEer- ← TEelTEelTEelTEel- (Sdr. TLrTLrTLrTLr-@l `Tvalebi"); svan. faq@rfaq@rfaq@rfaq@r `Cirqi, wyluli" : qarT. faqlfaqlfaqlfaql-i | fanqlfanqlfanqlfanql-i | fanfanfanfanqalqalqalqal-i

`wyluleba", svan. faq@rfaq@rfaq@rfaq@r ←*fafafafaqalqalqalqal; svan. yEiryEiryEiryEir-, yEiryEiryEiryEir-@~@~@~@~ | yEiryEiryEiryEir-@@@@

`calTvala" : qarT. bryvilbryvilbryvilbryvil-i `usinaTlo" : zan. (megr.) ����verververver-e (←* ����virvirvirvir-e), svan. yEiryEiryEiryEir- ← yEilyEilyEilyEil- ← bryEilbryEilbryEilbryEil-...

19

$ 7. mmmm. saerToqarTveluri mmmm svanurSi ZiriTadad realizebu-lia identurad, magram mainc SeimCneva mis ganviTarebaSi sagrZnobi

cvlilebebi: mmmm → nnnn, mmmm → llll, mmmm → bbbb.

$ 8. s.-qarTv. mmmm → svan. nnnn : svan. n@xen@xen@xen@xe | nanananaxexexexe `iaraRi" : qarT.

maxmaxmaxmax-e, maxmaxmaxmax-, maxmaxmaxmax-av-s, maxmaxmaxmax-v-il-i : zan. (megr.) momomomoReReReRe ← momomomoxexexexe `iaraRi",

svan. n@xen@xen@xen@xe | nanananaxexexexe ← s:-qarTv. maxmaxmaxmax-e; svan. jijijijinirnirnirnir `ciyvi" : qarT.

ZamlZamlZamlZaml-i `virTagva" : zan. (Wan.) ZeZeZeZemurmurmurmur-i ←*jojojojomurmurmurmur-i `virTagva", svan.

jijijijinirnirnirnir ←*jejejejemilmilmilmil; svan. Sdr@nSdr@nSdr@nSdr@n- | SdranSdranSdranSdran- | Str@nStr@nStr@nStr@n-; a-Sd@nSd@nSd@nSd@n-i `grexs (Tovs, tyavs)" : qarT. TrimTrimTrimTrim-l- `Trimlva", TrimTrimTrimTrim-l-i, svan. Sdr@nSdr@nSdr@nSdr@n- |

Str@nStr@nStr@nStr@n- ←*STrimSTrimSTrimSTrim-E; svan. gHgHngHgHngHgHngHgHn- `gaqvaveba, gajiuteba" : qarT.

(z.-raW.) gagagagagamgamgamgam- `magari", svan. gHgHngHgHngHgHngHgHn- ← s.-qarTv. gaggaggaggag-amamamam-; svan.

nCEernCEernCEernCEer- `Znebad kornva" : qarT. mcvermcvermcvermcver- `mcvreva", svan. nCEernCEernCEernCEer- ← s.-qarTv. mmmm-cEercEercEercEer-; svan. JrinJrinJrinJrin-t- `wyveTi, ylupi" : qarT. zrinzrinzrinzrin-tttt-iiii,

zrimzrimzrimzrim-llll-i, svan. JrinJrinJrinJrin-tttt- ← JrimJrimJrimJrim-tttt-; svan. gKmgKmgKmgKm | gamgamgamgam zs., magram gKngKngKngKn

← gKmgKmgKmgKm lSx. `samagiero, sanacvlo" : qarT. mgammgammgammgam-a (ara mgama) : zan.

(megr.) gagagagamamamama `magieri, msgavsi"; svan. @gem@gem@gem@gem | @gim@gim@gim@gim bq., magram @gen@gen@gen@gen (← @gem@gem@gem@gem) bz., lnt. `simaRle, sigrZe"...

$ 9. mmmm → llll. saerToqarTveluri mmmm sonantis amgvari gadasvla daedo safuZvlad bgeraTSesatyvisobis Semdeg saxeobas _ qarT. mmmm : svan. llll; Sdr.: svan. l@CEl@CEl@CEl@CE zs., lnt., laCElaCElaCElaCE lSx. `iremi" : qarT.

(mTiul.) mamamamacalcalcalcal-o `mozveri", svan. l@CEl@CEl@CEl@CE | lKCElKCElKCElKCE ←*lalalalaCaECaECaECaE ←*mamamama----CalCalCalCal-; svan. gEalgEalgEalgEal `boseli" : qarT. gomgomgomgom-i, gomgomgomgom-ur-i, svan. gEalgEalgEalgEal

←*golgolgolgol ← gomgomgomgom-; svan. ylaylaylayla-E `bavSvi, ymawvili" : qarT. ymaymaymayma, svan.

ylaylaylayla-E ←*yalyalyalyal-E ←*yamyamyamyam-E; svan. yalyalyalyal-, ma-yalyalyalyal `SiSi" : qarT. (mox.,

TuS., qarTl., qsnis xeob...) yamyamyamyam-i `SiSi", svan. yalyalyalyal- ← s:-qarTv. *yamyamyamyam- (Sdr. lentexuri x-a-yamyamyamyam-n-i `eSinia", romelic mesameul safe-xurs asaxavs, magram materialurad amosaval yamyamyamyam-s emTxveva :

s.-qarTv. yamyamyamyam- → svan. *yyyyamamamam- → yalyalyalyal- → lnt. yamyamyamyam-(n-); svan. qaqaqaqaTalTalTalTal `qaTami" : qarT. qaqaqaqaTamTamTamTam-i : zan. qoqoqoqoTomTomTomTom-i (Sdr. s-nax. *qoqoqoqoTamTamTamTam `qaTa-

mi"), svan. qaqaqaqaTalTalTalTal ← qaqaqaqaTamTamTamTam-; s.-qarTv. mmmm → svan. llll transformaciis ar codna ganapirobebs msjelobas imis Taobaze, rom svanurSi jer

daikarga mmmm, xolo Semdgom llll sufiqsi daerTo _ qaqaqaqaTamTamTamTam ← qaqaqaqaTaTaTaTa → qaqaqaqaTalTalTalTal (g. klimovi). sxvaTa azriT, qaTqaTqaTqaT- Zirad gamoiyofa, -alalalal su-fiqsuria (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe). vfiqrobT, momavalSi saerTo-qarTveluri etimologiuri Ziebisas meti yuradReba unda mieqces fonetikur mxares sityvisas. etimologia mecnierebad fonetikis

20

Camoyalibebis Semdgom iqca; misi ugulebelyofa kargs arafers uqadis etimologiuri ekvlevis saqmes.

$ 10. mmmm → bbbb: svan. sEibsEibsEibsEib- | sEbsEbsEbsEb- `cekva" : qarT. samsamsamsam-a, svan.

sEibsEibsEibsEib- ←*subsubsubsub- ←*samsamsamsam- (aaaa-s labializaciiT miviReT uuuu); svan. RLrbeTRLrbeTRLrbeTRLrbeT | RerRerRerRermeTmeTmeTmeT zs., lSx. RerRerRerRerbeTbeTbeTbeT lnt. `RmerTi" : qarT. RmerTRmerTRmerTRmerT-i : zan.

(megr.) RoRoRoRoronTronTronTronT-i ← RorRorRorRormoTmoTmoTmoT-i, Wan. RorRorRorRormoTmoTmoTmoT-i, svan. RerRerRerRerbeTbeTbeTbeT ←

RerRerRerRermeTmeTmeTmeT; svan. bruWbruWbruWbruW `berwi" : qarT. mrowlmrowlmrowlmrowl-e, svan. bruWbruWbruWbruW ←*mruWmruWmruWmruW

←*mroWEmroWEmroWEmroWE-; svan. W@bW@bW@bW@b- | WbWbWbWb- `dabareba" : qarT. wamwamwamwam- `wameba, Setyobi-neba, dabareba" : zan. (Wan.) wumwumwumwum-, do-v-u-wumwumwumwum-e `davubare" (wumwumwumwum-

←*WumWumWumWum-), svan. W@bW@bW@bW@b- | WbWbWbWb- ←*WamWamWamWam-, svan. b@syb@syb@syb@sy | basybasybasybasy `marwyvi" : qarT.

marwyvmarwyvmarwyvmarwyv-iiii (n. mari), svan. b@syb@syb@syb@sy | basybasybasybasy ←*mawymawymawymawy ←*mawyEmawyEmawyEmawyE; svan. mHbilmHbilmHbilmHbil |

mumumumubilbilbilbil | mubmubmubmub����llll `qvewarmavali" : qarT. mumlmumlmumlmuml-i, svan. mHbilmHbilmHbilmHbil | mumumumu----bilbilbilbil | mubmubmubmub����llll ←*mumumumumilmilmilmil; svan. muRmuRmuRmuR����llll bz., mumumumuRulRulRulRul bq., buRbuRbuRbuR����llll lSx., bubububuRulRulRulRul lnt. `xoWo" : qarT. mRilmRilmRilmRil-i `CrCili, matli" : zan.

murmurmurmurRulRulRulRul-i, murmurmurmurRulRulRulRul-ia, svan. mumumumuRulRulRulRul → | bubububuRulRulRulRul...

svanurSi sapirispiro bbbb → mmmm gadasvlac bunebrivia: svan. mHrSkmHrSkmHrSkmHrSk `WinWvela" : qarT. (leCx.) bunWvbunWvbunWvbunWv-el-i `WiaWvela", svan. mHrSkmHrSkmHrSkmHrSk

←*birWkEbirWkEbirWkEbirWkE-; svan. m@Skm@Skm@Skm@Sk zs., lnt., maSkmaSkmaSkmaSk lSx. `barZayi, barkali" :

qarT. beWbeWbeWbeW-i, svan. maSkmaSkmaSkmaSk | ← m@Skm@Skm@Skm@Sk ←*beWkbeWkbeWkbeWk; svan. CqimCqimCqimCqim : qarT. cqafcqafcqafcqaf-

← cqabcqabcqabcqab-, svan. CqimCqimCqimCqim ← CqibCqibCqibCqib; svan. SdSdSdSd����mmmm | SdEemSdEemSdEemSdEem : qarT. TebTebTebTeb-o, svan. SdEemSdEemSdEemSdEem ←*SdemSdemSdemSdem-E...

$ 11. nnnn. saerToqarTveluri nnnn svanurSi ZiriTadad ucvlelad nnnn-s saxiT Semogvenaxa. Tumca garkveuli saxis transormaciebi aqac

SeiniSneba (zogic seriozuli): nnnn → rrrr (!), nnnn → mmmm, nnnn → llll.

$ 12. s.-qarTv. nnnn → svan. rrrr. am tipis cvalebis Sedegad Camoya-libda bgeraTSesatyvisobis Semdegi formula _ qarT. nnnn : zan. nnnn :

svan. rrrr. nnnn → rrrr SesaZleblobis mignebam svanurSi realuri gaxada zogi ekvivalentis Zebnac (qarT. vivivivinananana : svan. ~er~er~er~er- | ~@r~@r~@r~@r-, qarT. -anananan `-ianianianian suf". : svan. -PrPrPrPr | -arararar...) _ svan. zerdzerdzerdzerd bz., bq., lnt., zLrdzLrdzLrdzLrd

lSx. `yvelis sawuri" : qarT. zindzindzindzind-al-i, svan. zLrdzLrdzLrdzLrd | zerdzerdzerdzerd ← zindzindzindzind; svan. kad@rkad@rkad@rkad@r zs., lnt., kakakakadardardardar lSx. `xmeli (adgili)" : qarT.

kakakakadondondondon-iiii | kakakakadindindindin-aaaa `koconi", svan. kad@rkad@rkad@rkad@r | kakakakadardardardar ← kakakakadandandandan-aaaa; svan. zag@rzag@rzag@rzag@r zs., lnt., zazazazagargargargar lSx. `qedi" : qarT. zezezezegangangangan-i svan. zag@rzag@rzag@rzag@r |

zazazazagargargargar ← zezezezegangangangan, svan. kintkintkintkint bq., kirtkirtkirtkirt lSx., lnt. `qsovilis nakuwi, naWeri, nagleji" : qarT. kintkintkintkint-ua | kintkintkintkint-i `rkinis patar-patara na-

Wrebi", svan. kintkintkintkint → | kirtkirtkirtkirt; svan. sgirsgirsgirsgir-i | skirskirskirskir-i `svanuri saxlis qveda sarTuli" : qarT. (xevs., TuS.) SinSinSinSin-aaaa `xevsuruli saxlis qveda

21

sarTuli", svan. sgirsgirsgirsgir-i | skirskirskirskir-i ←*sqinsqinsqinsqin-i; svan. yeryeryeryer `Zala" : zan.

����onononon-ier-(o) `Zalieri, Zlier", svan. yeryeryeryer ← s.-qarTv. *yaEnyaEnyaEnyaEn-; svan. herherherher- | hrhrhrhr-, i-hrhrhrhr-i (@n-herherherher) `TavisTan ibarebs, gamoiZaxebs" : qarT. wanwanwanwan- `mowveva", wanwanwanwan-aaaa `wveuleba" : zan. WanWanWanWan-, WanWanWanWan-dddd-a `wveuleba", WanWanWanWan-

af-a `dabareba", `gamoZaxeba", svan. hrhrhrhr- | herherherher- ← svan. *henhenhenhen- ←*WenWenWenWen-; svan. karZkarZkarZkarZ-, a-karZkarZkarZkarZ-e | a-k@rZk@rZk@rZk@rZ-e `bandavs", mH-karZkarZkarZkarZ-al-i `mewaRe" :

qarT. kanZkanZkanZkanZ-/kinZkinZkinZkinZ-, a-kinZkinZkinZkinZ-av-s, sa-kinZkinZkinZkinZ-i, kanZkanZkanZkanZ-i, svan. k@rZk@rZk@rZk@rZ- | karZkarZkarZkarZ- ← k@nZk@nZk@nZk@nZ- |*k@njk@njk@njk@nj-; svan. kirbkirbkirbkirb-, a-s-kirbkirbkirbkirb-i `tkepnis" : qarT. tkebtkebtkebtkeb-n- |

tkeptkeptkeptkep-n-, svan. kirbkirbkirbkirb- ← kibrkibrkibrkibr- ←*kibkibkibkib-n-; svan. skEerskEerskEerskEer-, i-skNrskNrskNrskNr-e (@xE-skEerskEerskEerskEer) `fiqrobs" : qarT. skvenskvenskvenskven- (da-v-a-skvenskvenskvenskven-i), svan. skEerskEerskEerskEer-

←*skEenskEenskEenskEen-; svan. Wy@rWy@rWy@rWy@r-, x-a-Wy@rWy@rWy@rWy@r-n-e `avad xdeba" : qarT. wyenwyenwyenwyen-/wyinwyinwyinwyin-,

a-wyenwyenwyenwyen-s/a-wyinwyinwyinwyin-a : zan. (Wan.) WkinWkinWkinWkin- ←WyinWyinWyinWyin-, di-WkinWkinWkinWkin-d-in-u, svan.

Wy@rWy@rWy@rWy@r- ← WyerWyerWyerWyer- ← WyenWyenWyenWyen-; svan. xLrxLrxLrxLr- | xerxerxerxer- | x@rx@rx@rx@r- `fxana" : qarT.

fxanfxanfxanfxan-, i-fxanfxanfxanfxan-s, svan. xLrxLrxLrxLr- | xerxerxerxer- | x@rx@rx@rx@r- ← fx@nfx@nfx@nfx@n-; svan. ~@r~@r~@r~@r | ~ar~ar~ar~ar | ~er~er~er~er `vin" : qarT. vivivivinananana : zan. mimimimi-nnnn-, minminminmin-iiii, svan. ~ar~ar~ar~ar | ~@r~@r~@r~@r | ~er~er~er~er

←*vevevevenananana ←*vivivivinananana; svan. kPrCxkPrCxkPrCxkPrCx- | k@rCxk@rCxk@rCxk@rCx | korCxkorCxkorCxkorCx- : qarT. koncxkoncxkoncxkoncx-i, svan.

korCxkorCxkorCxkorCx ← konCxkonCxkonCxkonCx; svan. rad@grad@grad@grad@g | rarararadagdagdagdag `noyieri" : qarT. ninininiaaaadagdagdagdag-iiii,

svan. rarararadagdagdagdag | rad@grad@grad@grad@g ←*nanananadagdagdagdag; svan. mHrSkmHrSkmHrSkmHrSk `WianWvela" : qarT.

bunWvbunWvbunWvbunWv-el-i, svan. mHrSkmHrSkmHrSkmHrSk ←*binWkEbinWkEbinWkEbinWkE; svan. REerREerREerREer- | REenREenREenREen-, x-e-REerREerREerREer-i

`eficeba", i-REenREenREenREen-e `ificavs" : qarT. xvevnxvevnxvevnxvevn- `xvewna", svan. REenREenREenREen- →

| REerREerREerREer-; svan. b@rb@rb@rb@r- : qarT. banbanbanban-, svan. barbarbarbar- ← s.-qarTv. banbanbanban- `daba-na"...

erT nasesxeb sityvaSic gamoCnda nnnn → rrrr procesi, rac amagrebs

Cven debulebas nnnn → | rrrr istoriuli gadasvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb,

Sdr. svan. CerCCerCCerCCerC `marcvleulis CenCo" ← qarT. CenCCenCCenCCenC-oooo.

$ 13. nnnn → mmmm: svan. WHremWHremWHremWHrem | WeWeWeWeramramramram `wiTelzoleba" : qarT. wiwiwiwi----

ranranranran-iiii `wiTeli; Werami" : zan. (megr.) WeWeWeWeramramramram-i ←*WiWiWiWironronronron-i, svan.

WHremWHremWHremWHrem | WeWeWeWeramramramram ← WiWiWiWiranranranran; svan. BamBamBamBam-aS-a | BamBamBamBam-S-a `Zala, Rone, SeZle-

ba" : qarT. m-BnBnBnBn-e, si-m-BnBnBnBn-e, u-m-BnBnBnBn-e, svan. BamBamBamBam- ← s.-qarTv. BanBanBanBan-; svan. CamEirCamEirCamEirCamEir `dondlo" : qarT. conconconcon-, m-conconconcon-ar-i, g-conconconcon-in : zan. CinCinCinCin- |

CunCunCunCun-, svan. CamEirCamEirCamEirCamEir ←*ConConConCon-ir; svan. _ Wk@mWk@mWk@mWk@m- | wkE@mwkE@mwkE@mwkE@m- `naperwkali" :

qarT. brwyinbrwyinbrwyinbrwyin- : zan. (megr.) (rrrr)wkinwkinwkinwkin- ←*brWkinbrWkinbrWkinbrWkin-, svan. Wk@mWk@mWk@mWk@m | wkE@mwkE@mwkE@mwkE@m

←*WkinWkinWkinWkin-(EEEE); Sdr. agreTve svan.: EeSEeSEeSEeSgingingingin → | EeSEeSEeSEeSgimgimgimgim bz., ReSReSReSReSgingingingin → |

ReSReSReSReSgimgimgimgim lxm., RoSRoSRoSRoSgingingingin → RoSRoSRoSRoSgimgimgimgim bq. `ukan, bolos", svan. lHrgimlHrgimlHrgimlHrgim |

lHlgimlHlgimlHlgimlHlgim ← qarT. lololologingingingin-i...

22

$ 14. nnnn → llll: svan. yEelyEelyEelyEel-, x-e-yEelyEelyEelyEel-en-i `scildeba" : qarT. yuyuyuyuenenenen-, da-yuyuyuyuenenenen-a `Tmis moSoreba, Tmis mocla, parsva", svan.. yEelyEelyEelyEel-

← yEenyEenyEenyEen-, svan. kulzkulzkulzkulz-, i-kElzkElzkElzkElz-@l `daZvreba" : qarT. kunZkunZkunZkunZ-, Se-i-

kunZkunZkunZkunZ-a, mo-kunkunkunkunZZZZ-ul-i (saba), svan. kulzkulzkulzkulz- ← kunZkunZkunZkunZ-; svan. finfinfinfinjaljaljaljal

`finjani" ← qarT. finfinfinfinjanjanjanjan-i, svan. nannannannan-@g@g@g@g → | lanlanlanlan-@g@g@g@g `deduleTi" (Sdr. qarT. nenenenenananana : zan. nananananananana, nananananananana-iaiaiaia `deda"); svan. REem@lREem@lREem@lREem@l | RE@m@lRE@m@lRE@m@lRE@m@l, RoRoRoRomalmalmalmal bz., REemalREemalREemalREemal bq., ReReReRemalmalmalmal | RoRoRoRomelmelmelmel lSx., RoRoRoRomalmalmalmal

lnt. `yorani" ← qarT. (berZn.) yoyoyoyoranranranran-i... $ 15. rrrr. saerToqarTveluri rrrr-s refleqsebidan aRsaniSnavia llll

(rrrr → llll), mmmm (rrrr → mmmm), nnnn (rrrr → nnnn) alofonebi svanurSi. aqedan rrrr →

llll spiradulad zanurSic iCens Tavs: qarT. gogogogorararara : zan. gogogogolalalala → |

gvagvagvagvalalalala, qarT. gagagaga-rererere : zan. gagagaga-lelelele `gareT", qarT. qviqviqviqviriTriTriTriT-iiii → zan. qviqviqviqviliTliTliTliT-iiii (gvari qviqviqviqviliTliTliTliT-aiaaiaaiaaia), qarT. warwarwarwar- | werwerwerwer-i : zan. WHlWHlWHlWHl-a |

WilWilWilWil-aaaa... rrrr → mmmm, rrrr → nnnn sxva qarTveluri enebisTvis ucxoa.

$ 16. s.-qarTv. rrrr → svan. llll. amgvari modifikacia saerToqar-Tveluri rrrr vibrantisa svanurSi cnobilia. arsebobs misi axsnis

mcdelobac. varaudoben rrrr → llll-s im fuZeebSi, sadac bagismierTagan

erTerTi Tanxmovani moipoveba _ svan. pilpilpilpil ← pirpirpirpir : qarT. pirpirpirpir-,

svan. bLlbLlbLlbLl- ← bLrbLrbLrbLr- : qarT. berberberber- `berva" : zan. barbarbarbar-1. bagismierTa

povniereba fuZeSi ar unda iyos rrrr → llll cvalebis mizezi svanurSi, radganac igi bagismierTa gareSec dasturdeba _ Sdr.: svan. JulJulJulJul-inininin, i-JulJulJulJul-inininin-i `gaWendeba" : qarT. zrzrzrzr-inininin-, zrzrzrzr-inininin-(v-a) `jarT daTqriale-

ba (saba)", svan. JulJulJulJul-inininin- ← JurJurJurJur-inininin-; svan. RlijRlijRlijRlij- | ← RlijgRlijgRlijgRlijg- :

qarT. RrejRrejRrejRrej-&RrijRrijRrijRrij- : zan. RinjgRinjgRinjgRinjg- ← RirjgRirjgRirjgRirjg-, svan. RlijgRlijgRlijgRlijg- ← RrijgRrijgRrijgRrijg-;

svan. SdurSdurSdurSdur → | SdulSdulSdulSdul `koSkis qonguri" : qarT. TerTerTerTer-o : zan. TarTarTarTar-o,

svan. SdulSdulSdulSdul | ←SdurSdurSdurSdur ←*STirSTirSTirSTir-E ←*STerSTerSTerSTer-o; svan. CE@lCE@lCE@lCE@l | CEalCEalCEalCEal `mewyeri", CEalCEalCEalCEal-ob `mewyrianoba" : qarT. corcorcorcor-, corcorcorcor-v(a) `Tovlsa

da molze Caglinveba (saba)", svan. CE@lCE@lCE@lCE@l | CEalCEalCEalCEal ←*CorCorCorCor; svan.

BEilBEilBEilBEil-a `yore" : qarT. yoryoryoryor-, yoryoryoryor-e : zan. ����orororor-, svan. BEilBEilBEilBEil-a ← BorBorBorBor-e; svan. EilEilEilEil lSx., hOlhOlhOlhOl bz., hEilhEilhEilhEil bq. `jori" : qarT. virvirvirvir-iiii :

zan. gugugugurinrinrinrin-iiii | gugugugurunrunrunrun-iiii | gigigigirinrinrinrin-iiii | gHrHngHrHngHrHngHrHn-iiii, svan. hEilhEilhEilhEil | EilEilEilEil ← *EirEirEirEir; svan. m@SyMJam@SyMJam@SyMJam@SyMJa | maSyMJamaSyMJamaSyMJamaSyMJa `aTinaTi, arili" : qarT. mwyamwyamwyamwyazarzarzarzar-iiii

`sufTa, wminda", svan. m@SyMJam@SyMJam@SyMJam@SyMJa | maSyMJamaSyMJamaSyMJamaSyMJa ←*maSmaSmaSmaSyiyiyiyiJalJalJalJal ←*mamamamaWyaWyaWyaWyaJarJarJarJar 1111 g. maWavariani, saerToqarTveluri konsonanturi sistema, Tb. 1965, gv. 15; h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb. 1990, gv. 48, 248.

23

(rrrr → llll → Ø procesis dasrulebis Semdgom sakompensaciod MMMM(←aaaa) dagrZelda svanurSi); svan. yuyuyuyublblblbl-@~ `ufxo (pureulis jiSi)" :

qarT. yviyviyviyvibarbarbarbar-oooo, yviyviyviyvibarbarbarbar-iiii `patara, Cia..." : zan. (megr.) ����uuuuberberberber-iiii `umwifari (yurZeni)", svan. yublyublyublyubl-@~ ←*yuyuyuyubarbarbarbar-@~; sayuradReboa na-

sesxeb sityvaTa Cveneba, sadac rrrr → llll ubagismiero fuZeSic dadas-

turda: svan. masHlmasHlmasHlmasHl ← qarT. masmasmasmasrararara, svan. SaSaSaSaSalSalSalSal `laxvari" ← qarT. SaSaSaSaSarSarSarSar-iiii `sisxlis gamosaSvebi maxvili (saba)"...

$ 17. rrrr → nnnn: svan. wEinwEinwEinwEin- `damizneba, gasworeba" : qarT. s-worworworwor- :

zan. wurwurwurwur-, svan. wEinwEinwEinwEin- ← wEirwEirwEirwEir-; svan. TeTnTeTnTeTnTeTn-uld `TeTnuldi", TeTnTeTnTeTnTeTn-e | TeTEnTeTEnTeTEnTeTEn-e | TEeTEnTEeTEnTEeTEnTEeTEn-e `TeTri" : qarT. TeTrTeTrTeTrTeTr-i, svan. TeTnTeTnTeTnTeTn-e |

TEeTEnTEeTEnTEeTEnTEeTEn-e | TeTEnTeTEnTeTEnTeTEn-e ←*TeTErTeTErTeTErTeTEr-e; svan. BanBanBanBan | B@nB@nB@nB@n `xari" : qarT.

BarBarBarBar-i : zan. xojxojxojxoj-i, svan. B@nB@nB@nB@n | BanBanBanBan ← BarBarBarBar; svan. JiJiJiJinananana `Zera" : qarT.

ZeZeZeZerararara : zan. jajajajajajajaja-, m-jajajajajjjj-i `Zera", svan. JiJiJiJinananana ←*jejejejenananana ←*jerjerjerjer-a; svan. sp@nsp@nsp@nsp@n `saqonlis bagis Tavis gadaxuruli nawili" : qarT. (gur.) sparsparsparspar-a-i `qvevri zeviTa nawilgatexili" (Sdr. leCx. spersperspersper-v-a `mokve-

Ta"), svan. sp@nsp@nsp@nsp@n ← sp@rsp@rsp@rsp@r; svan. qeqeqeqeSSSSeeeenininini | qeSLniqeSLniqeSLniqeSLni `qvis karavi mTaSi" :

qarT. qeqeqeqesarsarsarsar-iiii, svan. qeSLniqeSLniqeSLniqeSLni | ← qeqeqeqeSeSeSeSenininini ←*qeqeqeqeSarSarSarSar-iiii; svan. CxenCxenCxenCxen-/CxinCxinCxinCxin-, x-a-CxinCxinCxinCxin-a `gaCxerilia" : qarT. CxerCxerCxerCxer-/CxirCxirCxirCxir-, CxirCxirCxirCxir-iiii/CxerCxerCxerCxer-iiii : zan.

{CxinjCxinjCxinjCxinj-iiii}, CxaJCxaJCxaJCxaJ-iiii, svan. CxenCxenCxenCxen-/CxinCxinCxinCxin- ← s.-qarTv. CxerCxerCxerCxer-/CxirCxirCxirCxir-; svan. BKnBKnBKnBKn-/BaBaBaBannnn-,

x-o-BanBanBanBan `suni asdis" : qarT. yaryaryaryar-, yaryaryaryar-s : zan. (megr.) ����orororor-idididid-/����orororor-adadadad- `yrola", ����orororor----adadadad-il-i `myrali", svan. BKnBKnBKnBKn- | BanBanBanBan- ←*BarBarBarBar-; svan. hendhendhendhend- → | h@ndh@ndh@ndh@nd- (a-h@ndh@ndh@ndh@nd-Er-e) `awveTebs" : qarT. wirtwirtwirtwirt-a-~ `wveTi", wredwredwredwred-/wridwridwridwrid-: zan. wiwiwiwiradradradrad-/wiwiwiwiridridridrid-/wirdwirdwirdwird-, svan. h@ndh@ndh@ndh@nd- | hendhendhendhend-

←*WerdWerdWerdWerd-; svan. xLnxLnxLnxLn- | xenxenxenxen-, x-a-xLnxLnxLnxLn-e bz., lSx., x-@-xenxenxenxen-e bq., lnt. `axarebs", li-xenxenxenxen-e `mixareba" : qarT. xarxarxarxar-, a-xarxarxarxar-eb-s, svan. xLnxLnxLnxLn- |

xenxenxenxen- ←*xerxerxerxer- ←*xarxarxarxar-...

$ 18. rrrr → mmmm. araanlautisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesia. sa-Tanado masalis simciris gamo Zneli saTqmelia, anlautSi ar gamo-Cena poziciuri SezRudvaa, Tu ubralod ar aris gamovlenili Se-

saZlo SemTxvevebi. rrrr → mmmm daCndeba rogorc saerToqarTvelur, ise nasesxeb sityvebSi: svan. dodododomeymeymeymey | dudududumeymeymeymey, na-dmoydmoydmoydmoy `berwi" : qarT. dudududurayrayrayray-i `jixvis wali" (semantikisTvis Sdr. aWar. berwberwberwberw-iaiaiaia `dekeu-

li" ← berwberwberwberw-iiii), svan. dodododomeymeymeymey | dudududumeymeymeymey ← dudududureyreyreyrey ← s.-qarTv. dudududu----rayrayrayray-; svan. mu-r-yEamyEamyEamyEam `koSki" : qarT. yeryeryeryer-o `Zeli aRmarTebiT zRu-

ded movlebuli (saba)", svan. mu-r-yEamyEamyEamyEam ←*mu-r-y@my@my@my@m-E ←*mu-y@ry@ry@ry@r-E;

svan. JE@nJE@nJE@nJE@n `SurTxi" : qarT. zezezezeranranranran-i : zan. JrunJrunJrunJrun-iiii (← JuJuJuJurunrunrunrun-iiii),

24

svan. JE@nJE@nJE@nJE@n ←*Jm@nJm@nJm@nJm@n ←*JeJeJeJemanmanmanman- |*JeJeJeJeranranranran-; svan. REem@lREem@lREem@lREem@l | RE@m@lRE@m@lRE@m@lRE@m@l |

RoRoRoRomelmelmelmel | RoRoRoRomalmalmalmal ← svan. *RoranRoranRoranRoran ← qarT. (berZn.) yoyoyoyoranranranran-iiii; svan.

wyHz@mwyHz@mwyHz@mwyHz@m | wyHwyHwyHwyHzemzemzemzem | ← wyawyawyawyazarzarzarzar lnt. `sufTa, wminda" ← qarT. mwyamwyamwyamwya----zarzarzarzar-iiii `lamazi, wminda"; qarT. kukukukukurkurkurkur `wveTi" : svan. kukukukukumkumkumkum `wveTi"

← kukukukukurkurkurkur...

$ 19. EEEE → bbbb. saerToqarTveluri erTobidan momdinare EEEE svan-

urSi iSviaTad bbbb-Si gadadis, riTac zanuris vvvv → bbbb process mogvag-

onebs. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom zanurSi vvvv → bbbb umTavresad qarTuli-

dan momdinare sityvebSi dasturdeba: yayayayavarvarvarvar-i → yamyamyamyambarbarbarbar-i, lalalalaviwviwviwviw-i

→ lalalalaberwberwberwberw-i... Tumca _ vacvacvacvac-i : boCboCboCboC-i (Wan.), xolo svanurSi mxo-lod sakuTari fondis formebSi iCens Tavs: svan. jabjabjabjab | jEabjEabjEabjEab `damRa"

: qarT. m-ZivZivZivZiv-i, ZvZvZvZv-inininin-iiii `SanTi", svan. jabjabjabjab | jEabjEabjEabjEab ←*jebjebjebjeb-E ←*jiEjiEjiEjiE-o;

svan. feSfeSfeSfeS- `daRla" : qarT. osososos- | vasvasvasvas- | vsvsvsvs-, svan. feSfeSfeSfeS- ←*beSbeSbeSbeS-

←*EeSEeSEeSEeS-; svan. Cx@fCx@fCx@fCx@f `marcvleulis sawyao" : qarT. cxavcxavcxavcxav-iiii, svan. Cx@fCx@fCx@fCx@f

←*CxabCxabCxabCxab ←*CxaECxaECxaECxaE; svan. wobwobwobwob-, en-wobwobwobwob-e `mosruta" : qarT. wovwovwovwov-, wovwovwovwov-s,

m-wovwovwovwov-el-i : zan. wvwvwvwv-, svan. wobwobwobwob- ← s.-qarT. *woEwoEwoEwoE- ... $ 20. fofofofonenenenetitititikur prokur prokur prokur procescescescesTa zoTa zoTa zoTa zogagagagadi kadi kadi kadi kanonnonnonnonzozozozomimimimieeeererererebibibibisasasasaTvis Tvis Tvis Tvis

svasvasvasvanurnurnurnurSiSiSiSi. zemoTaRweril movlenebSi SeiniSneba erTi zogadi kanon-zomiereba, rac fonetikur procesTa simetriulobaSi gamoixateba.

kerZod, nebismieri A → b gadasvla imavdroulad varaudobs sapi-

rispiro b → A process. _ Sdr.: llll → mmmm, mmmm → llll; llll → nnnn, nnnn →

llll; llll → rrrr, rrrr → llll; mmmm → nnnn, nnnn → mmmm; mmmm → bbbb, bbbb → mmmm; nnnn → rrrr, rrrr → nnnn (ix. aqve, $$ 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17).

$ 21. vvvv → nnnn proproproprocecececesisisisisasasasaTvis qarTvis qarTvis qarTvis qarTveTveTveTvelur eneblur eneblur eneblur enebSiSiSiSi. saerToqar-Tvelur sityvaTa erTi nawilis anlautSi gamoCndeba opozicia qarT. vvvv: zan. nnnn/vvvv : svan. nnnn/vvvv, Sdr.: qarT. vidrvidrvidrvidr-iiii `bzesaviT dafSvni-

li xmeli Tiva" : zan. _ : svan. nadrnadrnadrnadr-aaaa/n@drn@drn@drn@dr-aaaa ←*nidrnidrnidrnidr-aaaa `Tivis bu-luli; Calis kona" (s.-qarTv. *EidrEidrEidrEidr-); qarT. vakvakvakvak-eeee : zan. (megr.)

naknaknaknak-aaaa ←*noknoknoknok-aaaa : svan. naknaknaknak `vake" (s.-qarTv. *EakEakEakEak-eeee); qarT. nardnardnardnard-iiii `erTgvari yvavili", vardvardvardvard-iiii : zan. nordnordnordnord-iiii `xis gadanaWerze amosuli norCi Reri" : svan. _ (s.-qarTv. *EardEardEardEard-); qarT. vnvnvnvn- `vneba" : zan. nnnn-

←*vnvnvnvn- `vneba", nnnn-eeee ←*vnvnvnvn-eeee `maWari; naRveli" : svan. nHnnHnnHnnHn-ir | nHnnHnnHnnHn-Mr `elenTa", Sdr. ma-EinEinEinEin- | m@-EinEinEinEin : qarT. ma-vnvnvnvn-e, EenEenEenEen-@B- : venvenvenven-aB-i;

REinREinREinREin-el ←*EinEinEinEin-el : RvinRvinRvinRvin-o ←*vinvinvinvin-o (s.-qarTv. *EinEinEinEin-).

am tipis masalaSi vvvv → | nnnn substitucia qarTvelur enebSi

amosavlad EEEE-s varaudobs. egeve vvvv → nnnn xom ar vigulisxmoT zanur

25

zmnebSic, Sdr. qarT. kavkavkavkav- `dakaveba" : zan. kHnkHnkHnkHn- | kinkinkinkin- ←*kovkovkovkov- (?)... sakiTxi damatebiT Seswavlas saWiroebs.

$ 22. sasasasaererererToToToToqarqarqarqarTveTveTveTvelulululuri sl Tanri sl Tanri sl Tanri sl Tanmimmimmimmimdevdevdevdevrorororobis rebis rebis rebis reaaaalilililizazazazacicicici----iiiisasasasaTvis svaTvis svaTvis svaTvis svanurnurnurnurSiSiSiSi. qarTvelur masalaSi slslslsl Tanmimdevroba iSvia-Tad dasturdeba. igi Tavs iCens s.-qarTv. slslslslok-in-/-slslslsluk-un- fuZe-Si: qarT. slslslslok-in- | slslslsluk-un- : zan. SSSSHk-in | SSSSik-in- `slokini", megr. f-SSSSHk-in-un-q `vslokineb", m-o-SSSSik-in-af-u-an-s `maslokinebs" Wan. SSSSik-in-i `slokini", a-SSSSik-in-e-n `aslokinebs" (arn. Ciqobava). qar-Tul-zanur fuZeTa analizi aCvenebs, rom zanurSi llll dakargulia, xolo qarT. oooo/uuuu-s Sesatyvisad HHHH/iiii dasturdeba. qarT. oooo/uuuu : zan. -HHHH/iiii g. rogavas wesiT aixsneba, rogorc labialur xmovanTa delabia-

lizacia _ uuuu/oooo → HHHH/iiii. ase rom, amosavali zanuri Sesatyvisi slokslokslokslok-in- fuZisa *SlukSlukSlukSluk-in- saxeobisa unda yofiliyo: slokslokslokslok-in- :

*SlukSlukSlukSluk-in- → *SukSukSukSuk-in- → SHkSHkSHkSHk-in- → | SikSikSikSik-in-. llll-s gauCinarebas za-nurSi moqmedi fonotaqtikuri SezRudva udevs safuZvlad, rom yoveli Tanxmovani + sonanti akrZalulia da superirdeba an sonan-tis gadasmiT (sonanti + Tanxmovani), an anaptiqsuri xmovnis CarT-viT (Tanxmovani + vokali + sonanti), an sulac, rogorc Cvens Se-mTxvevaSi, sonantis CavardniT. zanurSi aRwerili TanxmovanTSeer-Tebis es wesi uZvelesia da TiTqmis ugamonaklisod dRemde moqme-

debs, Sdr. qarT. ZaRlZaRlZaRlZaRl-iiii → zan. (megr.) ZaZaZaZaRilRilRilRil-iiii, Sobel-ZaZaZaZaRilRilRilRil-iiii `mSobel-ZaRli"...

saerToqarTvelur slokslokslokslok-inininin- fuZes svanurSi Sesatyvisi eZebne-ba SdHkSdHkSdHkSdHk-unununun- `slokini" formis saxiT. aqve miuTiTeben fuZis xmabaZ-viTobaze, amitomac ar iZlevao mkafio bgeraTSesatyvisobebs (g. klimovi). sxva avtorebi sityvis eqspresiulobas iziareben da miTve xsnian llll-s refleqsebis ar arsebobas megrul-WanurSi da oooo/uuuu : iiii Sefardebas xmovnebSi; svanur SduSduSduSdukunkunkunkun- | StuStuStuStukunkunkunkun- fuZesTan mimar-Teba maTTvis ar aris naTeli (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe).

zanur Sesatyvisze ukve gvqonda saubari, rac Seexeba svanurs s.-qarTv. *slokslokslokslok-inininin-is Sesatyvisad aq dasturdeba SdekESdekESdekESdekE- | StekEStekEStekEStekE- alomorfebi: li-SdekESdekESdekESdekE zs., lSx., li-StekEStekEStekEStekE lnt. `slokini", x-@-SdkSdkSdkSdk-unununun-e zs., x-a-SdkSdkSdkSdk-unununun-e lSx., x-@-StekEStekEStekEStekE-n-e lnt. `aslokinebs", romelic SdokSdokSdokSdok- | StokStokStokStok- ufro Zveli formebidan momdinareoben. ucnauria svanuri SdSdSdSd/StStStSt qarTuli ssss (s.-qarTv. *ssss) sibilantis Sesa-tyvisad. rogorc cnobilia, aq an SSSS iyo mosalodneli an identuri ssss (n. mari, arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria, g. maWavariani...). Cveni azriT,

svanuri SdSdSdSd → | StStStSt zustad asaxavs saerToqarTvelur slslslsl Tanmim-

devrobas. da Tu zanurSi istoriuli llll daikarga ssss(→SSSS)-s momdev-nod, svanurSi slslslsl gardaiqmna jer sdsdsdsd, xolo Semdgom SdSdSdSd | StStStSt bge-raTkompleqsad. rasac moqmedi fonetikuri wesi udevs safuZvlad:

26

rom yoveli saerToqarTveluri *slslslsl bgeraTmimdevroba svanurSi

realizdeba sdsdsdsd → SdSdSdSd | StStStSt saxeobad.

erTi nasesxebi sityvis analizic cxadhyofs slslslsl → sdsdsdsd gada-svlis realurobas svanurSi. mxedvelobaSia prisdprisdprisdprisd- | pipipipiririririsdsdsdsd- | pristpristpristprist- | pipipipiristristristrist- `monaTvla" zmna. _ Sdr.: li-prisdprisdprisdprisd-@l bz., li-prisdprisdprisdprisd-Kl lSx., li-prisdprisdprisdprisd-@l bq., li-pristpristpristprist-@l lnt. `naTloba", @-prisd-e (oxE-pipipipirisdrisdrisdrisd) bz., a-prisdprisdprisdprisd-i (oxE-pipipipirisdrisdrisdrisd) bt., a-prisdprisdprisdprisd-e (ox-prisdprisdprisdprisd) lSx., @-pristpristpristprist-e (axEa-pipipipiristristristrist) lnt. `naTlavs". erTi Se-xedviT, SeiZleba kacma ifiqros prisdprisdprisdprisd- | pristpristpristprist- formebis qrisqrisqrisqris----tetetete-sagan momdinareoba iseve, rogorc qarTuli qrisqrisqrisqristvnatvnatvnatvna `miron-cxeba (saba)" zmnisa. amgvarad fiqri zedapirulad gveCveneba. sinam-

dvileSi aq unda Candes qarTul-megruli (← berZn.?) pipipipiririririselselselsel-i | pirHselpirHselpirHselpirHsel-i `naTlia (кум)" sityva, romliTac advilad aixsneba pirsdpirsdpirsdpirsd- | pipipipiristristristrist- srulxmovniani alomorfebis arsebobac svanurSi, rom araferi vTqvaT srul formalur igiveobaze. amrigad, pipipipiriririri----selselselsel- saxels Tavidan pipipipirislrislrislrisl- | prislprislprislprisl- reduqciuli formebi unda

moeca, saidanac slslslsl → sd sd sd sd | stststst gadasvliT Tanamedrove prisdprisdprisdprisd-|pipipipi----risdrisdrisdrisd- | prist prist prist prist | pipipipiristristristrist- zmnuri fuZeebi ganviTarda.

Cvens mier gamovlenil saerToqarTveluri warmoSobis sxva ma-

galiTebSic naTlad mJRavndeba slslslsl → sdsdsdsd gadasvla istoriul sva-nurSi. aseTia maSdmaSdmaSdmaSd `nalewi marcvleulis xvavi" sityva svanurSi. maSdmaSdmaSdmaSd zusti Sesatyvisia qarTuli (resp. moxeuri) marslmarslmarslmarsl-iiii `dafSvni-li Tivis xvavi", `dafSvnili Tiva (o. qajaia)" saxelisa. varaudiT auslauturi rSdrSdrSdrSd Tanmimdevroba gamartivda svanurSi _ *marSdmarSdmarSdmarSd-

→ maSdmaSdmaSdmaSd- : qarT. marslmarslmarslmarsl-iiii (s.-qarTv. *marsmarsmarsmars-llll-). rSdrSdrSdrSd TanxmovanTkompleqsis kanonzomieri gamartiveba Cans Sem-

deg qarTvelur SepirispirebaSic, sadac slslslsl → sdsdsdsd gardaqmna sacna-

uria _ svan. qSdqSdqSdqSd- ← qarSdqarSdqarSdqarSd-, m@-qSdqSdqSdqSd-un-a zs., ma-qSdqSdqSdqSd-un-a lSx.

←*ma-qarSdqarSdqarSdqarSd-un-a `lencofa" : qarT. (kax.) qarslqarslqarslqarsl-a `sparsuli Rvar-Zla (a. may.)". garda materialuri erTianobisa am sityvebs aaxloebs semantikuri mxarec: l e n c o f a ~ R v a r Z l a saerTo motiva-ciis asaxvaa. bunebrivia svanur m@-qSdqSdqSdqSd-una | ma-qSdqSdqSdqSd-un-a sityvaSi mamamama- _ -unununun-aaaa cirkumfiqsis gamonawevreba. amgvar derivacias eparale-leba mamamama-yg-unununun-a a a a | mamamama-yEg-unununun-aaaa `kodala" leqsema svanurSi. amdenad

qarT. qarslqarslqarslqarsl-: svan. qSdqSdqSdqSd- ←*qarSdqarSdqarSdqarSd- Sepirispireba kidev erTxel na-Tlad warmoaCens saerToqarTveluri slslslsl Tanmimdevrobis SdSdSdSd-d transformacias svanurSi (s.-qarTv. *qarsqarsqarsqars-llll-).

istoriulad slslslsl → sdsdsdsd gadasvla win uswrebda ssss → SSSS pro-

cess svanurSi, e. i. jer slslslsl → sdsdsdsd, xolo momdevno etapze sdsdsdsd →

27

SdSdSdSd|StStStSt. ratom? _ pasuxi erTia: saerToqarTveluri SlSlSlSl Tanmimdev-

roba ar iZleva SqdSqdSqdSqd → Sgd Sgd Sgd Sgd | SkdSkdSkdSkd kompleqsebs svanurSi, Sdr.: qarT. vaSlvaSlvaSlvaSl-: svan. EisgE EisgE EisgE EisgE | EiskEEiskEEiskEEiskE...

rogorc ukve mivuTiTebdiT (ix. aqve, $ 2), s.-qarTv. llll → svan. dddd damaxasiaTebeli procesia xmovnis momdevno poziciaSic,

magram amgvar SemTxvevebSi llll → dddd sporadulad iCens Tavs da ka-nonzomierebas ar eqvemdebareba. sxva mdgomareobaa slslslsl poziciaSi,

aq yvela s.-qarTv. slslslsl → svan. Sd Sd Sd Sd | StStStSt.

Tavisi arsiT slslslsl → sdsdsdsd procesi paraleluria snsnsnsn → sdsdsdsd | stststst

gardaqmnisa svanurSi, Sdr. svan. fusnfusnfusnfusn → | fusd fusd fusd fusd | fustfustfustfust `bato-

ni", MsnaE MsnaE MsnaE MsnaE | isisisisnaEnaEnaEnaE→ | hishishishistamtamtamtam | isisisistamtamtamtam `sizmari", wusnwusnwusnwusn- → wusdwusdwusdwusd- |

wustwustwustwust- `wuwna" (←qarT. wuwnwuwnwuwnwuwn-)... topologiurad erTgvarovani fonetikuri procesebi dastur-

deba monaTesave iberiul-kavkasiur enebSic, Sdr. rlrlrlrl → rdrdrdrd (ingu-

SurSi), snsnsnsn → sTsTsTsT (CaCnur-inguSurSi), lxlxlxlx → *dxdxdxdx → TxTxTxTx (bacburSi).

$ 23. SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana → | sisisisisisisisina gadana gadana gadana gadabgebgebgebgererererebibibibisasasasaTvis siTvis siTvis siTvis sibibibibilanlanlanlantebtebtebtebSiSiSiSi. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saerToqarTveluridan momdinare sisi-na sibilantebs zanursa da svanurSi SiSina sibilantebi Seesatyvi-sebian. mizezad amgvari gardaqmnisa aRiarebulia artikulaciis ukan gadaweva, rasac zanurSi xmovanTa Cvenebac amagrebs (arn. Ciqobava):

qarT. ← s.-qarTv. → zan., svan.

Z *Z j j→/J

c *c C C→/S

w *w W W→/h

z *z J J s *s S S

magram araiSviaTia SemTxvevebi, roca zanursa da svanurSic qarTulismagvari refleqsebi dasturdeba. amgvari faqtebi unda aixsnas rogorc bgeraTSesatyvisobis darRveva, Sdr. qarT. wwwwveT- :

zan. WWWWvaT- → | wwwwvaT-, qarT. ccccel- : zan. CCCCal- → | ccccal- (g. rogava). Cven veyrdnobiT g. rogavas cnobil debulebas SiSina sibilantTa meoreuli gasisinebis Sesaxeb zanursa da svanurSi, radganac enaSi yovelTvis moqmedebs ama Tu im fonetikuri procesis sawinaaRmdego tendencia (a. meie). warmovadgenT damatebiT sailustracio masalas

s.-qarTv. sisisisisisisisinananana → zan., svan. SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana → | sisisisisisisisinananana spontanuri pro-

cesis sasargeblod: 1. ZZZZ → jjjj → | ZZZZ: qarT. neZZZZ- `kakali" : zan.

28

la(n)jjjj-i `ifani, kopiti" : svan. nenzzzz | ← nenZZZZ ←*nejjjj `soWi"; qarT.

ZZZZaml-i : zan. ZZZZemur-i ←*jjjjemur-i `virTagva" : svan. jjjjinir `ciyvi"; qarT. jjjjijjjjR-i `Citia erTgv." : zan. jjjjRirjjjjR-u : svan. ZZZZinZZZZR-E

←*jjjjinjjjjR-E `namgala" (s.-qarTv. *ZZZZiZZZZR-); qarT. ZZZZinar-a-~ (mcen.) : zan.

jjjjinor-ia (gvari) : svan. ZZZZHner-a ←*jjjjiner-a (s.-qarTv. *ZZZZin-ar-); qarT.

jjjjixv-i : zan. ZZZZixv-i ←* jjjjixv-i (Sdr. nasesxebi sityvebi _ qarT. jjjjag-

ar-i → zan. ZZZZagvar-i, svan. ZZZZagEar, qarT. jjjjigar-i → zan. ZZZZagar-a...);

2. cccc → CCCC → | cccc : qarT. CCCCxikv-i : zan. CCCCxvirk-i : svan. ccccx@kE |←

ccccxekE ←*CCCCxikE `qori" (s.-qarTv. *ccccxikE-). qarT. qurccccx-i : zan.

qverCCCCx-i `buCqi", magram qurccccx-on-i ←*qurCCCCx-on-i `buCqnari" : svan. qHCCCCx `sarevela balaxi" (s.-qarTv. *qurccccx-); qarT. ccccar-/ccccer- `cra" :

zan. ccccir-/ccccor- ← *CCCCor- : svan. SSSSir- ←*CCCCir- `fqva" (s.-qarTv. *ccccar-);

qarT. kcccc-en- : zan. kaSSSS- ←*kaCCCC-: svan. k@cccc-(en-) | kcccc-(en-) ←*keCCCC-(en-)

(s.-qarTv. *kecccc-(en-); qarT. ccccend-ar-i : zan. ccccand- ←*CCCCand- : svan.

CCCCerT ←*CCCCend (s.-qarTv. *ccccend-); qarT. qercccc-l-i : zan. qircccc-a |

qercccc-a ←*qirCCCC-a : svan. qarcccc bq. ← | q@rCCCC bz. `qertli" (s.-qarTv.

*qercccc-l-); qarT. ssssxurkl- ←*ccccxurkl- : zan. CCCCxirk- | CCCCxHrk- : svan.

ccccxurkE-in- ← *CCCCxurkl-in- `moxrakva" (s.-qarTv. *ccccxurk-l-); qarT.

mssssxv-r- ←*maccccxv-r- `msxvreva" : zan. fuCCCCx-ol-/fuCCCCx-a : svan. faccccx

bq. | ← f@nCCCCxE `namsxvrevi" (s.-qarTv. *maccccxE-); qarT. ssssxuert-

←*ccccxuert- `mokafva" : zan. (megr.) ccccxont | ccccxot- ← | Wan. CCCCxot- (i. yifSiZe) : svan. _ (s.-qarTv. *ccccxEert-); qarT. ccccx-, ccccx-r-o : zan.

CCCCxur-i/u : svan. ccccx-, m@-ccccx-@~ `sicive", mH-ccccx-i `civi" ← {CCCCx}-

(s.-qarTv. *ccccx-); 3. wwww → WWWW → | wwww: qarT. m-wwwwyvil-i `sazarduli" :

zan. wwwwyur-i ←*WWWWyur-i : svan. WWWWyon `sazarduli" (s.-qarTv. *wwwwyEil-);

qarT. bowwwwowwww-o/buwwwwuwwww-i : zan. bowwwwowwww-i ←*boWWWWoWWWW-i `xavsi" : svan. bo-WWWWoWWWW `yvavili" (s.-qarTv. *bowwwwowwww-); qarT. wwwwiv-i/-wwwwviv-i : zan. wwwwirRv-i

←*WWWWiRv-i, Sdr. qarT. (←zan.) WWWWiRv-i : svan. jjjjurRE ←*WWWWirRE (s.-

qarTv. *wwwwiE-); qarT. wwwwam- `Setyobineba" : zan. wwwwum- ←*WWWWum-: svan.

WWWWab- ←*WWWWam- `Setyobineba" (s.-qarTv. *wwwwam-); qarT. wwwwen-i : zan. wwwwan-a

←*WWWWan-a : svan. hhhhn- (le-hhhhn-a) ←*WWWWen- `gasul wels" (s.-qarTv. *wwwwen-);

qarT. wwwwy-en- `wyena" : zan. wwwwk-un- | wwwwk-un- ←*WWWWy-un-, Sdr. gur.

(←zan.) WWWWy-un-v-a `mowyena, tkivili" : svan. Wy@rWy@rWy@rWy@r- (s.-qarTv. *wwwwy-en-);

qarT. wwwwen- `sawenuri" : zan. o-wwwwin-ar-i (←*WWWWin-), Sdr. qarT.

29

(← zan.) a-WWWWin-ar-i `sakideli" (saba) : svan. _ (s.-qarTv. *wwwwen-);

qarT. wwwwnex-, sa-wwwwnex-el-i : zan. o-WWWWinax-u : svan. wwwwlix- | wwwwilx- ←*WWWWnix-

(s.-qarTv. *wwwwnex-); qarT. wwwwuel-i : zan. wwwwval- | WWWWol-i ←*WWWWval-i,

Sdr. imer. (← zan.) WWWWval-o `wbili, wveli" : svan. wwwwu-ar ← *WWWWu-al- (s.-qarTv. *wwwwuel-); qarT. {wwwwur-}, wwwwur-wwwwur- : zan. WWWWur-WWWWul- | WWWWvar-

WWWWval- : svan. wwwwur- ←*WWWWur- `siTxis dena" (s.-qarTv. *wwwwur-); qarT.

wwwwyur-t-i : zan. wwwwyHr-t-i ←*WWWWyurt-i, Sdr. leCx. (← zan.) WWWWyur-t-i, ma-WWWWyur-t-ia `wyurti" : svan. _ (s.-qarTv. *wwwwy-ur-t-); qarT. kawwww-ar-i :

zan. koWWWW-i | konWWWW-i : svan. gawwww-r ← kawwww-r- ←*kaWWWW-ar `wvivi"

(s.-qarTv. *kawwww-); qarT. u-wwwwy- : zan. o-r-wwwwy- ←*o-r-WWWWy- : svan. u-SSSSx-

←*u-SSSSy- (s.-qarTv. *u-wwwwy-); qarT. wwwwueT- : zan. wwwwvaT- | ← WWWWvaT- :

svan. Eid- ←*hhhhEid- ←*WWWWEid- (s.-qarTv. *wEed-); qarT. wwwwiT-el- :

zan. WWWWiT-a : svan. wwwwad-aE | ← wwwwad-@E (m. qaldani) ←*WWWWid-eE `wiTe-la" (s.-qarTv. *wwwwid-(el-)); qarT. WWWWip-i : zan. (megr.) WWWWip-e, Wan. wwwwip-a

←*WWWWip-a : svan. _ (w.-qarTv. *wwwwib-); qarT. wwwwyal-i, sa-wwwwyal-i, wwwwyal-

ob-a : zan. WWWWyol-of-a `wyaloba", Sdr. wwwwyor- ← WWWWyol- `wyliT gaza-veba" : svan. _ (s.-qarTv. *wwwwy-al-); qarT. wwwwyin-d- : zan. (Wan.) WWWWkin-d- |

megr. wwwwyin-d- ←*WWWWyin-d- : svan. _ (s.-qarTv. *wwwwyin-(d)). 4. ssss → SSSS → |

ssss (zzzz → JJJJ → | zzzz) : qarT. ssssiZe : zan. ssssija ← SSSSijal : svan. CCCCiJe

←*SSSSije (s.-qarTv. *si-ZZZZe(l-)); qarT. ssssir-i : zan. ssssind-i ← SSSSinj-i

(Sdr. svan. (←zan.) wyar-SSSSind `ixvi") : svan. mH-ssssir ← *mH-SSSSir `ro-

Wo"; qarT. ssssam-i : zan. ssssum-i ← SSSSum-i (e. Celebi, r. erkerti, n. mari):

svan. ssssem-i ←*SSSSam-i; qarT. Txissss-ur-i : zan. Txvassss- | ← TxvaSSSS- : svan.

Txissss-E | ← TxiSSSSE `bususi"; qarT. ssssk-a : zan. f-ssssq-a(l-) ←*f-SSSSq-al- :

svan. SSSSg-er- | SSSSk-er- `futkris yra"; qarT. SSSSib-i : zan. ssssqib-u ←

SSSSqib-u `wisqvilis qva" : svan. SSSSguab ←*SSSSgib-E `qvis uro"; qarT.

ssssT(v)- : zan. ssssT- ← SSSST- `wydoma" : svan. SSSSd-Hn- | SSSSt-Hn- `daviwyeba

← mowydoma"; qarT. ssssEe : zan. f-ssssua(l-) ←*SSSSEal- : svan. SSSSi | SSSSu

←*SSSSEi `xeli" ← `frTa" (s.-qarTv. *ssssEe(l-)); qarT. ssssvr-e, ssssvr-el-i :

zan. ssssvar- ←*SSSSvar- : svan. SSSSEar `Wriloba" (s.-qarTv. *ssssEer-); qarT.

Tessss-/Tessss-l- : zan. Tassss-/Tassss-i ←*TaSSSS- : svan. T@SSSS(E-) ←*TeSSSS-E-

(s.-qarTv. *Tessss-(l); qarT. asssso : zan. oSSSSe : svan. issssE | ← iSSSSE `rbilobi"; qarT. ssssul-(ac) : zan. SSSSur-o(T) `sulac, sruliad :

svan. ssssur-u ←*SSSSur-E `Zalian, sruliad"; qarT. ssssvil-(a) : zan. SSSSel-

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(ebur-i) (←*SSSSvil-) : svan. {ssssud-a} ←*SSSSEil-a `SSSSvria"; qarT. xaSSSSar-i :

zan. xoSSSSqor-i, Sdr. svan. (← qarT.) xanssssar | ← xaSSSSar `TrTvili";

svan. qum-f@SSSS → | qum-f@ssss, (Sdr. qarT. faSSSSv-i) Tu svan. qumf-@SSSS/ssss (Sdr. svan. quf `bude")... qarT. zzzzuTx-i : zan. zzzzHnTx-i/u | zzzzinTx-u

←*JJJJuTx-i, Sdr. afxaz. (← zan.) a-JJJJ◦HnTx-H `zuTxi"; qarT. zzzzRvel-a :

zan. {zzzzRvar-}, zzzzRvar-zzzzRval-i ←*JJJJRval- : svan. JJJJRer ←*JJJJREel...

zemoTaRwerili SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana → sisisisisisisisinananana gadabgereba sibilantebSi imaze migviTiTebs, rom istoriulad qarT. sisisisisisisisinananana : zan. sisisisisisisisinananana : svan. sisisisisisisisinananana Sefardeba ufro Zveli qarT. sisisisisisisisinananana : zan. SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana : svan. SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana Sesatyvisobidan momdinareobs da ar saWiroebs gansa-kuTrebuli, rigiT mesame e. w. sisisisisinsinsinsin-SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana lokaluri sibilante-bis postulirebas saerToqarTvelur fuZeenaSi (Sdr. g. maWavaria-ni, saerToqarTveluri konsonanturi sistema, Tb. 1965, gv. 28, 29).

$ 24. s.-qarTv. Z c w s Z c w s Z c w s Z c w s → Zg cq wk sq proZg cq wk sq proZg cq wk sq proZg cq wk sq procecececesisisisisasasasaTvis Tvis Tvis Tvis svasvasvasvanurnurnurnursa da zasa da zasa da zasa da zanurnurnurnurSiSiSiSi. naSromis Sesaval nawilSi aRvniSnavdiT, rom artikulaciis ukan gadaweva svanursa da zanurSi garda sisisisisisisisinananana

→ SiSiSiSiSiSiSiSinananana gadabgerebisa miiRweoda ukanaenismierTa ganviTarebiT sisisisisisisisinananana sibilantTa momdevno poziciaSi. marTalia, amgvari garda-qmna ZiriTadad periferiul leqsikas moicavs, da arcTu ise xSi-ria, magram misi gauTvaliswineblobac ar iqneba. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, igi iZleva gasaRebs zogi anomaliuri Sefardebisa qar-Tvelur enebSi (qarT. cccc : svan. qqqq).

$ 25. s.-qarTv. ssss → qarT. ssss : zan. sqsqsqsq : svan sgsgsgsg/sksksksk ←*sqsqsqsq. (1) svan. sgsgsgsgim | skskskskim `veZa, mJave wyali" : qarT. (xevs.) ssssim-ur-i

`mRvrie wyali" : zan. sqsqsqsqur-i `wyaroswyali, mJave wyali" (2) svan. yEasgsgsgsg- | yEasksksksk-, mu-yEsgsgsgsg-i | mu-yE@sksksksk-i `daupatiJebe-

li stumari" : qarT. yvassss-, mo-yvassss-i : zan. _.

(3) svan. sgsgsgsgur | sgsgsgsgEir ← sgsgsgsgir-E `qsovili (kanafis Zafis)" : qarT. sssser-a `qoTnis piris mosakravi" | ssssir-a (saba) : zan. _.

(4) svan. nesgsgsgsg (kEax-nesgsgsgsg) `gogra, kvaxi" : qarT. nessssv-i : zan. _. (5) svan. _ : qarT. prassss-a/i : zan. prosqsqsqsq-ia | purasqsqsqsq-ia | po-

rosqsqsqsq-ia `prasa". (6) svan. _ : qarT. rissssuv- `risva; risvi" : zan. rissssqqqqon- `RoR-

na, kreWa".

(7) svan. sgsgsgsgoj- : qarT. ssssaj- : zan. zzzzog- ←*sqqqqoj-.

$ 26. s.-qarTv. wwww → qarT. wwww : zan. wkwkwkwk : svan. wkwkwkwk → | sksksksk.

(1) svan. mH-sksksksk@d | mH-skskskskad ← mH-wkwkwkwked `beWedi" : qarT. wwwwind-i, m-wwwwind-i, dasa-wwwwind-i : zan. ma-(r)wkwkwkwkind-i `beWedi".

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(2) svan. wkwkwkwk@r-a | wkwkwkwker-a `gabzarva" : qarT. wwwwer-, ga-i-wwwwer-a `gaibzara" : zan. nwkwkwkwkHr- | wkwkwkwkir-, i-nwkwkwkwkir-u(n) `ibzareba".

(3) svan. wkwkwkwk@nt → | skskskskant `wvrili" : qarT. wwwwvit-i `wvrili" : zan. wkwkwkwkvint-al-i `wvrila".

(4) svan. skskskskar-E, la-skskskskar | la-sksksksk@r ←*wkwkwkwkar `rigi, erToblivi dResaswauli" : qarT. wwwwar-i `wesi, rigi" : zan. _.

(5) svan skskskskHdHl | skskskskHndHl ←*wkwkwkwkundil `cingli" : qarT. wwwwvintl-i : zan. wkwkwkwkHntil-i `cingli".

(6) svan. skskskskHr-e | skskskskHr-i ←*wkwkwkwkHr-i `wvrili" : qarT. wwwwvn-ik-i `wvrili" : zan. _.

(7) svan. ZgZgZgZgeb ←*wkwkwkwkep `waxnagi" : qarT. wwwwop-i : zan. ZgZgZgZgop-i | ← wkwkwkwkop-i `wveri, waxnagi, Zgide".

(8) svan. wkwkwkwk@l `maSa" : qarT. wwwwal-, wwwwal-d-i : zan. wkwkwkwkil-i |

m-wkwkwkwkil-i ←*wkwkwkwkol-i `SanTi; saWreTeli kbili". (9) svan. _ : qarT. rwwwwmol-i `Woti, bu" : zan. rwkwkwkwkom-i `Woti, bu".

$ 27. s.-qarTv. ZZZZ → qarT. ZZZZ : zan. ZgZgZgZg : svan. ZgZgZgZg → | sgsgsgsg/sksksksk.

(1) svan. Rosgsgsgsg | Rosksksksk (Sdr. z.-raW. Rosksksksk-i) ←*REaZgZgZgZg `Rimi" : qarT. RvarZZZZl-i/a : zan. RvanZgZgZgZgir-a `RvarZla".

(2) svan. _ : qarT. ZZZZab- `Zabva", ZZZZaf-i : zan. ZgZgZgZguf | ZgZgZgZgif- `Wimva". (3) svan. _ : qarT. ZZZZr-, na-ZZZZr-ev-iT `gakvirvebiT" : zan. ZgZgZgZgvir-,

ZgZgZgZgvir-in-iT `gakvirvebiT", gu-g-o-ZgZgZgZgvir-in-u-an-q `gagakvirveb".

$ 28. s.-qarTv. cccc → qarT. cccc : zan. cqcqcqcq/CCCC : svan. sgsgsgsg ←*cqcqcqcq.

(1) svan. ccccqHr `faRaraTi" : qarT. CCCCor- ←*ccccor- `m-CCCCor-e" : zan. cqcqcqcqHr- | cqcqcqcqir- `gafaRaraTeba".

(2) svan. _ : qarT. ccccmor-i | ccccimor-i/a : zan. cqcqcqcqimur-a `Tevzis saxeoba".

(3) svan. Basgsgsgsg | Basksksksk ← Bacqcqcqcq `WaRara" : qarT. m-Bcccc-e : zan. xCCCC-e |

qCCCC-e → rCCCC-e `TeTri".

(4) svan. tyEesgsgsgsg- | tyEesksksksk- ←*tyEecqcqcqcq-, x-e-tyEesksksksk-en-i `naper-wkali uvardeba", a-m-tyE@sgsgsgsg | a-m-tyE@sksksksk `naperwkali, varskvlavi",

mu-tyE@sksksksk/gggg `varskvlavi" : qarT. tyvcccc-ial-i : zan. tyvacccc-i ← *tyvaCCCC-i `Weqa", tyvacccc-un-s `Weqs, tyvcialebs".

(5) svan tyHrsgsgsgsg-n-@~ | tyHrsgsgsgsg-n-@ ← *tyHrcqcqcqcq-n-@-~ `tkacuna" :

qarT. tkrcccc-ial-i, tkacccc-an-i/-un-a : zan. tkvarCCCC-al-i ← *tkorCCCC-al-i `kriaxi".

zemoTaRwerili bgeraTfardobis (qarT. cccc : zan. CCCC : svan. cqcqcqcq (*BacqBacqBacqBacq : m-BcBcBcBc-e : qCqCqCqC-e/rCrCrCrC-e...)) Semdgom transformaciad gvesaxeba qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetikidan cnobili Sesatyvisoba

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qarT. cccc : zan. CCCC : svan. qqqq (ccccreml- : CCCCilamur- : qqqqimr; u-cccceb-i, u-ccccb-

ad : u-qqqqb-ad `malulad, uneblied"...). kerZod, savaraudoa cqcqcqcq → qqqq procesi svanurSi. amgvari gardaqmnis safuZvelic cxadia, cqcqcqcq- isto-

riuli kompleqsis gamartiveba SesaZlebeli xdeba cccc → hhhh sporadu-li cvalebis wyalobiT (Sdr. qarT. m-ccccir-e : svan. ma-hhhhEr-en-e, qarT. ccccal-e : svan. hhhhar-i (v. Tofuria)). rogorc etyoba, sityvaTa

erT rigSi moqmedi cccc → hhhh sporaduli procesi qqqq-s wina poziciaSi

bolomde iqna gatarebuli _ cqcqcqcq → hqhqhqhq → qqqq. swored amiT aixsneba qarT. cccc : svan. qqqq. Torem enis sistemurobis principidan Tu amo-valT, qarT. cccc : svan. qqqq Sefardebis gverdiT unda gvqonoda qarT. ZZZZ : svan. gggg, qarT. wwww : svan. kkkk. msgavsi opozicia ar aris gamovlenili.

ratom? _ pasuxi erTia : ZgZgZgZg → gggg, wkwkwkwk → kkkk gadasvlebi svanurSi ar ganxorcielda imitom, rom enaSi ar arsebobda saTanado fonetiku-

ri procesebi: ZZZZ → hhhh →Ø, wwww → hhhh → Ø. amave mizeziT darCa xelux-lebeli zemoTaRwerili sxva Sefardebebi qarT. ZZZZ : svan. ZgZgZgZg, qarT. wwww : svan. wkwkwkwk1.

$ 29. ukaukaukaukananananaeeeenisnisnisnismimimimiererererTa daTa daTa daTa dakarkarkarkargvis Segvis Segvis Segvis SemTxvemTxvemTxvemTxvevevevevebi Tanbi Tanbi Tanbi Tanxmoxmoxmoxmovanvanvanvan----komkomkomkompleqpleqpleqpleqsebsebsebsebSiSiSiSi. mas Semdeg, rac ganxorcielda s.-qarTv. j C W Sj C W Sj C W Sj C W S SiSina sibilantTa gardaqmna jg Cq Wk Sqjg Cq Wk Sqjg Cq Wk Sqjg Cq Wk Sq kompleqsebad zanursa da svanurSi artikulaciis ukan gadawevis gamo, SeiniSneba ukuproce-sic, kerZod, fonetikur niadagze ikargeba meore wevri kompleqsisa

(gggg, q q q q, k k k k) _ Sdr.: svan. fussss�l bz. | fHssssgHl bq. : qarT. burZgZgZgZgl-i : zan. buZZZZggggur-ia; svan. ssssed- | ssssid- : qarT. SSSST-en-a : zan. ssssqid- | ssssqud-,

svan. ssssed- ←*ssssged- ←*SSSSqed-; svan. sssser-/ssss-r-, li-ssss-er-e `jobna" :

qarT. jjjjob- ←*jvjvjvjv-eb- `jobna" : zan. jgjgjgjg- | jgjgjgjgv- `jobna", svan. ssss-er- ←

sgsgsgsg-er- ←*jgjgjgjg-er-, Sdr. svan. re-sgsgsgsgE- | re-skskskskE- `moreva, cema" (ix. aq-

ve); svan. mH-Rlijjjj | mH-Rijgjgjgjg ← mH-Rlijgjgjgjg- `kbilebdakreWili": qarT. Rrejjjj-/Rrijjjj- : zan. Rinjgjgjgjg- | Rvinjgjgjgjg-; svan. wwwwab-E `samarTebeli", wwwwab-E-