RBC15-Micro Technology Bklt - HOME - Flantech

RB

C15

© 2000 Kimberly Purdy Lloyd

All rights reserved.

Published in Australia by:

Spectrum Marketing

P.O. Box 264

Toorak Vic 3142

Australia

The information in this book is for educational purposes only. All matters concerning physical and mentalhealth should be supervised by a health practitioner knowledgeable in treating that particular condition.Neither the publisher nor author directly or indirectly dispense medial advice, nor do they prescribe anyremedies or assume any responsibility for those who choose to treat themselves. This product is not intendedto diagnose, treat, cure, prevent or mitigate disease. These statements have not been approved by the U.S. Foodand Drug Administration.

This publication may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or converted to any electronic ormachine-readable form in whole or in part without prior written approval of Kimberly Purdy Lloyd.

Preface

I wish to thank Dr. Patrick Flanagan for graciously providing his knowledge and research

information. Patrick Flanagan as a teenager was acknowledged in “Life” magazine to have an

exceptional mind and it was predicted that he would be a substantial contributor to science. He was

primarily an electronics expert early in his career, but later trained in alternative health care. He has

studied numerous areas including cellular bioelectronics. During a research project with the U.S.

Government, Dr. Flanagan met Henri Coanda, the father of fluid dynamics. Coanda shared his keen

interest and knowledge about healthful properties of mineral waters with Dr. Flanagan. This

inspired further research and investigation into the unique properties of mineral waters and the

recreation of small silicate minerals called Microclusters®. Although it would take additional years

to recreate the reducing potential found also in glacier waters, Flanagan discovered that these

particles could be further absorbed with hydride creating particles with antioxidant potential. These

particles are now showing bioenergetic affects on cell metabolism. Microcluster® silica chemistry

is relatively new technology but requires understanding of concepts in advanced physical

chemistry. These types of particles were predicted by a few earlier geochemists and colloidal

chemists to possibly play a substantial role in nutrition. Patrick Flanagan set out to study, recreate

and provide them in a convenient, consumable form to the public. Patrick Flanagan has devoted

years of work, expertise and research to develop Microhydrin® and Crystal Energy®. Many wish

to thank him for his contributions to nutritional science.

Kimberly Purdy-Lloyd, M.S.

Contents

Silicate Minerals 4

Silica as a Nutritional Trace Element 5

Research of Glacier Waters and Lifestyle in Hunza Pakistan 5

Silicate Minerals as a Dietary Supplement 6

Dietary Water vs. Industrialization 7

Silicates Bind Hydrogen and Hydrogen Electrons 8

Zeta Potential 8

Microcluster Technology® 11

Silica Minerals Transport Bioavailable Water 11

Hydration as Related to Age 14

Biological Terrain Assessment Values Illustrate Binding Properties of Silicates 14

Hydride Electrons as a Biological Antioxidant 19

Microhydrin® Increases NADH in Intact Cells 19

Microhydrin® Effectively Lowered Blood Lactic Acid Levels During Strenuous Exercise 22

Hydrogen Electron Transport as an Antioxidant Function 25

Water of Hydration 27

Specific Functions of Water in the Body 28

Structured Water Surrounding Functional Proteins of Muscle and Brain Tissue 29

Reduced Water Theories in Biological Systems 31

Summary 32

Bio-Electronics of Microhydrin® by Dr. Patrick Flanagan 34

Authors Biography 41

References 42

5

Silica compounds have been used medically as over-the-counter antacids for over 40 years and

pharmaceutically for certain types of heart condition (Neilson, 1988). Silica solutions have been

used to help preserve and keep organs viable for transplant in animals (Toledo-Pereyra, et al 1977,

1974). Silica solutions tend to have a strong buffering capacity (stabilize pH) in many biological

systems. In order to clarify any confusion in terminology, silicone breast implants were so named

because they contained a solution with many chemical compounds including silicon. When these

devices leaked their contents, they become a health problem due to the composition of numerous

compounds in this synthetic fluid which was not meant to leak in the first place.

Silica as a Nutritional Trace Element

In the 1970’s the element silicon was established as a necessary dietary mineral in the human

body and the body of animals (Hopps 1975, Neilson 1988). Experiments in animals showed that

the highest concentrations of silica were found in the skin, cartilage tissue, bone and connective

tissue. Chickens raised without silica in their diets had severe deformities in skull, bone, joint, and

cartilage formation (Neilson 1988, Carlisle 1980, 1976). Carlisle also observed that chickens fed

a silicon- supplemented diet had significantly greater amounts of cartilage and water as compared

with the silicon deficient group. The greater water content in bones of the chicks supplemented

with silicon coincided with a larger cartilage content of glycosaminoglycans, long

polysaccharides that form fluid substances of joints, cartilage, tendon and eye (Carlisle, 1976). As

a necessary trace mineral, nutritionists have speculated that a silica mineral deficiency is involved

in the causation of several human disorders including atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, and

hypertension, as well as the aging process (Neilson, 1988).

Research of Glacier Waters and Lifestyle in Hunza Pakistan

As early scientists were interested in the properties of water containing silicate mineral

derivatives and their possible relationship to health, research was directed towards this area. It was

found that inhabitants of glacier regions often had associated longevity and health. Hunza

Pakistan, the location of the Ultar glacier, was one of the areas of primary interest and although it

was not easily accessible to outsiders because of the difficulty in traversing the routes into the

land, several researchers made the journey. Visitors needed permission directly from the king in

order to enter the land. Writers, health researchers, a team of cardiologists, and geologists who

MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY

4

Silicate Minerals

Geologists have studied glacier waters throughout the world for over a century fascinated with

the number and types of minerals that exist in these locations (Keller & Reesman, 1963, Keller,

et al. 1963, 1979). In nutritional or biological science, a mineral often refers more specifically to

a single element or salt of an element, however, to a geologist, mineral also refers to aggregates

of several elements bound together forming clusters or tiny rocks, so to speak. There are hundreds

of different types and sizes of these minerals found throughout various regions of the world.

Silicon (Si, chemical symbol) is the name for an element found in numerous rocks or

minerals. Minerals containing this element in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2 or silica) are called

silicates (Dove, Rimstidt 1994). Silicates comprise one of the most abundant mineral types on the

planet. Pure crystals containing only silica in their structures make up the quartz group and are

more rare than other groups. Many silica minerals combine readily with other elements such as

hydrogen, potassium, magnesium, chloride, iron, sodium, calcium, phosphate, and aluminium.

These elements can be further released in solution. Silicate minerals, depending on their

composition and resulting structures, make up minerals such as opal, cristabolite, feldspar,

stilbite, orthoclase, phillipsite, olivine, the zeolite group and numerous others that geologists have

classified (Dove, Rimstidt 1994, Keller, Balgord, Reesman, 1963).

Silicon is in the same chemical group as carbon and has similar bonding characteristics. Silica

originates primarily from ocean animals. It is found abundantly in seashells and small micro-

organisms that inhabit the oceans. Diatoms are one-celled microorganisms that secrete a tiny shell

or covering made of silica and it is this material, when these creatures die, that settles to the ocean

floor creating sand. Sand usually provides the source material for grinding into food grade silica

for processing into dietary products or other of its many industrial uses.

Silicon has unique properties that have been utilized by several industries including the

production of glass and the computer chip. It is a transition element meaning that it has both

metallic and nonmetallic properties. Silica has also been used in numerous biological capacities

to the researcher in the isolation and stabilization of bio-molecules on columns of silica gels

because of their ability to bind biological and chemical compounds.


6

were interested in verifying the legends of long life and optimal health managed to obtain

permission to enter Hunza in the 1960’s and 70’s. Geologists tested glacial waters for their

composition and others published observations of the lifestyle, habits, diet, longevity and health

of the inhabitants (Leaf 1973, Murray 1984, Keller 1978, Keller and Feder 1979, Taylor

1964,1962). Although research was somewhat limited, the findings of those that observed this

community directly, suggested that the inhabitants did tend to experience a longer and healthier

life without typical diseases usually inflicting people of other regions. Cardiologists observed and

reported that the heart health of centenarians in this area was exceptionally good and may have

been a factor in delayed aging (Murray & Murray 1984). Health researchers reported several

factors in this community that added to their well being such as community participation of the

elderly, a high fruit and vegetable diet and exercise (Leaf 1973, Murray 1984, Taylor 1964).

Geologists were primarily intrigued with the fact that the only available water source was

glacier water with numerous dissolved silicate minerals (Keller and Feder 1979). A group of

geologists who studied and analyzed the content of glacier waters throughout the world, were

curious as to the possible role of silicate minerals in drinking water that might play an important

role towards the health and longevity of these inhabitants (Keller 1978). Keller was particularly

interested in the silicate mineral content of glacier waters and predicted in the 1970’s that water

with these minerals might be provided to consumers in the future (Keller 1978). He was aware that

not only did the waters contain numerous elements like calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and

others important to health, but silica minerals forming somewhat larger conglomerates with

colloidal properties helped in the specific bonding and “slow release” of transported nutrients. As

discoveries of silicate mineral properties began to unfold it was noticed that small colloidal

minerals provided by the drinking water had several functions that could have a positive affect on

health and longevity.

Silicate Minerals as a Dietary Supplement

Microhydrin® and Crystal Energy® are a proprietary blended silicate mineral analog similar

to those found in nature. The silicate analog has been formulated by Patrick Flanagan for Royal

BodyCare. Inc of Irving Texas. The microcluster silicate mineral is an aggregate mineral

containing potassium, magnesium and silica partially coated with safflower oil in order to increase

its bonding and transport of compounds. The microcluster silicate has been formulated to retain a


7

spherical shape and is about 50 Angstroms or less in diameter. This article will cover an overview

of research showing various functions of this supplement and studies that are indicating beneficial

biological and physiological functions. Crystal Energy® is a dilute suspension in water of the

colloidal silicate mineral. Microhydrin® is the same mineral silicate that has been further

saturated with hydride ions (H-). The difference in the two products is that Microhydrin® contains

a higher concentration of the silicate mineral (250 mg/capsule) and Microhydrin® has been

further saturated with hydride. One capsule added to 4 oz of water shows a negative oxidation

reduction value (approximately -500 mV), as well as, biological antioxidant properties towards

superoxide free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals and serum alkenals (membrane fatty acid

oxidative free radicals).

Several interdisciplinary sciences (geology, material geochemistry, physical chemistry, and

cluster chemistry) are converging on the unique properties of colloidal minerals and complex

mechanisms that structure both transported compounds and water. Biochemists such as Linus

Pauling and Szent-Gyorgyi were also looking at more specific roles that water played in biological

systems realizing that water helped form structural and functional bridges between molecules and

could also form arrangements around certain organic or inorganic compounds. Although these are

separate chemical areas they involve the same type of water structures and provide insight into

water chemistry found throughout nature.

Dietary Water vs. Industrialization

Nutritional status in humans and animals primarily focuses on the types of foods consumed,

fat, fiber, vitamin, mineral and antioxidant intake. More recent investigation is addressing the role

of water in the diet, not only of adequate amounts but also the type of water. The study of water

is becoming a research field of its own and many facts and ideas are emerging.

Natural reservoirs of water have different properties often due to the mineral content

depending on geographic location. Minerals and salts such as calcium, potassium, magnesium,

iron, silica, and sodium, common to natural water sources, can cause numerous and costly

industrial problems, forming deposits on machinery. Modern filtration and purification treatments

have rendered water better fit for industrial purposes rather than human and animal consumption.

Colloidal silicate minerals indeed display a variety of functions and form complex interactions


8

between solute and solvent and because of their abundance in certain locations may have provided

colloidal particles beneficial to drinking water. Colloidal particle interactions may play a

substantial role in nutrient bioavailability by enhancing solvation properties and were predicted to

play an important nutritional role in health in the 1970’s (Keller 1978). The particular area of

physical and colloidal chemistry, known as cluster science, has further defined and measured

unique properties of naturally occurring and synthesized colloidal minerals. Complex cluster

reaction dynamics have demonstrated that colloidal silicate particles are hydrophilic (water

loving), bind and release ions, and alter dielectric constants, surface tension and solvation

properties of water.

Silicates Bind Hydrogen and Hydrogen Electrons

Another function of silicate minerals and clays is that many types bond hydrogen readily. Some

mineral formations bond high concentrations of hydrogen atoms or hydride ions. Silicate minerals

displace or exchange hydrogen in solution with other elements or compounds. Geologists knew in

the early 1900’s, that silicate minerals bonding hydrogen can then release and exchange it for other

elements (Mukherjee 1948; Keller 1958; Keller, Balgord and Reesman 1963).

H- created from ionized water provides a reducing potential until the electron exchange capacity

or reducing potential has been dissipated through the surrounding media. Although the hydride

species is fairly short lived (4-6 hr.) in water and other species of hydrogen are generated, water and

aqueous systems tend to maintain transfer of hydrogen potential across water bridges. Hydride

generated from elecrolized water tends to give up electrons to the silica surface. Silanol bonds at the

silica mineral interface tend to attract water forming structured water (three layers of water

molecules) at this surface. Water caging tends to trap small ions or electrons. This reduced water

system and the caging of electrons, as well as, reduced water generated from electrolized water show

an antioxidant effect towards biological free radicals (Shirahata, et al 1997; Flanagan, Lloyd 1999).

Zeta Potential

Zeta potential refers to the charge potential surrounding a large molecule or colloid particle.

Zeta potential is measured at the boundary between what is moving in a solution with the particle

and the rest of the solution. Colloidal reaction dynamics have demonstrated that nanocolloidal or


9

microcluster spherical minerals have unique bonding properties. They are hydrophilic, bind and

release ions (adsorption, desorption), and alter solvation parameters of water or dispersed fluids.

As the spherical mineral sets up a binding potential and ionic particles are introduced, the silicate

mineral reaches an adsorption value due to its electronegativity, which is defined by a measurable

zeta potential (measured in mV). Electronegativity refers to the tendency to attract electrons. The

addition of an increase in the concentration of anions added to the colloidal particle suspension


10

compresses the double layer around the silicate mineral driving more ions toward the surface of

the colloid. At some saturation level the anions that have been added to the colloid become the

controlling ions. Adsorption takes place to a degree which is represented by an increase in the

electronegative zeta-potential (a 0.1 mM anionic solution = -57 mV). Further addition of a higher

concentration of anions increases the zeta potential to its maximum (a 0.35 mM anionic solution

= -70 mV) and forms a monolayer. When mineral colloids of uniform size and spherical shape are

well dispersed, and when natural bulk-stress is not excessive, “fluid” suspensions of 65-80% or

higher are often possible (Riddick 1968). Ions binding to the silicate get intermingled with water

and silica gels often look fluid or opaque because of water clinging to them.

Advanced techniques in colloidal and cluster chemistry have evolved over the past three

decades further defining regions on silicates and other minerals that identify the presence of

structured water arrangements around ions and in conjunction to the surface of the mineral. X-ray

diffraction, NMR, laser and mass spectroscopy now predict and identify these complexes.

Advanced technologies provide a close up view as to the stable mineral-water-ion complexes

forming at mineral interfaces. Silicates, zeolites and other metal water interfaces have been

analyzed for the appearance of water cages that are observed at the mineral interface. Semi stable

hydrogen bonds between water clathrates are essentially the same as formed in ordinary ice.

Although ice does not contain any chambers large enough for occupancy by molecules other than

those of helium or hydrogen, some water arrangements form chambers large enough for slightly

larger elements including another water molecule or a chlorine atom. The dodecahedron

arrangement is common and consists of 46 water molecules (Pauling 1961). Some water/mineral

cages are revealing fairly stable complexes. These form at the surface of silicate minerals.

Modern methods have enhanced the understanding of how and why colloidal mineral

suspensions in certain size ranges behave the way they do. These complexes (water clathrates) were

also observed and discussed by Linus Pauling and Szent Gyorgyi in biological systems. Ionic groups

on proteins also tend to layer or structure water forming cagelike arrangements (lattices) between

protein chains. In these systems it was revealed that reducing equivalents in the form of hydride ions

or atomic hydrogen could be transferred across “water bridges” between biological molecules.

Colloidal microclusters can be further enhanced by coating the particle with oils or fatty acids.

This increases the stability of the colloid and aids in increasing the repulsion necessary to keep


11

particles dispersed in solution. This process can also create a variable region for charge

distribution to the particle. When this technique is applied, particles resemble functional micelles

or chylomicrons like those naturally produced in the stomach for suspending fats for digestion and

transport. Chylomicrons follow a specific absorption pathway via the lacteals, lymphatic

channels, left thoracic duct, superior vena cava, heart circulation, systemic circulation and finally

the liver. Compounds can be delivered through this lymphatic pathway bypassing the liver’s

immediate dissociation or conversion of the structure. The surface tension of Microhydrin® is

similar to that of body fluids. These delivery systems offer a unique property in that they can

deliver an original substance without it being initially broken down. Although silica-ion water-

cages are short lived, silicate water interactions may provide enough support for delivery of

specific nutrients at least once through a circulatory cycle in the body.

Microcluster Technology®

Under specific chemical conditions silica can be formed back into colloidal minerals

resembling a variety of naturally occurring glacier minerals (depending on their composition).

This is a result of Microcluster Technology®, the capability of creating mineral clusters from

source elements, structuring them in the tiny, beneficial size range in order to maintain their

qualities. Colloidal means that a particle is small enough or has suspension properties that keep it

afloat rather than sinking. Chemical characteristics also render it to act more as a fluid particle

itself. Depending on the size, shape and how they have been treated helps to create a colloidal

surface that will absorb, exchange or release components and changes some of the subtle flow

properties of bodily fluids.

Silica Minerals Transport Bioavailable Water

Silica minerals also transport water molecules through fluid systems. A hydration study was

conducted by Gary Osborn R.Ph. and H. Salinas M.D. of Texas Institute of Functional Medicines.

The Rudy J. Leidtke (RJL) Bioelectrical Impedence Analyzer showed that Total Body Water (total

intracellular and extracellular water) increased significantly (p< 0.05) in subjects who received 4

capsules per day of Microhydrin® (250 mg). Electrodes are placed on the wrist and ankle of the

test subjects and a 50 Khz current is administered. Depending on the conduction of current

through the body and its resistance, parameters are measured that account for the water content of



1312

the body and impedance of the cell membranes (Hoffer et al 1969, Segal et al 1985). The seven

subjects received 4 capsules per day of Microhydrin® for 2 weeks and then received a placebo of

rice bran flour for the next 2 weeks. Values taken during Microhydrin® supplementation were

compared to placebo consumption and changes were evaluated. This type of study allows for the

placebo to act as the experimental control taking into account the diet, water consumption and

other lifestyle habits that become part of the subject’s routine over the four week test period. Total

Body Water increased by 2.7%, Body Cell Mass increased by 2%, Intracellular Water increased

by 2.7%, Extracellular Tissue increased by 1.5% and Extracellular Water increased by 3.0%. Total

Body Water (Intracellular and Extracellular Water) showed a statistically significant probability

value (p =0.049). Extracellular Water also showed statistical significance (p = 0.027) meaning that

the increase in these values are greater than those due to a chance occurrence. Microhydrin® at

this level was increasing hydration or water delivery to the tissues and cells of the body.

The Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys have indicated that a portion of the population

may be mildly dehydrated. Several factors may increase the likelihood of chronic, mild

dehydration, including a poor thirst mechanism, dissatisfaction with the taste of water,


15

cells and tissues is very important to their health and function. A Biological Terrain Assessment

(BTA) 2000 analyzer showed that 7 subjects receiving 4 Microhydrin® /day for 3 weeks showed

more optimal resistivity (1/conductivity) values in both the blood and the urine. Both blood and

urine resistivity values showed statistically significant (p< 0.05) changes as compared to baseline

values before beginning the supplementation program. Saliva resistivity values showed a strong


14

consumption of caffeine and alcohol, exercise and environmental conditions. Dehydration of as

little as 2% loss of body weight results in impaired physiological and performance responses.

Water consumption can have an effect on the risk of urinary stone disease, cancers of the breast,

colon, and urinary tract, childhood and adolescent obesity, mitral valve prolapse, salivary gland

function, and overall health in the elderly (Kleiner 1999).

Hydration as Related to Age

Hydration or water availability to cells and tissues is important for increasing the overall

function and health of cells. Research has shown that babies have a higher level of intra cellular

water typically than aging adults. Szent-Gyorgyi in the “Pathology of Water” made the association

that muscle tissue, cartilage, connective tissue including skin, “aged” or became less pliable with

time due to the lack of water provided to cells and tissues. Much of his early research was with

muscle tissue and he realized that the aging process was substantially due to cellular and tissue

effects of dehydration (Szent-Gyorgyi 1971). Lack of intracellular water or dehydration is

predicted today to be part of the “aging” process. It stands to reason that water and the many roles

it plays generally and specifically for all parts of the body will enhance many biochemical and

physiological functions important to overall health when it is available to cells and tissues.

Biological Terrain Assessment Values Illustrate BindingProperties of Silicates

Another property of silica minerals is that they readily bind with other silica molecules, and

numerous elements and transport them. Due to the secondary conductivity layer these elements

and others found in glacier waters are particularly trapped and bonded within the silica water

interface and are slowly released (Keller 1978).

Biological Terrain Assessment measures the pH and resistivity (1/conductivity) or conductive

electrolytes in the blood and urine. A reduction/oxidation value is obtained also in relationship to

the pH of the fluid. These parameters are measured in the body fluids, blood, saliva and urine as

an indicator of how diet or lifestyle changes effects the internal milieu. Biological Terrain

Assessment was established as a physiological approach to observe nutritional status or disease

conditions due to effects on observed changes in body fluids. The terrain or environment of the


0

50

100

150

200

250

Saliva ResistivityAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals

Before and After 18 Days of Supplementation

Before After

OptimalRange

180to

220

239

209

ohmscm

17

high concentrations of minerals in the diet are often characteristic of normal or premature aging

and of several pathological conditions. On the other hand, too few minerals in the body can

indicate a state of demineralization whereby the body compensates by utilizing structural minerals

from bone tissue. Biological Terrain Assessment (BTA) values contribute knowledge as to what is

occurring in the body as diets and conditions change. BTA values showed marked shifts towards

more optimal mineral balance after supplementation with Microhydrin®.


16

trend as well (p< 0.08). Mineral balance effects osmotic pressure in cells and numerous structures

depend on elements (conductive minerals).

To the BTA clinician optimal mineral or resistivity values in the blood and urine signify

mineral balance. Excessive minerals in the diet can create disturbance to the kidney. The kidney

has a limited capacity for filtering and recycling minerals. Excessive and continuous filtration of


0

20

40

60

80

100

Urine ResistivityAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals


Before After

Optimal Range30ó45

82

64

ohmscm

Blood ResistivityAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals


0

50

100

150

200

250

Before After

OptimalRange

190to

210

234

200

ohmscm

19

Hydride Ion as a Biological Antioxidant

Hydrogen in its normal state holds one electron however it can hold an additional electron.

When it has two electrons instead of one, it is called the hydride ion (H-). Hydrogen is the smallest

element (has one proton and one electron and tends to exist as H2 gas). Hydrogen is also abundant

in biological organic molecules. It further plays an important biological role and is exchanged in

numerous biochemical reactions. It is the primary donor of an electron, a pair of electrons or a

proton to biochemical reactions in the body of humans and animals (Leninger 1993). Biochemists

have established that most electron exchange in biochemical pathways within cells occurs with a

form of hydrogen. It often reacts or is carried by enzymes such as the dehydrogenase enzymes that

remove or add hydrogen, or split gaseous hydrogen (H2) (Happe et al, 1997). Hydrogen in the

form of H- is carried by cofactors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (Leninger et

al, 1993). NADH specifically provides the energy required in the cell to generate energy in the

form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the mitochondria electron transport chain. ATP stores

energy in the bonds of the molecule and will participate in numerous biochemical pathways

throughout the cell that depend on it exclusively.

Microhydrin® Increases NADH in Intact Cells

Recent studies showed that Microhydrin® would reduce or add hydrogen to NAD+ converting

it to NADH in vitro. It has also shown reducing activity by reducing cytochrome C (an electron

transport molecule in the mitochondria) and other free radicals.

Intact biological liver cells were also shown to convert NAD+ into NADH within living cells

when Microhydrin® was added to the live cell suspension. This study showed that Microhydrin®

is capable of reducing or transferring H- or electrons across the cell membrane and into the cell

making it available for the NADH pool in the cell. In the vehicle control group, with no

Microhydrin®, NADH fluorescence decreased by 30% over 20 minutes. In the Microhydrin®

treated cells, NADH fluorescence increased by 20%. These preliminary experiments suggest that

Microhydrin® promotes electron transfer to NAD in intact living hepatocytes. Moreover,

Microhydrin® prevented the spontaneous oxidation (or bleaching) of NADH that usually occurs

during incubation in a simple balanced salt solution (200 ug/ml). Microhydrin® caused a

continuous recharging of NADH within the mitochondria during the testing period rather than


18

A trend was also noticed in the pH of urine in the seven subjects receiving Microhydrin®

indicating more optimal, less acidic values. Urine pH values are often affected by diabetes and

cystitis as both conditions make the urine more acidic. As Microhydrin® has a pH of 9.5 to 10

when added to water it was of interest to observe the noticeable trend in alkalinizing the pH of the

urine. Alkaline diets often can effect the pH of urine and Microhydrin® appeared to have this

effect on the biological terrain.


Urine pHAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Before After

pH

Optimal Range6.50ó6.80

5.87

6.26

21


20


150

100

50

00 10 20

Microhydrin

Vehicle

Time (min)

NA

DH

(% o

f bas

elin

e)

Microhydrin Enhances MitochondrialNADH in Intact Liver Cells

Autofluorescence Microscopy

150

100

50

00 10 20

Microhydrin

Vehicle

Time (min)

Mito

chon

dria

l Mem

bran

e P

oten

tial

(% o

f bas

elin

e)

Microhydrin Enhances MitochondrialMembrane Potential in Intact Liver Cells

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

23


22


participant did the cycling trial twice, once on placebo and once on Microhydrin®. Maximum

oxygen volume (VO2 max), blood lactate, heart rate and work output were evaluated during the

exercise. Blood lactic acid levels (measured 5 min. after the end of the exercise trial) showed

statistically significant lower values during Microhydrin® supplementation as compared to

placebo (p< 0.05) (Unpublished data, Peter Raven, PhD. and Wendy Wasmund B.S., University of

North Texas Health Science Center at Ft. Worth 1999).

Lactic acid accumulates during strenuous or prolonged exercise. It causes stiff, painful

muscles and limits endurance. It is a common problem for athletes, people who work out, play

sports or do physical exercise for an extended time. The decreased lactate levels observed

immediately after strenuous exercise are another indicator of the ability of Microhydrin® to help

in providing a direct energy source (ATP production) to cellular function. Additional research is

necessary to determine exactly which biochemical pathways are being enhanced by the addition

of Microhydrin® during exercise. Strenuous exercise tends to turn muscle into anaerobic

being utilized and depleted as in the control group. Micrographs, although not as sensitive to the

naked eye as the instrumentation used to measure fluorescence changes, show individual dots of

autofluorescence increasing after Microhydrin® treatment. These are the mitochondria with a

greater concentration of NADH. By contrast, autofluorescence decreased in hepatocytes treated

with vehicle control. NADH, but not NAD, is fluorescent, and oxidation of NADH back to NAD

causes loss of fluorescence. Increased NADH production within the mitochondria is directly linked

to the increased production of ATP. ATP is often referred to as the bioenergetic currency of the cell.

This research study also evaluated the effect of Microhydrin® on mitochondrial membrane

potential, as measured with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). In these experiments an

increase of the mitochondrial fluorescence of TMRM represents an increase of mitochondrial

depolarization (more negative membrane potential) further indication that NADH supply is being

enhanced. In the control vehicle group fluorescence decreased by about 6% over 20 minutes. In

the Microhydrin® group fluorescence increased about 25%. Actual photomicrographs show white

bead-like membranes within the cytoplasm brighter after 20 min. of exposure to Microhydrin®.

These results are indicating that the cell and membranes are resisting damage, as no signs of

cellular stress or toxicity occurred during these tests when treated with Microhydrin®. Cells

increased their energy production with the addition of Microhydrin®. It is also an indicator to

researchers that the Microhydrin® silicate in a buffered solution is able to deliver the hydrogen

reducing potential through the cellular membrane for incorporation into the mitochondrial

electron transport chain. The combination of increased mitochondrial membrane potential and

increased NADH suggest an enhancement of bioenergetic capacity of the mitochondria due to

Microhydrin® in these preliminary results (unpublished results 1999).

Microhydrin Effectively Lowered Blood Lactic Acid LevelsDuring Strenuous Exercise.

A recent double blind crossover study found that 4 capsules of Microhydrin® taken daily with

the addition of 2 capsules in water taken 30 min. prior to strenuous exercise, reduced blood lactate

levels by approximately 50%. Six male cyclists participated in a 40K (24.8 mi) bicycling exercise

trial on a stationary bike. Participants took either Microhydrin® or placebo for a week before the

exercise trial and were crossed over to receive the alternate product on the same schedule. Each

Lact

ate

(mm

ol/L

)

Microhydrin Reduces Lactic AcidBuildup After Strenuous Exercise

40K (24.8 ml) BicyclingN=6 Fit Males

Microhydrin

5

4

3

2

1

0

p=0.03

Placebo

*

25

Hydrogen Electron Transport as an Antioxidant Function

Hydrogen has been found to be trapped within structures such as quartz, amorphous silicates,

clays and carbon rings and is often rather slowly released (Mukherjee et al, 1948, Gross 1973,

Sasamori 1994). Additionally hydrogen is exchanged and often displaced with other ions. (Keller

et al 1963, Keller 1958). Mineral hydrides can be formed utilizing catalysts such as potassium

hydride (Becker).

Since electrons are “negatively” charged, when an atom gains a negative charge, it is

“reduced”, its charge is lowered. Furthermore, since hydrogen is readily attached to the silicate

mineral, the hydrogen atoms can hold an additional electron. The dynamic of the silicate mineral

bonding water, creating a secondary conductivity layer potential, helps in the conductance of

electrons surrounding it and tends to set up a condition that also provides the reducing potential

and control of the electron transfer process (Dove & Rimstidt 1994, Degani & Willner 1983).

When the colloidal silicate mineral is saturated with hydride ions they can react with free radicals

and act as antioxidants.


24

metabolism as the body can not supply the amounts of oxygen fast enough to support energy

production through regular cellular respiration. An ergogenic energy function is when a substance

enhances biochemical energy without introducing additional carbohydrates or calories to the diet.


27

same rate as Microhydrin® (a stronger reducing agent) will. Vitamin C, however, is required to

act as an electron donor in specific enzymatic reactions that only will recognize it, in order to

function, as is the case with other antioxidant vitamins. Enzymes must have particular vitamins

and minerals present on their structures in order to function maximally or at all. Research is

showing many vitamins to have antioxidant functions beyond their role as enzymatic cofactors

and are now realized to act towards random free radicals generated by metabolism or detrimental

intermediates. These antioxidants are preventing otherwise damaging free radical reactions

occurring in the body.

Many plant bioflavonoids show antioxidant effects towards low density lipoproteins (LDL i.e.

“bad fat”). Peroxides formed from free fatty acids in the diet can be reduced with many dietary

antioxidants. Microhydrin is a more general antioxidant in its function but research has shown in

a clinical evaluation that it may also be reducing these types of fatty acid oxidative products in the

body as measured as urine alkenal/creatinine.

Water of Hydration

Water as a small molecule has unique properties, different than other similar compounds in

different phases (gas, liquid, or solid). As you recall, when water is frozen it is less dense than

liquid water, meaning that the bonds are not closer together but are more spread out in the solid

or frozen state. Water in different phases forms different arrangements or lattices. This is the

reason ice is less dense than water and why ice floats in water rather than sinks. Ice, the solid form

of water, has fewer molecules per square inch as compared to the liquid state.

Compounds other than water tend to form bonds closer together when frozen and thus there

are more molecules per square inch making frozen or solid particles heavier as compared to when

in their liquid state. However, water molecules in the liquid state bond with each other more

tightly than in the solid state due to the unique polarization of water. The positive pole of one

water molecule is attracted to the negative pole of the next water molecule and so on. This tends

to hold water together and each molecule of water in the liquid state is fairly bound up by

hydrogen bonding to the next water molecule. The molecules of water form tightly bound clusters

or sheets of water. This has been referred to as the crystalline nature of liquid water.


26

Free radicals are usually intermediate compounds from metabolism that have an odd number

of electrons. Since electrons around atoms are more stable when paired (even numbers) they seek

or attract electrons when they aren’t paired. A free radical is damaging in that if not soon

neutralized by an antioxidant or reducing agent they will randomly attract electrons from

neighboring molecules. Free radicals are compounds formed from digestion, fatty acid

breakdown, metabolites or intermediates from biochemical breakdown. Free radical intermediates

have a strong affinity to attract an electron from a neighboring molecule such as a large enzyme

complex or membrane system which when altered is limited or damaged in its regular function.

Membranes selectively separate many compartments and their contents within cells (ie. cell

membrane, nuclear membrane, mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.).

As important bio-molecules are damaged they begin to “age” or are not as normal as healthy

cells. Microhydrin®, has shown antioxidant activity against superoxide and hydroxol free radicals

in vitro, two free radicals highly damaging to biological systems (Flanagan & Lloyd 1999). Free

radical damage is well established in the scientific community to be partially responsible for

numerous disease processes including cancer, heart and blood vessel diseases, Alzheimer’s

disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and adult respiratory disease (Pryor 1997).

A clinical double blind, placebo controlled preliminary trial showed that 4 capsules of

Microhydrin® per day taken for two weeks, reduced the production of serum alkenals, free

radicals produced from fatty acid oxidative products (membrane oxidative products). This trial

showed that the mineral antioxidant tends to protect against free radicals generated within and

circulating in the body. The seven subjects tested, received a placebo of rice bran flour for two

weeks as the control. The averaged serum alkenal/creatinine ratios were reduced by 43% in the

seven subjects when consuming the Microhydrin® supplement showing a strong trend in

protection against free radical damage.

Other antioxidants (i.e. vitamin E, vitamin C, etc.) do not tend to display such negative

electron availability, as measured by standard redox measurements because of the various

structures of the molecules, their individual chemical characteristics, and functional proximity in

reactions which tend to determine their antioxidant role. For example, vitamin C (+80 mV), has a

relative redox potential much higher than NADH (-320 mV) or Microhydrin (-350 to -650 mV).

Therefore, an equal amount of ascorbic acid will not reduce the same amount of NAD+ at the


29

Fluids fill every space in cells and between them. As the primary fluid in the body, water

serves as a solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other nutrients. Water

also plays a key role in the digestion, absorption, transportation and use of nutrients. Water is the

medium for the safe elimination of toxins and waste products and whole-body thermoregulation

is critically dependent on it. From energy production to joint lubrication to reproduction, there is

no system in the body that does not depend on water (Kleiner 1999).

Structured Water Surrounding Functional Proteins of Muscle and Brain Tissue

It was often the thought that water and its dispersion within cells was a more random

occurrence. Yet research in various fields is shedding light of more specific arrangements of water

and interactions that occur when it is structured that lend more to its chemical importance. Water

is necessary for muscle contraction. Muscle fibers shorten when hydrated (bond water) and

lengthen when dehydrated (lose water). This phenomenon is responsible for muscular movement.

Szent-Gyorgyi studied muscle protein contraction for much of his career. He observed that

muscular contraction is essentially interplay between water and protein, the formation and

destruction of water structures induced by specifically built proteins. Muscle is a mechanism that

converts changes in hydration into translational motion (Szent-Gyorgyi 1971).

Szent-Gyorgyi and Klotz observed the hydration of muscle fibers and the role of water in the

contraction of muscle. Their studies began the early comprehension of the role of water molecules

towards substances in tissues. They also developed the ice crystal theory (clathrates and water

cages) showing water molecules orienting themselves in crystalline structures about certain ions

or specific sites on proteins. Another important realization is that this structuring around

substances facilitates not only structural properties but also conduction of electrons in tissues.

Observations of the unique features of protein behavior showed that up to five molecules of water

could layer between strands of protein forming electron or proton conducting pathways. This

correlation in interpretation of protein behavior emphasized the important role played by the

solvent in fixing the structure of the solute molecule, as well as, the influence of the solute in

imposing a structure on the solvent. It is this mutual interaction which has perhaps not been fully

appreciated in the interpretation of the behavior of proteins both experimentally and within

biological systems (Klotz 1958, Szent-Gyorgyi 1971, Tait 1971).


28

When a particle that is small enough to be suspended is added to water, it can disintegrate this

cohesive bonding between water molecules. It splits up the sheets of water that have formed.

Alternatively it then allows another system to form. The silicate can specifically bind the water.

When certain particles such as silicate minerals are added to water, they decrease the surface

tension. In other words, the water spreads out further when spilled, for instance. It is more “fluid”

meaning that the hydrogen bonds holding molecules of water together have an interfering

molecule present, which breaks up the patterns.

Dispersed water can solubilize or surround other particles better making them more easily

transported in a fluid system, such as the blood. This also helps make water molecules available

for suspending other molecules or nutrients, attach to various enzymes that need water, participate

in hydrolysis reactions (chemical reactions that require water) and perform other vital functions.

This property of water is associated with the surface tension. When Microhydrin®, is added to

water it decreases the surface tension from 73 dynes to 45 dynes. This difference represents the

surface tension of digestive fluid and blood, another property important in the dispersion and

transport of nutrients.

Specific Functions of Water in the Body

It has recently been discovered that cell membranes have specific enzyme transport proteins that

specifically regulate water molecules into the cell, called aquaporins. The coiled DNA molecule

(blueprint instructions directing the construction and activity of all cell components) is saturated

with water at specific sites that are necessary for its structure, repair, replication and function.

Numerous chemical reactions depend on water and it is a factor itself in many biochemical reactions.

Water availability is important to cells, and to the fluids surrounding the cells called interstitial fluids

(fluids that surround joints, muscles and organs) and to the matrix of the blood.

Cell membranes contain hundreds of embedded large protein molecules (enzymes) that are

responsible for recognizing hormones, transporting nutrients (vitamins, trace elements and salts),

and water itself. Large molecules on cell surfaces and within the cell often attach water at specific

locations and the water molecules assist in helping the molecules hold their shapes in order to

function properly when necessary.


31

Linus Pauling also had theoretical data and devised the clathrate cage theory, now well

verified, in observance of how water molecules arranged themselves around substances positioned

in biological systems. Water will orient itself around molecules such as an anesthetic drug at

particular sites (forming pentagonal dodecahedra) also a temperature dependent phenomenon. He

postulated the formation of hydrate microcrystals similar in structure to known hydrate crystals

of chloroform, xenon, and other anesthetic agents as these had been observed by x-ray diffraction.

He postulated the formation of clathrate water caging of protein ions. This mechanism of having

an ion on a protein molecule surrounded by structured water could decrease the energy of electric

oscillations in the brain. He theorized that unconscious memory or even hibernation in animals

could be a mechanism whereby water in the brain is structured such that consciousness is

electrically controlled by water crystal chemistry. When the outside temperature is colder, water

arranges in a certain pattern between brain chemicals in such a way that less conductivity occurs

and thus parts of brain tissue hibernate, sleep or are unconscious (Pauling 1961). The theory of

water being particularly oriented in biological systems in order to enhance or provide a conductive

media for electron exchange or further structural and functional properties was a keen interest to

Linus Pauling and Szent-Gyorgyi.

Reduced Water Theories in Biological Systems

Recent research has also given rise to the reduced water theory. When water is exposed to

electrolysis it shows an oxidation-reduction (redox or ORP value) potential of -350 mV. This water

was found to protect DNA from oxidative damage from free radicals and contains atomic

hydrogen, low dissolved oxygen and alkaline pH (Shirahata 1997). The same group of researchers

used the reduced water as a wash for skin disorders such as skin edema. Reduced water with an

alkaline pH and reducing potential relieved the majority of patients treated with this water as a

skin wash. The reduced silicate mineral, Microhydrin®, shows a redox potential of -350 to -750

mV (1 to 2 capsules) depending on the type and amount of water used. Since water forms the

matrix of life it is possible and highly likely that activated forms of hydrogen can provide the

ultimate antioxidant to biological systems (Hayashi 1995). Natural reservoirs of water show

negative reduction-oxidation potentials, after a rain shower. This motion of water is also thought

to charge or set up a different potential in the water molecules (Verhagen 1974).


30

Pauling, Klotz and Szent-Gyorgyi, at the time, were looking at the unique structuring of water

molecules around various components forming unique lattice structures between or incorporated

between biological compounds. Part of Szent-Gyorgyi’s work involved the realization and early

theory that water played an important role when surrounding a protein in transferring electrons

through the water molecule itself via the atoms of hydrogen. Most enzymes and proteins within

the cell or surrounding the cell function by the exchange or conduction of electrons through their

structures. Certain bio-molecules require oxidation (lose electrons) and others require reduction

(gain electrons) in order to continue the dynamic flow of molecular energy conversion. Water

molecules were the likely transfer, bridge.

During studies with proteins whereby fixed ratios of water were added to proteins, it was

observed that the properties of the proteins, as well as, the properties of water had different

characteristics. Reaction kinetics and dielectric constants vary depending on the ratio of water

molecules added to a protein suspension. Proteins often have a hydration layer of 5 or so

molecules separating the intertwining folds of the protein (secondary structure).

Albumin studies with disulfide bonds (S-S), bonds that occur between sulfur atoms in large

proteins that help fold and shape them, showed that reduction occurred for more molecular

reducing sites (S-H) than added reducing agent was present. This phenomenon was attributed to

the fact that electrons could be transferred by a reduced hydrogen atom (H-) over a water bridge

between two atoms of different oxidative states. The most likely theory predicted the transfer of a

hydride ion, (H-), between groups of different oxidation states (on the same protein), separated in

space but connected by a bridge of oriented water molecules. The concept of H- ion transfer

through the lattice of water molecules provides a basis for the interpretation of long range and

cooperative energy-transfer processes such as are involved in photosynthesis or in other light

activated oxidation-reduction phenomena (Klotz et al.1958).

Szent-Gyorgyi and Klotz began to theorize about the transfer of electrons through the water

molecules themselves and since water molecules orient between strands of protein molecules this

mechanism was another important means for the transfer of electrons, via the transport of H-

through the water molecules between them. Since water is polar it has the potential (depending on

its environment) to act as a conductor of electrons itself.


33

reduced hydrogen theory, which he combined with the geo-physical knowledge from silica

mineral colloids (Thomas Riddick 1968) to develop an analogous hydrated mineral like those

found abundantly in glacier waters. These particles combine the properties of enhancing water

transport and when they are saturated with hydride ions have antioxidant properties providing free

radical protection to biological systems. Historically chemists and biologists have come together

to observe the potential for colloidal silicate minerals in their multifunctional role as a nutrient

(Riddick 1968; Keller 1978, Flanagan 1999).

The properties of small molecular weight silicate minerals were found experimentally to

enhance water transport and water availability both within the cell and throughout the body. They

help in the transport of elements and have slow release properties that provide interchange of

conductive electrolytes and minerals. Silicate minerals that have been saturated with hydride ions

display a negative reduction oxidation potential and antioxidant potential against free radical

damage. These unique minerals and their ability to hydrate cells and tissues, transport water and

compounds and their ability to act as biological antioxidants provide several functions known to

enhance biological cellular and metabolic function, working against the aging process.


32

Although the kinetics and forces that bond atoms within colloidal silicate-water cages is a

relatively complex science, technology is further identifying that theories proposed in the 1950-

1970’s are true. The history dates from 1925, when Richard Adolf Zsigmondy won a Nobel Prize

in Chemistry for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the

methods he used which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry. Other

various chemists were involved in the study of the complex bonding dynamics of colloidal

surfaces and interactions including J. H. van der Waals and Thomas M. Riddick (Mackor, van der

Waals 1952; Riddick 1968).

Present day colloidal chemists reveal structural water cages surrounding particles or atoms

with techniques such as light scattering and reflection spectroscopy, which determine cage-water

structure and explain further functional bonding and releasing activities of these types of colloidal

systems (Meusinger, Corma 1996; Degani, Willner 1983,).

Some of the greatest scientists of the 19th century both in biological and geo-science were aware

of the structuring and more complex nature of water surface interactions. They were able to study

and theorize on this practical knowledge and predict a new era of biochemical importance for water.

Summary

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and Linus Pauling, Nobel Prize laureate biochemists, recognized in

their published works the unique properties of water arrangement or disarrangement in biological

systems and theorized that it would be found to play an even more significant role in biological

function and health than previously recognized. Szent-Gyorgyi was also realizing the role of the

water molecule itself as a biologically functioning, reducing agent in some states or when oriented

such that electron transfer could occur between oxidant and reductant (occurring across water

bridges) and that H- could be transferred through water systems.

Geologists and colloidal chemists recognized the unusual properties of colloidal silica minerals

from studying numerous glacier rivers and their components and the conductivity or electron

transfer that could occur between water molecules arranged around hydrated mineral spheres.

Dr. Patrick Flanagan’s research extended the findings of Szent-Gyorgyi and biological


35

molecules. These properties occurring at the mineral microcluster interface give it unique

functional properties.

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and Linus Pauling also observed water cages in the 50’s and 60’s

fascinated with how water oriented itself in biological systems between proteins in muscle tissue

and albumin preparations. Water would form a structured lattice up to five molecules deep

between muscle proteins. Protein structure also depends on the hydration status both in solution

and within the cell.

Szent-Gyorgyi received the Nobel Prize in Biochemistry in 1937 for his work with metabolic

chemistry. He also discovered vitamin C. He studied muscle tissue during a large part of his

career. His investigations lead him to write numerous publications in several areas and for a period

of time he wrote about his observations on the bioelectronics of living cells. Specific experiments

completed by Szent-Gyorgyi and Hopkins showed that cells contained high quantities of a

reducing agent not attributed to more commonly investigated intracellular reducing agents, such

as glutathione.

“There is in muscle an unknown reducing agent in quantities ten times greater

than glutathione; this reducing agent is strongly bound to protein.” “The observation

of Hopkins indicates that tissues contain a rich store of electrons of high biopotential”

(Szent-Gyorgyi 1972).

Results using thiourea as the indicator of reduction (changes color when reduced) indicated

that the quantity of H (hydrogen) electrons stored by tissue was considerable. Intracellular

proteins were accumulating electrons for later use similar to a biochemical battery (Hopkins 1925,

Szent-Gyorgyi 1972).

During cell division and other compromising cellular situations such as muscle exertion and

cell damage; the cell reverts to fermentative conditions of energy production, utilizing the H pool,

because O2 is less available. He reasoned that the H pool contains enough H to cover the energy

needs of the cell during one division, which would be replenished later in interphase (completed

cellular division). In rapidly growing tissue there is no time to replenish the H pool so we can

expect to find it depleted (Szent-Gyorgyi, 1972). Embryonic and severely compromised tissue

BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®

34

BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®By Dr. Patrick Flanagan

Microclusters® are composed of 10-1000 atoms. In the molecular world there are numerous

atoms, molecules, and colloids found throughout nature in the plant, animal and mineral

kingdoms. Microcluster® silica in a nutritional form is a registered trademark owned by the

author. Colloidal and microcluster particles have similar properties but there are finely

differentiated variations in size, electron charge distribution and solvation properties.

Nanotechnology is used to control particle size in order to maintain certain unique properties

found in Microcluster® silica. Nanotechnology refers to the science that enables the creation of

particle characteristics that perform at subcellular and submolecular dimensions. Nanotechnology

will provide the next century with many productive uses involving environmental issues,

biological transport, biological engineering and information transfer at the nanoscale level.

Microcluster® silica is a conglomerate mineral cluster formed with potassium and magnesium

in addition to the mineral silica. Particles are stable, have a large surface/volume area and a potential

that creates a cloud of electrons, enabling bonding properties of other ions and compounds. In most

colloids, 99% of the atoms that make up the particles are on the inside. Less than 1% of the atoms

in colloids exist on the surface of the particles. In Microcluster® silica, 99% of the atoms making

up the particles are on the surface. The surface atoms exist in a flowing liquid energy state. These

particles have a chemistry energy profile that is very different from ordinary silica. After examining

Microcluster® silica, Dr. Bruce J. Marlow of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst said

“Using electrophoretic and differential electrophoretic fingerprinting

combined with photon correlation spectroscopy, it is shown that the silica

particles in the Flanagan Microcluster colloids do not show the properties of

other silica surfaces and are unique.”

(Marlow, 1989).

They uniformly bind water in a structured fashion, creating cages or spaces between

surface atoms and water. Structured water at the interface can hold small ions also between the

arranged water molecules. Hydrogen bonds formed between these water arrangements are

fairly stable. These spaces have been shown to trap small ions, electrons or other water


37

of the reducing potential in the form of hydride electrons that may have been slighted in nutrition.

We studied Szent-Gyorgyi extensively reviewing these important concepts realizing that in the

abnormal, damaged or dividing cell hydrogen stores were being used up. If there were as much as

10 times more hydrogen in healthy cells, then the bioelectronics of the cell and overall energy

functions could also be affected.

We were also noticing the reducing potential in other natural systems. We worked with

electrolyzed reduced water systems and magnetized water realizing fundamental properties of

these systems were that water could be activated to provide forms of hydrogen, which were

biologically active. Microcluster® silicates also showed reducing potentials at their surfaces and

some could be activated to hold additional electron potential. Hunza water, the mineral water that

I particularly studied also had a fairly strong reducing (antioxidant) potential (-350 mV). The

waters were also renowned for centuries to enhance the health and longevity of native inhabitants.

L.C. Vincent, chief government hydrologist for France, found that the healthiest people in France

consumed copious amounts of reduced water. He also discovered that the areas in the country that

had the most disease statistics consumed water that contained no excess hydrogen (Roujon, 1977).

We found that these drinking water sources were also abundant in numerous silicate minerals with

traces of others such as quartz and microclustered silicate minerals. Silica in all of these forms

naturally sets up electron reducing potentials especially around the smaller formations because of

unique geo-physical properties. Microcluster’s in the range of 5-150 Angstroms are very stable

compared with other shapes, are high in energy and can be formed into spherical units.

Our next challenge was to create a process whereby we could form the optimal microcluster

mineral and activate it with electrons that would be at the correct energy level to be received by the

body. Water microclusters or clathrate cages trap electrons of 1 eV (electron volt) and 6-10eV. These

are known as solvated electrons. Life is energetically a very poor and modest phenomenon with actual

energy changes below 1.5 eV (Szent-Gyorgyi 1968). The Microcluster® silica particles are able to

release the hydride electrons at an energy level conducive to the cell proteins’ biopotential (1.5 eV).

In the 1920’s Langmuir referred to active hydrogen in his studies with gaseous hydrogen under

extreme heats of dissociation combining with various metals. Hydrogen, which had been in

contact with a heated filament, acquired entirely new chemical properties, and they were in accord

with properties expected of an atomic form of the element. When H2 is dissociated one atom gets


36

could not reduce thiourea because they lacked sufficient amounts of hydrogen. This is contrary to

other tissues which would reduce thiourea in the following order liver>intestine>kidney>heart>

lung>spleen (Szent-Gyorgyi, 1972). Studies by L.C. Vincent have shown that rapidly dividing

cancer cells are oxidized and acidic and that they contain no hydrogen ions (Morell, 1982).

Normal yeast cells when grown in culture were found to reduce thiourea. If the same cells

were then incubated in saline without nutrients for a few hours starving them, no reducing

potential was observed. Reduction could be restored by suspending the cells for a short while in

a nutrient solution allowing the H pool to be filled up. This showed the H pool to be an active

constituent of the living system, closely linked to metabolic activity (Szent-Gyorgyi, 1972).

Szent-Gyorgyi also knew that it was highly likely that proteins surrounded by structured

water were passing hydride from one site to the next across water bridges. Szent-Gyorgyi and

Klotz theorized that reducing equivalents in the form of H- could also be transferred across

structured water bridges that surrounded ionic groups on proteins. In these studies the

experimental evidence was showing more reducing potential than could be accounted for by

reducing agents normally present in these tissues. Proteins could transfer hydrogen electrons in

the form of H- across specifically formed water structures (Klotz 1958, Gascoyne et al., 1981,

Szent-Gyorgyi 1971).

It was always regarded that hydrogen was the simplest transfer molecule available to the cell in

providing protons, an electron or electron pair to numerous enzymes. Hydrogen tends to be the

metabolic donor of electrons and O2 the electron acceptor in biochemical pathways of the cell.

Hydrogen or its electrons are constantly passed about in numerous reactions mainly attached to

enzymes. It is probably best noticed in fat and carbohydrate metabolism through glycolysis, Kreb’s

cycle, and the electron transport chain being exchanged in the form of NADH and FADH complexes

(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide). The production of

reducing equivalents in the form of hydride is common in these biochemical pathways. Fermentation

(anaerobic glycolysis) relies primarily on increased NADH production for energy as opposed to

aerobic glycolysis whereby O2 provides the final electron acceptor and produces more ATP.

We began applying the collective knowledge of our work with microcluster technology and

the bioelectronics of cells. It was a recurring theme in our studies and we realized the importance


39

the evening for 2 weeks. During the alternate two weeks subjects consumed a placebo of rice bran

flour. Subjects were tested 3 times per week prior to the trial to establish baseline variance and 3

times per week during the study using the RJL (Rudy J. Leidtke) Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer

(BIA). The BIA measures the resistance and reactance of an electrical current conducted through

the body. Electrodes are placed on the wrist and ankle. The current experiences a slight delay (phase

angle) due to living cells and water resistance. The phase angle is compared to a reference signal,

causing the reactance reading to change and indicates a cell volume increase or decrease. Total

Body Water (Sum of Intracellular and Extra-cellular Water) showed a statistically significant (p<

0.05) increase of 2.7% during supplementation with Microhydrin® as compared to consuming the

placebo. Extra-cellular water was shown to increase by 3%, also statistically significant (p< 0.05),

during Microhydrin® supplementation. Other hydration parameters showed increases such as Body

Cell Mass (2%), Extra-cellular Tissue (1.5%), and Extra-cellular Water (3%).

Microhydrin® is helping the body retain and utilize a significant amount of necessary water.

Water participates in all cellular functions of the body, both within and surrounding the cells. It

provides the cytoplasmic matrix, predicted to be a highly organized system by many researchers.

It lubricates joints, and muscle contraction depends on hydration states of the fibers. The eye

functions due to the fluid matrix of its structure. Many people, especially the elderly, can be

affected by even mild states of dehydration. Dehydration is one of the most important indicators

of the aging process. Slight dehydration (1-2% decrease in body weight) can affect cellular

function, kidney function, blood volume, nutrient and waste transport, thermoregulation and many

other processes. Lack of proper hydration in body tissues is realized to be a substantial factor in

the aging process. Microhydrin® effectively helped the body circulate, absorb and utilize

consumed water for its maximal cellular and extra cellular physiological benefits.

As prior in vitro studies had shown free radical scavenging in standard assays against hydroxyl

and superoxide free radicals another study was undertaken to observe Microhydrin’s® reducing

(antioxidant effects) potential in mitochondria. Metabolically active and viable liver cells were

suspended for up to twenty minutes with Microhydrin® in the cell suspension. The cells were

observed with confocal microscopy for NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

flourescence within the cells. Cells showed approximately 20 % increase in NADH production

and showed less bleaching (oxidizing) than control assays.


38

the two electrons and the other proton has none: H2∩ H+ + H- which is similar to the dissociation

of water: H2∩ H- + H+. This atomic hydrogen from a filament, in hydrogen gas, at a low pressure,

even after diffusing through several feet of glass tubing at room temperature, can manifest itself

by reducing such metallic oxides as WO3, CuO, Fe2O3, ZnO, or PtO3 (Langmuir 1927). Oxygen

and moisture tend to prevent the recombination of hydrogen atoms on a tungstun surface.

Langmuir had observed the blackening of these metals (becoming reduced) due to the active form

of hydrogen that had been created by higher heats (Langmuir 1927). By tailoring the composition

of the silica clusters and varying the number of water molecules, the effects of caging and their

influence on the energy surface can be achieved. The clathrate cages at the surface and the high

dielectric constant of water keeps the H- at the surface from combining excessively to create H2

gas. Chemical reactions that proceed following either a photophysical or ionizing event, are

directly influenced by the mechanisms of energy transfer and dissipation away from the primary

site of absorption. Neighboring solvent or solute molecules can affect these processes by

collisional deactivation (removal of energy) and also through caging and solvation effects. Proton

and hydrogen atom transfer reactions that are important in virtually all reactions which occur in

aqueous phases including biological systems continue to be studied extensively by physical

chemists (Castleman 1996).

In order to measure H- in a gas an electrode is inserted into the chamber. A Yag laser sends a

burst of light into the chamber and the energy (1.2 eV = wavelength of 1 micron) causes the

electron to detach from the H: -. The probe has a +20 Volt charge on it. It attracts the electrons

and a current is generated (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55:3 March 1984, 338-341).

It is these unique structures that have the ability to carry electrons, ions, form or carry water

molecules, and provide conductance and antioxidant potential to biological systems in the form of

a slight biopotential to cellular proteins and for reduction (antioxidant potential) in general

reactions. Extensive literature research into geochemistry, nanotechnology and bioelectronics

including numerous professional studies, has shown Microhydrin® to be highly beneficial as a

nutritional supplement.

Several recent research projects conducted in 1999 have shown specific biological functions of

Microhydrin® at the cellular level or in clinical trials. In a double blind crossover trial, seven

normal subjects took 4 Microhydrin® capsules per day with one the morning, 2 at noon and one in


41

anaerobic glycolysis depends on the hydrogen pool to restore energy. The experimental

observations of both increased hydration and lowered lactic acid values during exercise were two

important physiological benefits to athletes.

Numerous research projects are in progress this year [2000] testing Microhydrin®. It has been

shown to provide electrons to important energetic cofactors through the cell membrane in living

cells and to provide similar potential in physiological studies by reducing lactic acid in humans.

Prior research showed beneficial effects towards improving Biological Terrain values. Research

continues to show numerous physiological and cellular effects. We look forward to the next phase

of research with Microhydrin®, learning about its many healthful benefits, which are proving it

to be an amazing and unique dietary supplement.

Authors Biography

Kimberly Purdy Lloyd received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Texas at

Arlington, Texas in 1975. She received a Masters of Science degree from the University of North

Texas at Denton Texas in 1979. She worked as a research associate in basic research at the

University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas in Immunology during and after her

education. She was granted the Welch Scholarship for her graduate work in biochemistry with an

emphasis in enzymology and immunology. She published and presented numerous papers one of

which granted her a first place award with the American Chemical Society in 1976. Her thesis work

was published in the Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Purdy et al, 1979. Her academic

interests were directed into aspects of biochemistry towards education, health and nutrition as a

technical writer to present scientific material as it pertains to the use of nutritional supplements.


40

A similar assay using a membrane marker (tetramethylrhodamine methylester) also showed

cells suspended in Microhydrin® solution increasing their membrane potential (more negative

membrane potential) by approximately 25%, as compared to the vehicle controls. Both of these

assays indicate a bio-energetic effect of Microhydrin® at the mitochondrial level. This is an

additional piece of important research information showing that the hydrided microcluster

(Microhydrin®) is delivering the electrons directly to the cell for its bioenergetic assembly. It

protected NADH against reverse oxidative damage, as is typical in assays of this type (see vehicle

control where NADH concentration declines over time).

In normal aerobic metabolism NADH is one of the primary cofactors that runs the

mitochondrial electron transport chain and delivers electrons in the form of hydride (H-) for the

formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (Leninger, 1993). ATP stores valuable energy in the

phosphate bonds that participate in numerous reactions throughout the cell. ATP and water are

liberated with oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the transport chain. These results indicate

an ergogenic function of Microhydrin®, enhancing intracellular energy without providing

additional carbohydrates.

Another recent study performed by an exercise physiology department showed that

Microhydrin® significantly decreased the lactic acid buildup during strenuous exercise. Six

athletically fit males participated in a double blind crossover study whereby the subjects

consumed either Microhydrin® or placebo one week prior to a 40 Km (24.8 mi) bicycling timed

trial. Subjects took 4 capsules daily and then 2 mixed with water 30 min. prior to the exercise trial.

Subjects were monitored for heart rate, blood pressure, EKG (electrocardiogram monitoring),

maximum oxygen consumption, work output, perceived exertion and peripheral blood lactic acid

concentration. Other measured physiological parameters remained the same. Blood lactic acid

values showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease by approximately 50% during

Microhydrin® use as compared to placebo use during the same workout regime. Recent research

in lactic acid utilization is revealing that lactic acid receptors exist within the cell and also the

mitochondria. This research has indicated that the cell utilizes lactic acid as an energy source

during intense exercise as it changes to alternative pathways of anaerobic glycolysis (Brooks

1999). Since Microhydrin® enhanced utilization of lactic acid by muscle cells, it again indicated

an ergogenic energy function. This condition is also related to Szent-Gyorgyi’s observations that


43

Jaqmin Godda H, Commenges D, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. Silica and aluminum in drinking water andcognitive impairment in the elderly. Epidemiology 7:281- 285,1996.

Keller WD, Balgord WD, Reesman AL. Dissolved products of artificially pulverized silicate mineralsand rocks: part I. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 33:191- 204,1963.

Keller WD, Feder GL. Chemical analysis of water used in Hunza, Pakistan. In Hemphill D.D. (ed): “TraceSubstances in Environmental Health-XIII, Proceedings.” University of Missouri-Columbia: 130-137, 1979.

Keller WD, Reesman AL. Glacial milks and their laboratory-simulated counterparts. Geol Soc Am Bull74:61-76,1963.

Keller WD. Argillation and direct bauxitization in terms of concentrations of hydrogen and metalcations at surface of hydrolyzing aluminum silicates. Bulletin of the American Association of PetroleumGeologists 42:233-245,1958.

Keller WD. Drinking Water: A geochemical factor in human health. Geological Society of AmericaBulletin 89:334-336, 1978.

Kleiner SM. Water: An essential but overlooked nutrient. J American Dietetic Association1999,99;2:200-206.

Klotz IM, Ayers, J, Ho JYC, Horowitz MG, Heiney RE. Interactions of proteins with disulfide compounds:some implications for electron transport in proteins. J Am Chem Soc 1958,80;2132-2141.

Klotz IM. Protein hydration and behavior. Many aspects of protein behavior can be interpreted in termsof frozen water of hydration. Science 1958,10;815-821.

Langmuir, Irving. Flames of Atomic Hydrogen. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1927, June,19:8; 607-674.

Leaf A. Getting Old. Scientific American 229:44-52, 1973.

Leninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM, (eds.): Principles of Bioenergetics. In”Principles of Biochemistry”2nd ed. New York, Worth Publishers,1993.

Mackor EL, van der Waals J.H. The statistics of the adsorption of rod-shaped molecules in connectionwith the stability of certain colloidal dispersions. J Colloid and Interface Science 1952,6;535-550.

Marlow, Bruce. Privately funded research monograph entitled: Electrophoretic Fingerprinting of SilicaConcrete Treatment Solution, 1993.

Maugh TH. Soviet science: A wonder water from Kazakhstan. Science 1978, 202; 414.

Meusinger J, Corma A. Influences of Zeolite composition and structure on hydrogen transfer reactionsfrom hydrocarbons and from hydrogen. Journal of Catalysis 1996,159;2:353-360.

Morell, Franz. An Official Transcript of the three hour lecture and slide presentation by Dr. Franz Morelof West Germany regarding “The Bio-Electronic Method of Professor Vincent”, as given at the O.I.C.S.Alumni Association’s German Electro-Acupuncture Week in July, 1982 at El Rancho Inn, Millbrae,California, U.S.A.

42

References

Becker B, Corriu RJP, Guerin C, Henner BJL. Hypervalent silicon hydrides: evidence for theirintermediacy in the exchange reactions of di- and tri-hydrogenosilanes catalysed by hydrides (NaH, KHand LIAIH4). J of Organometallic Chemistry 1989, 369;147-154.

Brooks GA, Brown MA, Butz CE, Sicurello JP, Dubouchaud H. Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondriahave a monocarboxylate transporter MCT1. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(5): 1713-1718, 1999.

Carlisle EM. A silicon requirement for normal skull formation in chicks. J Nutr 1980,110;352-9.

Carlisle EM. In vivo requirement for silicon in articular cartilage and connective tissue formation in thechick. J Nutr 1976, 106;4:478-84.

Castleman AW. Invited Article. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1996, Centennial Issue, 100: 12911-12944.

Degani Y, Willner I. Photoinduced hydrogen evolution by a zwitterionic diquat electron acceptor. The functions of SiO2 colloid in controlling the electron-transfer process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105: 6228-6233,1983.

Dove PM, Rimstidt JD. Silica-water interactions. In Heany PJ, Prewitt CT, Gibbs GV, (eds): Silica, Physical Behavior, Geochemistry, and Materials Application. Reviews in Minerology 29:259-301,1994.

Flanagan P, Purdy Lloyd K. A silicate mineral supplement, Microhydrin(r), traps reduced hydrogenproviding in vitro biological antioxidant properties. Proceedings National Hydrogen Association1999,10;595-610.

Gascoyne PRC, Pethic R, Szent Gyorgyi A. Water structure-dependent charge transport in proteins.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981,78;1:261-265.

Gross ML, Aerni RJ. The unusual loss of hydrogen from ionized 1,5- Hexadiyne. J Am Chem Soc1973,95;23:7875-7877.

Happe RP, Rosebloom W, Pierik AJ, Albracht SPJ, Bagley KA. Biological activation of hydrogen.Nature 1997,385;126.

Hayashi H. Water the chemistry of life, part IV. Explore 6, 1995: 28-31.

Hoffer EC, Meador CK, Simpson DC. Correlation of whole body impedance with total body watervolume. J App Phys 1969;27:531.

Hopkins FG, Morgan EJ. Biochem J 1948, 42; 23-27.

Hopkins FG. Biochem J 1925, 19;787.

Hopps HC. Geochemical environment related to health and disease. Geological Society of AmericaSpecial Paper 155:1-9,1975.

44

Mukherjee JN, Chatterjee B, Ray A. Liberation of H+, Al+++ and Fe+++ ions from pure clay mineralson repeated salt treatment and desaturations. J Colloid Science May 1948, 437-445.

Murray MJ, Murray AB. Diet and Cardiovascular Disease in Centenarians of Hunza. Arteriosclerosis4:546a, 1984.

Neilson FH. Ultratrace Minerals. In Shils ME, Young VR (eds): “Modern Nutrition in Health andDisease” 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger: 286-288, 1988.

Pryor WA, Shipley Godber S. Oxidative stress status: an introduction. Free Radical Biology andMedicine 10:173,1991.

Riddick TM. Control of colloid stability through zeta potential; with a closing chapter on its relationshipto cardiovascular disease. Livingston Publishing Co. 1968. Vol 1. pg 24-27. Published for Zeta-MeterInc. by Livingston Publishing Co. Wynnewood, PA (Library of Congress Catalogue #67-18001).

Roujon, Lucien, Vincent Bio-electronics Theory and Application, Sibev, Doktorgasse 8, 5963 Wenden,4 Ottfingen, Germany, 1977.

Sasamori R, Okaue Y, Isobe T, Matsuda Y. Stabilization of atomic hydrogen in both solution and crystalat room temperature. Science 265:1691-1693,1994.a

Segal KR, Gutin B, Presta E, Wang J, Van Itallie TB. Estimation of human body composition byelectrical impedance methods: a comparative study. J App Phys 1985;58;5.

Shirahata S, Kabayama S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H, Otsubo K, MorisawaS, Katakura Y. Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA fromoxidative damage. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 234:269-274,1997

Smith L Jr., Purdy Lloyd K, Phelps K. Biological terrain assessment results of 14 subjects before andafter testing with a supplement containing silicon bonded to reduced hydrogen ions. J Am Coll Nutri17, 522:1998.

Szent-Gyorgyi A. Biology and pathology of water. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Winter 1971,239-249.

Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert. Bioelectronics. Academic Press, New York 1968.

Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert. The Living State with Observations on Cancer. Academic Press, New York 1972.

Tait MJ, Franks F. Water in biological systems. Nature 1971,230;91- 94.

Toledo-Pereyra LH, Condie RM, Simmons RL, Najarian JS. Complete protection of severely damagedkidneys by a silica gel plasma perfusate. Surg Forum 25, 294-5:1974.

Toledo-Pereyra LH, Sharp HL, Condie RM, Chee M, Lillehei RC, Najarian JS. Preservation of caninehearts after warm ischemia (zero to thirty minutes) and one to two days of hypothermic storage. Acomparative analysis of crystalloid and colloid solutions with different osmolarity and ion composition.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 74:594-603,1977.

Verhagen BT. et al. Recharge of ground water of northern Kalahari by rain. Nature (London) 1974;249:5458,643-4.

RBC15-Micro Technology Bklt - HOME - Flantech

Documents

Transcript of RBC15-Micro Technology Bklt - HOME - Flantech