RbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplenACuMvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasuIGeKñy · husbandry ciBaw© mstV 10%...

State-of-the-System Report: Cambodia

Report Series No. 2/2003

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r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003

Production in Aquatic Peri-UrbanSystems in Southeast Asia (PAPUSSA)

State-of-the-System Report: Cambodia

Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, U.K.Department of Geography, University of Durham, U.K.Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark

Faculty of Fisheries, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, CambodiaAquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

© 2003 by the Royal University of Agriculture and the Asian Institute of TechnologyISBN 974-229-632-4

Report Series No. 2/2003

RbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplenACuMvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasuIGeKñy_RbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplenACuMvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasuIGeKñy_RbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplenACuMvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasuIGeKñy_RbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplenACuMvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasuIGeKñy_RbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplenACuMvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasuIGeKñy_

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r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003r)aykarN_elxTI 2¼2003

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The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.

Preface

Producing food in water bodies in and aroundthe cities of Southeast Asia is commonplace.People in these cities, often located on riverdeltas, continue to rely on rice and fish as staplefoods.

The dynamic cities of the region haveexperienced rapid growth in recent decades.More people in these expanding urban areashave led to increasing opportunities forproduction and trading offood.

Changing access to, anduse of, land and water inand around cities alsoaffect the communitiesproducing aquatic food.Aquatic vegetables are aparticular feature of urbanaquaculture in SoutheastAsia, but have often beenignored by scientists andpolicy makers.

Here we present apreliminary overview ofurban aquatic productionfor one of four cities in theregion. We attempt topresent the ‘whole picture’,including an understandingof the communitiesinvolved, markets and trading, and the institutionsinvolved.

GrmÖkfaGrmÖkfaGrmÖkfaGrmÖkfaGrmÖkfaenAtambNþaCayRkugnana enAkñúgtMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_

KWCakEnøgplitmðÚbGaharClpl d¾samBaØEdleK)ansÁal;.RbCaCnkñúgbNþaTIRkugTaMgenaH EtgEtmktaMgTIlMenAtMbn;dIsNþrtammat;Tenø edaybnþBwgEp¥keTAelI plitplRsUv nigRtI CaGaharsMxan;.enAkñúgkMLúgb:unµanTsSvtSr_cugeRkayenH TIRkugTaMgLaykñúgtMbn;

)anCYbnwgkarvivDÆn_ya:gqab;rh½sKYreGaykt;sMKal;. karmkrs;enARbmYlpþMú rbs;RbCaCn enAtamtMbn;CayRkugnana )anpþl;nUv»kasbEnßmsMrab; plitkmµ nigkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµGahar.ya:gNamij karpøas;bþÚrrebobénkareRbIR)as;dI nigTwk enAxagkñúgnigCu Mv ijbNþaTIRkug)anb:HBal;pgEdr eTAelIshKmn_plitkmµGaharClpl. kardaMbEnøTwkCalkçN³Biessénkarplitmð ÚbGaharClplrbs;TIRkugenAkñúgtMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_ b:uEnþ minRtUv)anykcitþTukdak; edayGñkviTüasaRsþ

nigGñk neya)ayeLIy.enATIenH eyIgbgðajGMBI TsSn³vis½ytMbUgsþIBI plitkmµmðÚbGaharClplrbs;TIRkugmYy enAkñúgcMeNamTIRkugFM² cMnYn 4 kñúgtMbn;.eyIgRbwgERbg edIm,IbgðajBI Tid æPaBTaMgRsugTidæPaBTaMgRsugTidæPaBTaMgRsugTidæPaBTaMgRsugTidæPaBTaMgRsug rYmmankaryl;dwgsþIBI ;shKmn_EdlcUlrYm TIpSarnig kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµnigsßab½nEdlBak;B½n§pgEdr.

Project sites in four cities in Southeast Asia (red)

tMbn;sikSarbs;KMeragkñúgTIRkug $ enAGasIuGeKñy_ (BN_Rkhm)

Aquatic vegetable farm in Boeung Cheung Ek

cMkarbEnøTwknAkñúgtMbn;bwgeCIgÉk

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Study Sites

The major sites of production of fish and aquaticvegetables in and around Phnom Penh are well-known. The main products include morning gloryand water mimosa produced in a waste-waterfed lake (Boeung Cheung Ek) by producerslocated around its periphery. Snakehead, walkingand river catfish are raised in pens in a lake inthe centre of the city(Boueng Kok), and inponds and cages in acommunity situated tothe north of the city(Prek Phnauv ) closeto the suppliers oftrash fish from theGreat Lake.

Four communitieswere identified todescribe typicalurban aquaticsystems in PhnomPenh. Two of thesecommunities arelocated on thenorthern side ofBoeung Cheung Ek:Tnot Chrum and KbaTomnub. Three andfour groups ofhouseholds, ‘krom’, ineach village,respectively, are themain producers ofmorning glory. Theyare located near themain source ofwastewater from thecity and on the lakeside of the main road. Tnot Chrum is situatedcloser to the emerging industrial zone, in whichtextile and paper factories are found.

Two communities with concentrations of fishfarms were identified: Doung village and Muoyvillage. Located on the northern side of PhnomPenh, Phum Doung is close to supplies of trash

Location of communities studied: 1 - Tnot Chrumvillage; 2 - Doung village ; 3 - Kba Tomnub village;

4 - Muoy village TItaMgsikSa rbs;shKmn_ !- PUmietañtRCMu@- PUmiDYg #- PUmik,alTMnb; 4-PUmimYy

tMbn;sikSatMbn;sikSatMbn;sikSatMbn;sikSatMbn;sikSaTIkEnøgsMxan;²sMrab;ciBa© wmRtI nigbEnøTwkkú ñg

nigCM uv ijTIRkugPñ MeBjRtUv)aneKsÁal;y:agc,as;. plitplsMxan;²rYmmandUcCa RtkYn kEBäat RtUv)andaMkñúg TwkkaksMNl;enAkúñgtMbn;bwgeCIgÉkedayksikrEdl taMgTIlMenACuMvijbiwgena³. cMeBaH RtIr:s; RtIGENþg RtIR)a RtUv)aneKciB©awmenA

kúñgs‘g RsH nig Eb‘r enAkñúgshKmn_ Eb:kxageCIgTIRkugPMñeBj ¬XuMERBkeBñA¦ sßitenACitkEnøg pÁt;pÁg;cMNI dUcCaRtItUc²¬RtIelx 3¦ Edl)anmkBIbwgTenøsab. elIsBIenH RtIR)aRtUv)aneK ciB©awmpgEdr enAkñúgbwgTwkkaksMNl; cMkNþalTIRkug¬bwgkk¦. eyIg)anelIkykshKmn_cMnYn 4 mksikSaedIm,IbriyayBIRbB½n§plitkmµmð ÚbGaharClplTUeTA enATIRkugPñMeBj . shKmn_cMnYn 2 enAkñúgshKmn_TaMgenH sßitenAxageCIgbwgeCIgÉk ¬PUUmietñatRCMu nigPUmik,alTMnb;¦ EdlmanRbCaCn 3 Rkum nig 4Rkum RbkbrbrdaMRtkYn d¾sMxan;. BYkKat;rs;enACitRbPBTwkEdlmankar

bgðÚrkaksMNl;BITIRkug. PUmietñatRCMu sßitenAmçagbwgeCIgÉk CitnwgeragcRkkat;edr nigRkdas rIÉ PUmiDYg nig PUmimYy CashKm_EdlRbmYlpþúMeTAedayksidæan b¤ kEnøg ciBa©wmRtI. edaysßitenAPaKxageCIg TIRkugPñMeBj PYmiDYg sßit enACit kEnøgpÁt;pÁg;RtIelx3sMrab;karciBa©wmRtI R)a nig RtI GENþg TaMgkñúgRsH nig Ebr.

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fish from the Great Lake that support pond andcage culture of river (Pangasius) and walking(Clarias) catfish. In contrast, pen culture inBoeung Kok is the main system in Muoy village.

We investigated wholesale markets close tothese communities as well as medium, smalland street markets throughout the city.

Sites around Boeung Cheung Ek. (Scale: 1:50,000 Source: Geoinformatics Education Center, Phnom Penh)

TItaMgsikSa enAkñúgtMbn;bwgeCIgÉk (xañt : 1 :50 000 RbPB : Geoinformatics Education Center PMñeBj )

Farmers live in houses over the pond to prevent theft inDoung village

lMenAdæanenAelIRsHedIm,IkarBarkMueGayecarlYckñúgPUmiDYgChildren live and play around Boeng Chueng Ek

PUmiDYgKWsßitenACitRbPBpÁt;pÁg; ¬RtIelx 3¦ )anmkBIbwgTenøsab EdlRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;ciB©awmRtIenAkñúgRsH nigEb‘r dUcCaRtI)a RtIr:s; nig RtIGENþg. pÞúyeTAvij karciB©awmkñúgs‘genAPUmimYy ¬tMbn;bwgkk¦ CaRbB½n§ciB©awmedayTwkkaksMNl;cMbgrbs;TIRkug . eyIg)aneFV IkarGegátGMBIkarlk;enAelITIpSarEdlsñitenACitshKmn_dUcCa TIpSarlk;duM TIpSarfñak;mFüm ¬lk;duMnigray¦ TIpSarlk;rayenAkñúgTIRkug .

ekµgrs;enA nigkMsanþ enACMvuijtMbn;bwgeCIgÉk

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Communities

The culture of fish is most common amongmedium to better-off households, whereasaquatic vegetables are mainly produced and soldby households that are medium to less well-off.

Commercial production of aquatic vegetableswas established before the Lon Nol era but itsexpansion was hampered by poor marketaccess. It became re-established on a morecommercial-scale after the Pol Pot era, on thereturn of people to both Phnom Penh and thesurrounding areas. Aquatic vegetables, especiallymorning glory, began to replace rice in BoeungCheung Ek as supplies of sewage, and markets,became re-established.

The poor also tend to be involved in fishing, fishtrading and the collection of wild aquaticvegetables. Khmers dominate in threecommunities, whereas in Doung village (PrekPhnauv), there are as many Chams, andVietnamese people are also an importantminority.

In the communities in which aquatic vegetablesand fish are important, livelihoods are verydiversified. Overall, employment in local factorieswas rated more important and taxi driving andrearing livestock also made important

River catfish

RtIR)a65%

Walking catfish

RtIGENþg20%

Other species

RbePTepSg²15%

Motor taxi m:UtUDub 20%

Fish culture

ciB©wamRtI25%

Factory work

kmµkreragcRk30%

Others epSg²10%

Fishing ensaT 15%

shKmn_shKmn_shKmn_shKmn_shKmn_skmµPaBciBa©wmRtI CaTUeTAKWmansar³sMxan;kñúgcMenam

RKYsarfañk;mFüm ya:gNak¾edayk¾bEnøTwkmansar³sMxan; ya:gxøaMgedayRtUv)anplit niglk;edayRKYsarlMdab;fañk;mFümrhUtdl;fañk;RkIRk .

kareFV IBaNiC¢kmµplitkmµbEnøTwkRtUv)ancab;epþ ImtaMgBImunsm½yln;Nul b:uEnþ kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ )anRbRBwtþ eTAeday manTIpSarRTg;RTaytUc². bnÞab;BIsm½y b:ulBt RbCaCn)anRtlb;mkrs;enAkñ úg nigCM uv ijtMbn;TIRkugPñ MeBj va)anERbkøaybegá IteLIgvij nUvkareFV IBaNiC¢kmµRbesIrCagmunCaeRcIn. bEnøTwk CaBiess bEnøRtkYnRtUv)andaMCMnYsRsUvvijenAkñúgtMbn;bwgeCIgÉkedaysarEtkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkkaksMNl;bgðÚrecjBITIRkug nigpSar .

cMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRk BYkKat;cab;ykmuxrbrdUcCa ensaTlk;RtI nig RbmUlTijbEnøTwkmkBIFmµCati nigdaMpgEdr.CnCatiExµr)antaMgTIlMenAkñúgshKmn_cMnYn 3 cMEnkCnCaticam nigevotNammancMnYnPaKtic mkrs;enAPUmiDYgkñúgshKmn_ERBkeBñApgEdr .

Role of aquaculture in livelihoods in Doung village (Prek Phnauv) tYnaTIvarIvb,kmµkñúgCIvPaBRKYsarenAkñúgPUmiDYg ¬tMbn;ERBkeBñA ¦

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contributions. Employment in factories was alsomore important than fish culture in Doung andMuoy villages with fishing and taxi driving beingimportant secondary activities.

For people around Boeung Cheung Ek, morningglory is the most important vegetable produced.Although water mimosa and lotus are grown inmuch smaller volumes, they are more valuableand require different resources. Other vegetablesand fruit are produced in home plots and raisedareas within the lake for both sale andconsumption.

River catfish is the main type of fish cultured inponds and pens. Walking catfish are less popularand only raised in ponds.

Other vegetables

bEnøepSg²40%

Morning glory

RtkYn40%

Lotus

QUk 5%

Mimosa

kEB©at15%

Mat making

RkNat;CUteCIg5%

Morning glory

RtkYn30%

Factory work

kargareragcRk 35%

Motor taxi

m U:tUDub 10% Other

epSg²10%

Animal husbandry

ciB©awmstV10%

enAkñúgshKmn_eTaHbIkardaMbEnøTwk nigciBa©wmRtImansar³sMxan;ya:gNak¾eday RbCaCnenAmanRbkbmuxrbrepSg²eTotpgEdr . CarYm kargareragcRkmansarsMxan;Cagkarrt;m:UtUDub nigkarciBa©wmstV enAkñúgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkKat;.enAkñúgPUmiDYg nigPUmimYy kargarenAkñúgeragcRkk¾mansar³sMxan;CagkargarkarciB©awmRtI CamYynwgskmµPaBbnÞab;bnSMeTot dUcCakarensaT nig GñkebIkbr pgEdr .

sMrab;RbCaCnrs;enACuMvijshKmn_bwgeCIgÉk RtkYnKWCaplitkmµbEnøEdlmansar³sMxan;CageK. eTaHbIbEnøkEBaätnigRkGavQUkRtUv)andaMkñ úgbrimaNtictYcCagbEnøRtkYn EtvamantMélx<s;Cag ehIytMrUvkarFnFan k¾epSg²KñapgEdr.cMeBaHbEnø nigEpøeQIepSg²eTotRtUv)andaMenAbrievNCMuvijpÞH nigEk,rbwg sMrab;TaMgkarlk; nigkareRbIR)as;enAkñúgRKYsar.

RtIR)aCaRbePTRtIcMbg EdleK)an ciB©awmkñúgRsH nigs‘g.cMENkÉRtIGENþgeKniymciB©a wmticCagRtIR)a ehIyeKciB©awmvaenAkñúgRsHEtb:ueNÑa³ .

Harvesting of morning glory in Boeung Cheung Ek

karRbmUlplbEnøRtkYn enAkñúgbrievNbwgeCIgÉk¦

Role of aquatic plant production in livelihoods in Thot Chrum and Kba Tomnub villages (Boeung Cheung Ek)

tYnaTIplitkmµbEnøClplkñúgCIvPaBRKYsar enAkñúgPUmik,alTMnb; nigPUmietañtRCMu ¬tMbn;bwgeCIgÉk¦

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Resources

A decline in reliance on un-managed resourcesis evident for people living around the BoeungCheung Ek over the last five decades. Formerlyboth flooded forest and the availability of wild foodhad declined; however a wide variety of snails,turtles, snakes and certain fish species remainand are utilised. Aquatic vegetables are nowintensively cropped throughout the year,especially morning glory. Waste-water providesmost of the nutrients, but additional fertilisersand pesticides are heavily applied.

Fish farmers in Prek Pnauv obtain trash fish fromseveral sources to use for feeding their fish inponds. This supply of fish is seasonal with smallfreshwater trash fish being available from thenearby Tonle Sap River from December toFebruary, whilst for the remainder of the year theyuse marine trash fish supplied by middlemen.Rice bran is used as fish feed throughout theyear. Some poorer households still rely heavilyon fishing and collecting wild aquatic plants fromnearby Somroung Lake and the Tonle Sap Riverfor sale and consumption.

In Boeung Kok, farmers feed waste restaurantfood, rice by-products and vegetables frommarkets and growers to fish in pens. Pig pensand household latrines are also often locatedover pens stocked with fish. Farmers mixmedicines in feed when fish contract disease.

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GñkciB©awmRtIenAERBkeBñA )anykRbePTRtIelx 3 mkBIRbPBepSg²Kña edIm,IeRbIR)as;CacMNIdl;RtIciB©awmrbs;BYkKat; .karpÁt;pÁg;RbePTRtIelx 3 KWvaGaRs½yeTAtamrdUvkal EdlRbePTRtIelx 3 Twksab tUc² Gacrk)anBItMbn;TenøsabsßitenACitenH kMLuúgBIEx FñÚ hUtdl;Ex kumð³ xN³EdlkñúgExepSgeTot BYkeKeRbIR)as; RbePTRtIelx 3 TwkéRb EdlpÁt;pÁg;edayQµÜjkNþal. elIsBIenH knÞk;RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAkñúg karciB©awmRtIeBj 1 qñaM pgEdr. RKYsarRkIRkmYycMnYn enAbnþBwgEp¥kesÞIrTaMgRsugeTAelIkar ensaTRtInigkarRbmUlpl bEnøTwkBIkñúgbwgsMerag nigTenøsab EdlsßitenACitenH edIm,IykplitplEdlrk)ansMrab;lk; nigeRbIR)as;Ca mðÚbGaharenAkñúgRKYsar .

rIÉGñkciB©a wmenAkñ úgtMbn;bwgkk;v ij ciB©a wmRtIedayeRbIR)as;cMNIkak;sMNl;GaharePaCnIydæan nig bEnøTaMgLayEdlTijBIpSar nigGñkdaM . karciB©awmRCUkkñúgRTug nigbgÁn;rbs;RKYsartaMgenAelIépÞTwk b£s‘gKwRbPBcMNIsMrab;RtIpgEdr.GñkciB©awmpSM b£layfañMeBTükñúgcMNIRtI enAeBlEdlRtIcwB©awmekItCMgW .

Morning glory culture in Boeung Cheung Ek

kardaMbEnøRtkYn enAkñúgbrievNbwgeCIgÉk

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Seed of all types is obtained from traders outsidethe village. Lotus seeds are obtained from otherprovinces. River catfish seed originating fromnatural sources and increasingly hatcheries inVietnam are obtained through traders. Althoughattempts have been made to establishhatcheries locally, hybrid Clarias catfish seedalso mainly comes from Vietnam throughout theyear.

ksikr)anTijRbPBkUnBUCmkBIeRkAPUmi. cMEnkRKab;B UCQUksMrab;da MRt Yv)anykmkBIextþepSg²eTot.cMeBaHkUnRtIR)aBUCsMrab;ciB©awm Edlcab;BIFmµCati nigykmkBIsßanIy_PJas;enARbeTsevotNam RtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;tamry³BYkQµÜj.eTaHbICakUnRtIGENþgBUCRtUv)an eKBüayamplitenAkñúgRsukya:gNak¾eday k¾kUnBUCRtUv)an naMcUlCacMbgBIRbeTsevotNameBjmYyqñaMpgEdr .

Resource map drawn by men in Muoy village

Resource map drawn by women in Muoy village

EpnTIFnFanFmµCatiEdl)anKUredayRsþIenAkñúgPUmimYySeasonality

The end of the hot, dry season and start of therainy season (April to June) is the most difficultperiod of the year for people in the communities,especially the poor. Illnesses, especiallydiarrhoea and skin infections, and declining valueof aquatic vegetables are major problems. Thesefactors are probably linked to a decline in thequality and quantity of water that starts in Januaryand becomes acute by March. Seasonality alsoaffects the production and price of morning gloryin Boeung Cheung Ek. During the rainy season,the production and supply of morning glory arehigher resulting in lower selling price, whereas,supply decreases in the dry season resulting inhigher prices.

Resources in Boeung Cheung Ek

FnFanFmµCatienAkñúgbwgeCIgÉk

EpnTIFnFanFmµCatiEdl)anKUredayburs enAkñúgPUmimYy

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*dizzy CMgWvilmuxstomach ache CMgWRkeBH

Seasonal calendar drawn up by women in Kba Thomnub village RbtiTinRbcaMrdUvEdl)anKUredayRsþI enAkñúgPUmik,alTMnb;

* * *** *** ******* *

*

fishing ensaTworker kmµkrincome cMNUl

* ** ** ** ** ** ** * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * *** *** *** *** ***

* * * * * * * * * *

** **

* * * * ***

housework kic©karpÞH * * * * * * * * * * * *

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kkáda sIha kBaØa tula vifäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vifäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vifäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vifäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vifäika FñÚ

rainfall ePøógFaøk;heat kMedA

diarrhea CMgWraK *** ***skin disease rmas; ** ** *** * * * * * * * * *morning glory culture daMRtkYn************ **** **************** ******** **** ****vegetable culture daMbEnø * ** * ** ** * * * * * * *

rainfall ePøógFaøk; *heat kMedAflu/feverCMgWRKunekþAcoldsCMgWpþasaydiarrhea CMgWraKskin disease rmas;

Seasonal calendar drawn up by men in Kbal Thomnub village RbtiTinRbcaMrdUvEdl)anKUredayburs enAkñúgPUmik,alTMnb;

* ******** **** ** ***** **** ** ** **

************ **** ****

**** **************** **** * * * * * * * *

morning glory culture daMRtkYn

fishing ensaTfish culture ciB©awmRtI

vegetable culture daMbEnø

income cMNUl

************ **** **** ******************** **** * **** ************ **** **** * * * * ************* **** **************** ********

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚ

************ * * ** * * *

9


Fishing and fish trading by low-income peopledecline to a low at this time and such people aremore likely to seek off-farm employment inconstruction, transportation and the loggingindustries. In contrast, fish farmers tend to selltheir fish at this time. For this group, the criticalseason is at the onset of the cooler months(October to November) when fish disease ismost likely. In recent years (1993 and 2000),flooding particularly affected the poor when theirhouses were destroyed by the floods. This alsoled to destruction of morning glory plots resultingin reduced yields. Many activities, however, arenot affected by the season, includingemployment in factories, some service industriesand other non-agricultural activities. Livestockproduction is also relatively unaffected byseasonality. Some trading opportunities are veryseasonal and occur at the time of social andreligious occasions; for example, fruit selling bywomen peaks during Chinese and Khmer newyear celebrations.

RbtiTinRbcaMrdUvenAcugrdUvR)aMg nigedImrdUvePøógKWCakMLúgeBlmYy

EdlbgáPaBlM)akdl;RbCaCnenAkñúgshKmn_ CaBiessGñkRk.bBaðaCMgW CaBiess CMgWrmas; nigCMgWRKunQam ehIybBaðatMélbEnøTwkcuHefakKWCabBaðacMbg . rdUvkalCH\T§iBl eTAelIplitkmµ nigtMélRtkYn enAkñúgtMbn;bwg eCIgÉk . kñúgkMLúgeBlrdUvvsSa karpÁt;pÁg;RtkYn)anekIneLIg CalT§plva)aneFVIeGaytMélrbs;vacuHefak pÞúyeTAvijkarpÁt;pÁg; RtUvFøak;cuHenArdUvR)aMgnaMeGaytMélrbs;vaekInx<s; . karensaTRtInigrbrlk;RtIrbs;RbCaCnmancMNUlTab )anFøak;cuHkñ úgkMLúgeBlrdUvR)aMg dUecñH BYkKat;k¾EsVgrkkargar epSgeTotdUcCaCagsMNg; dwkCB¢aÚn nig kab;eQI . cMeBaH GñkciB©awmRtI Kat;)anRbmUlplRtIedIm,Ilk;enAeBlenaH . sMrab;RkumGñkciBa©wmRtIenHrdUvEdlcaM)ac;bMputKWenAedImrdUvrgar ¬tula b£v ici äka¦EdlxN³enaH RtIgayekItCMgW. enAkñúgqñaM 1993 nig 2000TwkCMnn;CaEpñkmYyb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnRkIRk edaysarlMenAdæanrbs;BYkKat;RtUv)anlicTwk nigbMpøaj . RBwtþikarN_enH)anbgárkarxUcxatpgEdr dl;rgRtkYn nignaMeGaykat;bnßynUvTinñplrbs;va . ya:gNak¾edayk¾ skmµPaBCaeRcIneTotminGaRs½ytamrdUvkaleT rYmman kargarenAkñúgeragcRk esvaepSg²nig skmµPaBeRkABIksikmµ . karciB©awmstV k¾minsUvCaTTYlnUvkarb:HBal;edayrdUvkalpgEdr. »kasxøH énkarlk;dUr KWvaGaRs½yeTAtam rdUv nigeBlevlasgÁm nigbuNüTanepSg² Ca

]TahrN_ Rsþ Ilk;EpøeQI dac;;enAeBlcUlqñaMcinnigcUlqñaMExµr .

Villagers provide labour to markets,

construction and other non-agricultural activities.

GñkPUmilk;dUrenApSareFVIkmµkrsMNg; nig kargarepSgeToteRkABIksikmµ

10


kareRbIR)as;cMNIGaharCaFmµta RbCaCnTijGgár nigeRKOg]bePaKbriePaK

epSg². GñkciB©a wmRtI)aneRbIR)as; RtIciB©a wmrbs;Kat;sMrab;eFVICaGaharenAkñúgRKYsar ehIyksikrxøHeTotk¾ hUbsac;man;nigTa EdlKat;ciBa© wmenAtampÞHrbs;BYkKat; . pÞúyeTAvijstVRCUkRtUv)anciB©awmenAtampÞHrbs;BYkKat;minEmnTukhUbeTKWsMrab;lk;eGayQµÜj b: uEnþBYkKat;Tijsac;RCUkBIpSarmkeRbIR)as;CamðÚbGaharenAkñúgRKYsarvij. ksikrdaMbEnøTwksMrab;lk;enAelITIpSar ehIyBYkKat;k¾hUbmYyEpñktUcpgEdrehIyBYk Kat;k¾TijbEnøBIpSarpgEdr. RKYsarEdlciBa©wmRtI)anTijbEnøesÞIrTaMgRsugsMrab;hUb. CaTUeTA skmµPaBensaTmanenARKb;PUmiTaMgGs; sMrab;ciB©awmCIvitenAkñúgRKYsar.

Woman farmer/collector explaining about aquatic

vegetable consumption

ksikrRsIþ¼GñkRbmUlplBnül;GMBIkareRbIR)as;bEnøClpl

Animal feeding

kareRbIR)as;sMrab;stV

40%

Human consumption

kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusS 60%

Uses of morning glory produced in peri-urban PhnomPenh kareRbIR)as;pllitRtkYnEdl)anplitenACMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj

Types of food consumed by households in the communities RbePTéncMNIGaharEdl)aneRbIR)as;;;edayRKYsarenAkñúgshKmn_

Food consumption

People normally purchase their rice and mostother basic food items. Fish is retained byfarmers for home consumption and somefarmers eat their own poultry. In contrast, even ifpigs are raised by the household, pork ispurchased. Farmers producing aquaticvegetables for the market tend to eat a proportion,and additionally purchase other types ofvegetables. Fish farming households purchasemost of their vegetables. Fishing is common inall villages to meet subsistence needs.

11


Markets

Flows of production to consumers

Aquatic plant and fish production from thesecommunities is mostly sold fresh in marketplaces both inside and outside Phnom Penh.Initially, collectors are the people who transportthese products to the market place where avariety of traders are involved in the buying andselling. Often they can play more than one role.For example, the producers themselves areoften involved in the transport of aquaticproducts.

There are three types of buyers: wholesaler,retailer and finally, consumer. Sometimes themarket chain can be shortened when theretailers or even consumers buy directly fromthe producers.

As there is a great demand for fresh products,market traders especially wholesalers employextra labour in addition to regular family labour.

TIpSarGaharClplTIpSarGaharClplTIpSarGaharClplTIpSarGaharClplTIpSarGaharClpllMhUrénplitkmµeTAGñkeRbIR)as;

plitkmµbEnøTwk nigRtIEdl)anmkBIshKmn_TaMgenHPaKeRcInlk;kñúgTMrg;Rss; enAelITIpSarenAkñúgTIRkug nigtamextþnana. CadMbUg GñkRbmUlTijdwkCBa¢ÚnplitplTaMgenHeTAkan;TIpSarEdlmanQµÜjRbePTepSg² eFVIkardUrTijplitpl.CYnkal BYkKat;mantYnaTIelIsBImYy ]TahrN_dUcCa GñkpliteBlxøHKat;GacCaGñkdwkCB¢ÚanplitplbEnøTwkeTAlk;enApSar.GñkTijbEnøenaHman 3 RbePT dUcCa Gñklk;duM Gñklk;raynigGñkeRbIR)as;.Gñklk;duM¼RbmUlTij )anTijplitplmðÚbGaharClplBIGñkplit ehIylk;eGayGñklk;ray cugeRkayGñkeRbIR)as;TijBIGñklk;ray. CYnkalGñklk;ray nig GñkeRbIR)as; TijplitplmðÚbGaharClpl edaypÞal;BIGñkplit.edaysarmantMrUvkarplitplRss;eRcIn dUecñHGñklk;enATIpSarCaBiessGñklk;duM b¤ Gñkplit RtUvkarkMlaMgBlkmµbEnßmrYmCamYykMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgRKYsar .

Flow of production to consumers lMhUrplitkmµeTAGñkeRbIR)as;

Producer/Wholesaler

Gñkplit¼Gñklk;duMGñkplit¼Gñklk;duMGñkplit¼Gñklk;duMGñkplit¼Gñklk;duMGñkplit¼Gñklk;duM

Wholesaler/Collector

Gñklk;duM¼GñkRbmUlTijGñklk;duM¼GñkRbmUlTijGñklk;duM¼GñkRbmUlTijGñklk;duM¼GñkRbmUlTijGñklk;duM¼GñkRbmUlTij Retailer

Gñklk;rayGñklk;rayGñklk;rayGñklk;rayGñklk;ray

Consumer

GñkeRbIR)as;GñkeRbIR)as;GñkeRbIR)as;GñkeRbIR)as;GñkeRbIR)as;

Location and types of markets surveyed

TItaMg nigRbePTénTIpSarEdlRtUv)anGegát

12


Aquatic plants

Aquatic plants account for nearlyhalf of the total sales ofvegetables in Phnom Penh.Morning glory is by far the mostimportant aquatic plant productsold, the majority of which growin wastewater.

bEnøClplpliplbEnøTwkmanCitBak;kNþal ebIeRbobeFobCamYy

bEnøepSg²lk;enAelITIpSarRkugPñMeBj. RtkYnKWCaplitplsMrab;lk; Edlmansar³sMxan;kñúgcMenambEnøTwkepSg²eTotehIyPaKeRcInénplitpl RtUv)andaMenAelIépÞTwkmanRbPBmkBITwkkaksMNl;bgðÚrBITIRkug . plitkmµenHRbmaN 60° RtUv)andwkCBa¢ ÚneTAlk;enAtambNþaextþnana. cMeBaHRtkYnk¾)aneRbIR)as;CacMNIrbs;RCUkpgEdr .

Morning glory to be sold to human consumers (left) and to pig farmers (right)

plitkmµbEnøRtkYnRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusS ¬rUbPaBxageqVg¦ nig eRbIR)as;ciB©awmstVRCUk ¬rUbPaBxagsþaM¦

Market share of vegetables sold in Phnom Penh

karEckcayTIpSarénRbePTbEnøTaMgLayEdl)anlk;enATIRkugPñMeBj

Importance of aquatic vegetable production inperi-urban Phnom Penh

sar³sMxan;énplitkmµbEnøClpl enAkñúgCMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj

Land vegetables

bEnødaMelIdIeKak 60%

Aquatic vegetables

bEnøClpl40%

0

10

20

30

40M

orni

nggl

ory

Wat

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RtkYn Rblit nigRbGavQUk kEBaät bEnøClplepSg² és< sENþkKYr Rtsk; Rtb;Evg bEnødaMelIdIeKakepSg²

% s

old

PaK

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;;

13


Fish

Fish is a common and popular dish of the peopleof Phnom Penh. Although both marine andfreshwater wild fish are more popular, they areexpensive and some urban people cannot affordthem. As result, they rely on the relatively lowerpriced cultured fish raised around the city. Themajor species are river catfish, walking catfishand snakehead. Consumers in Phnom Penhhave a preference for snakehead and walkingcatfish, although the price of pangasius is lower.Almost all of the river catfish grown around thecity is transported and sold to other provinces.In general in Phnom Penh, there is little demandamong higher income consumers for rivercatfish because of a widespread perception thatit is raised in latrine ponds and pens.

Products of urban aquatic systems in PhnomPenh do not only feed Phnom Penh people;significant amounts are transported and soldoutside. In terms of river catfish, urban peopleknow where they are raised. However, the extentto which consumers outside are aware of thisinformation is unsure.

RtIplitplRtICaFmµtamankarniymcUlcitþedayRbCaCn

rs;enAkñúgRkugPñMeBj. fVIebIRtIFmµCatiTaMgTwksab nigTwkéRbmankarniymcUlcitþya:gNak¾eday RbCaCnRkIRkmYycMnYnBu MGacmanlT§PaBTijRbePTRtITaMgenHkñ úgtMélx<s;)aneLIy .dUcenHBYkKat;r MBwgeTAelIRtIciB©a wmEdlmantMélefakEdl)anciB©awmenACMuvij nigkñúgTIRkug. RbePTRtIciB©awmPaKeRcInlk;enAelITIpSarmandUcCa RtIR)a RtIGENþg nigRtIr:s .

fVIebItMél®tIR)amantMélefak EtGñkeRbIR)as;mankarniymcUlcitþRtIr:s; nigRtIGENþgCag . PaKeRcInénplitkmµRtIR)aEdl)anciBa©wmenACMuvij nigkñúgTIRkug RtUv)andwkCB¢Úan niglk;eTAbNþaextþepSg² dUcCakMBg;s<W taEkv nigkMBg;FM. CaTUeTAkarniymcUlcitþrbs;RbCaCnenATIRkugPñ MeBj mincUlcitþRtIEdlciB©awmkñúgRbB½n§TwkkaksMNl;BITIRkugeLIy . tMrUvkarRtIR)amantictYcb: ueNÑaHkñ úgcMeNamGñkeRbIR)as;EdlmancMnUlx<s;enATIRkugPñMeBj edaysarGñkTMagenaHdwgfaRtIR)aRtUv)anciB©awmedayeRbIR)as;bgÁn; enABIelIRsH nigs‘g .

plitkmµénRbB½n§mðÚbGaharClplBITwkkaksMNl;enAkñúgnigCMuvijTIRkugPñMeBjminRtwmEtCaGaharsMrab;RbCaCnenAkñúgRkugb:ueNÑaHeT plitplPaKeRcInRtUv)andwkCB¢ÚannignaMykeTAlk;tambNaþextþepSg²dUcCa kMBg;s<W taEkv nigkMBg;FM.cMeBaHRtIR)a RbCaCnkñúgRkug)andwgGMBITIkEnøgnigrebobciB©awmrbs;va. ya:gNakþI vaenAminTan;c,as;fa GñkeRbIR)as;enAtambNþaextþnana dwgGMBIBt’manenHya:gNaeT.

River catfishproduction in peri-

urban Phnom Penh

plitkmµRtIR)a enACMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj

Fish products sold in PhnomPenh markets

plitplRtIEdl)anlk;enAelITIpSarkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj

14


Institutional Issues bBaðasßab½nbBaðasßab½nbBaðasßab½nbBaðasßab½nbBaðasßab½nmanRbCaCnCaeRcInrs;enATIRkugPñMeBj EdlbnþBwgEp¥k

elIRbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGaharClpl . eTaHbICatMbn;enHRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaypÞal;BIGaCJaFrsalaRkug ya:gNak¾edayenAmansßab½nepSgeTotEdl)ancUlrYm kñúgtYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUv .

vamanPaBminc,as;las;enAeLIy GMBItYnaTIrbs; saßb½nTaMgLayEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbB½n§mð ÚbGaharClplenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj CaBiess plitkmµbEnøTwk. eTaHbIFøab;manTMnak;TMng nig karsMrbsMrYlxøH EtkargarshkarN_enHminEmngayRsYleLIy. CaFmµtasßab½nTaMgenaHeFVIkaredayELkBIKñaminsUvshkar ehIyminCitsñitCamYyRbCaCn . edaysarEtkarmineGaycUlrYmenHRbCaCnTaMgenaHminmancMNab;GarmµN_cMeBaHKMeragNamYy enAkñúgshKmn_rbs;Kat;eT.kareRbIR)as;dIFøI KWCabBðaacMbgEdlRtUv)anRbQmmuxeday

There are many people living in the municipalityof Phnom Penh who are still relying on aquaticfood production systems. Although these areasare directly administrated by Phnom PenhMunicipality, there are a number of otherinstitutions who have roles and responsibilities.

There is a lack of clarity about the role ofinstitutions related to urban aquatic systems inPhnom Penh especially on aquatic vegetableproduction. Although there is somecommunication and co-ordination among theseinstitutions (government and non-government),working together in the field had not been easy.These institutions usually work independentlyand separately from the communities, withoutany participation from the local people. The localpeople themselves are uninterested in someprojects in their communities because ofprevious experiences with projects that did notinclude them in any way.

Institutions involved in aquatic production in peri-urban Phnom PenhlMhUrsßab½nEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYyplitkmµmðÚbGaharClpl enACMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj

Ministry ofEnvironment

RksYgbrisßan

Ministry of PublicHealth

RksYgsuxaPi)al

Phnom PenhMunicipality

salaRkugPñMeBj

Ministry of AgricultureForestry and Fisheries

RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT

Ministry of Land ManagementUrbanization Planning and

Construction (LMUC)

RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

Department ofEnvironment

naykdæanbrisßan

Department ofHealth

naykdæansuxaPi)al

Fisheries Office

kariyal½yClplAgronomy Office

kariyal½yksikmµ

Department of LMUC

naykdæanerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµnigsMNg;

Others ¬epSg²¦JICA : GgÁkar JICA

NGOs : GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

Local Authority: GCJaFrmUldæanCommune: XuM

Village: PUmiCommunity: shKmn_

Level

fñak ;f ñ ak ;f ñ ak ;f ñ ak ;f ñ ak ;

NationalLevel

fñak ;Cat if ñ ak ;Cat if ñ ak ;Cat if ñ ak ;Cat if ñ ak ;Cat i

RegionalLevel

fñak;t Mbnfñak ;t Mbnfñak ;t Mbnfñak ;t Mbnfñak ;t Mbn ;; ;; ;

Local Level(Peri-urban)

fñak;Rsuk b£ Xu Mfñak;Rsuk b£ Xu Mfñak;Rsuk b£ Xu Mfñak;Rsuk b£ Xu Mfñak;Rsuk b£ Xu M¬CMuvijTIRkug¦

Environmental Institutions

sßab ½n br isßansßab ½n br isßansßab ½n br isßansßab ½n br isßansßab ½n br isßan

Product and DevelopmentInstitutions

saßb ½n plitpl nigGPivDÆn _sa ßb ½n plitpl nigGPivDÆn _sa ßb ½n plitpl nigGPivDÆn _sa ßb ½n plitpl nigGPivDÆn _sa ßb ½n plitpl nigGPivDÆn _Major Influencing Institutions

sßab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²

15


Land use is a major issue faced by people inurban areas. Some people rent land or surfaceof water from other, richer people. Somechanges and development may lead to positiveor negative impacts on people’s livelihood suchas land filling and removal. There seems to beno action to control such activities even thoughthere are laws and regulations that exist.

The Government has a policy to promote aquaticproduction through recycling of wastewater byusing natural water bodies such as BoeungCheung Ek. However, with the increasingnumber of factories and the industrial sectoraround the lake, the future livelihood of the peoplewho live around, and depend on, the lake isuncertain.

RbCaCnEdlrs;enAtMbn;TIRkug. RbCaCnmYycMnYnmanRtwmEtdIb¤épÞTwk EdlCYlBIGñkmanEtbu:eNÑaH. bMErbMrYl nigkarGPivDÄn_GaceFV IeGayman\T§ iBll¥ nigminl¥dl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn dUcCakarCIk nigkarcak;dIbMeBj. eTaHbICamanc,ab;bTbBaØtik¾eday k¾vahak;dUcCaKµankarRtYtBinitüskmµPaBenHeLIy .

rdæaPi)almaneKalneya)ay CMrujnUvplitkmµmðÚbGaharClpltamry³TwkkaksMNl;TIRkug edayeRbIbwgFmµCatisþúkTwkdUcCabwgeCIgÉk. eTaHCamankarekIneLIgcMnYneragcRknigEpñk]sSahkmµ enACMuvijbwgk¾eday CIvPaBnaeBlGnaKtrbs;RbCaCnenATIenaH enAmindwgfaya:gNaeT.

Wastewater from Phnom Penh being pumped into Boeung Cheung Ek sßanIy_bUmTwkkaksMNl;TIRkugPMeBj enAtMbn;eCIgÉk

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kmµ ¬

4 ¦

1

Bu

ild

a w

ell

(g

rou

nd

wate

r so

urc

e)

in B

oeu

ng

Ko

k a

nd

B

oeu

ng

Ch

eu

ng

Ek (

6)

sags

g;GNþÚg

Twks¥a

tenAtMb

n;bwg

kk; nig

eCIgÉk

¬6 ¦

Wast

ew

ate

r-re

late

d

inte

rven

tio

ns

GnþraK

mn_cMeB

aHTwkk

aksMNl

;

Public

hea

lth a

spec

ts

TidæPaB

suxPaB

saFar

N³

Mar

ket-

rela

ted

GnþraK

mn_ TIp

Sar

Infr

ast

ruct

ure

-rela

ted

GnþraK

mn_ eh

dæarcn

asm<½n

æ Ext

ensi

on/t

echnolo

gy

support

karpÁt

;pÁg;GMB

IkarpSB

VpSay

nigbec

©kviTüa

Eco

logic

al/

en

viro

nm

enta

l

karkar

Barbris

ßan O

ther

soci

al iss

ues

bB

aðasgÁm

epSg²

Pro

du

cers

(Farm

ers

) Gñk

plit ¬

ksikr¦

Lo

cal O

ffic

ers

GCJaFr

mUldæan

M

ark

et

Act

ors

GñkTIp

Sar In

stit

uti

on

s (P

oli

cy)

sßab½n

Bak;B½n

§ ¬Gñkb

egáIteKa

lney

a)ay¦

Ran

k

cMNat;f

ñak; A

ctio

n

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

Act

ion

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

Act

ion

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

Act

ion

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

1

Build

a m

edic

al

centr

e in

the

com

munity

(7)

sags

g;mNÐl

suxPaB

enA

kñúgsh

Kmn_ ¬

7 ¦

Red

uce

th

e v

olu

me

of

wast

ew

ate

r fr

om

th

e c

ity a

nd

fa

cto

ries

(10

)

kat;bn

ßynUvbr

imaN

karbg

ðÚrkaks

MNl;ecj

BI erag

cRk nig

TIRkug

¬10¦

Intr

od

uce

b

iolo

gic

al

filt

ers

/co

nst

ruct

ed

w

etl

an

ds

for

wate

r tr

eatm

en

t an

d

red

uci

ng

th

e

vo

lum

e o

f w

ate

r (7

)

ENnaM

eGaym

ankar

eRbIR)a

s; cMer

aHCIvs

aRsþ

nig tMb

n;dIes

Im sMrab

;Ek lMG

r KuNP

aBTwk n

igkar

kat;bn

ßymaDT

wk ¬7 ¦

Bu

ild

to

ilets

in

Tn

ot

Ch

rum

an

d

Kb

a T

om

nu

p

com

mu

nit

y in

B

oeu

ng

Ch

eu

ng

Ek

(3)

sags

g;bgÁn

;Gnam½y

kñúg

shKm

n_ etñat

RCMu nig

k,a

lTMnb

;éntMbn

;bwgkk

; ¬3

¦

Dev

elop

cap

acity

among p

roduce

rs t

o

direc

tly

export

m

orn

ing g

lory

pro

duce

d in p

eri-

Ph

nom

Pen

h t

o o

ther

pro

vince

s an

d t

o

adja

cent

SEA

countr

ies

(5)

begáIns

mtßPaB

kñúgcMen

am Gñk

plited

Im,InaMec

j Rtk

YnEdl)

anplit

enA

CMuvijTIRk

ugPñMeBj

eTA

lk;tam

bNþaex

tþ nana

nig

RbeTs

Cit xa

g ¬5 ¦

Mar

ket

auth

orities

sh

ould

est

ablis

h

ded

icat

ed a

reas

in

exis

ting m

arke

ts for

selli

ng a

quat

ic

pro

duct

s (1

)

GCJaFr

pSarKYr

Et beg

áItedb:UEc

kcay

b¤ TIp

Sar sMr

ab;lk;p

lit

plmðÚb

GaharC

lpl

enAel

ITIpSar

¬1 ¦

Dev

elop

tec

hniq

ues

to

pro

long t

he

lives

an

d d

ecre

ase

per

ish

abili

ty o

f t

hei

r pro

duct

s (t

her

eby

impro

ving

mar

keta

bili

ty)

(9)

begáInEp

ñkbec©k

eTs ed

Im,I rkS

aKuNPaB

)anyUr

nig

kat;bn

ßy kar

søab; b

¤s¥úy

rlYy

¬ Edl

vanigb

egáIn

smtßP

aBTIpSa

r ¬9

¦

Imp

rove r

oad

su

rface

s (5

)

EklMGr

pøÚvkñúgs

hKmn

_ ¬5

¦

Res

earc

h t

he

cause

of dia

rrhea

(4)

RsavR

CavmUl

ehtuén

CMgW

rakrUs

¬4¦

R

ed

uce

th

e s

mell

o

f w

ast

ew

ate

r (7

)

RsavR

CavGMB

Ikarkat

;bnßy

køinénT

wkkaks

MNl; ¬7

¦

Red

uce

dom

estic

viol

ence

(2)

kat;bn

ßyGMeBIh

wgSa

enAkñúg

tMbn;

¬2 ¦

Red

uce

the

cost

of

tran

sport

atio

n fro

m

pro

duct

ion s

ourc

es

to m

arke

ts (

1)

kat;bn

ßykarc

MNayd

wk CB

a©ÚnRbP

Bplit

kmµ

eTAkan

;TIpSar

¬1 ¦

2

Pre

vent

illeg

al fis

hin

g

in t

he

lake

(2)

Tb;sáa

t;karen

saTx

us c,a

b;enAkñúg

bwg ¬2

¦

Sta

bili

ze t

he

price

s of aq

uat

ic p

roduct

s (5

) rkSatMé

lplit

pl

GaharC

lpl

kñúgTIp

Sar ¬5

¦

Res

earc

h an

d A

ctio

n A

gend

a

rebobv

ar³karrR

savRC

av nig

skmµP

aB P

rod

uce

rs (

Farm

ers

) Gñk

plit ¬

ksikr¦

Lo

cal O

ffic

ers

GCJaFr

mUldæan

M

ark

et

Act

ors

GñkTIp

Sar In

stit

uti

on

s (P

oli

cy)

sßab½n

Bak;B½n

§ ¬Gñkb

egáIteKa

lney

a)ay¦

R

ank

cMNat;f

ñak; A

ctio

n

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

Act

ion

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

Act

ion

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

Act

ion

skmµP

aB R

ese

arc

h

karRs

avRCav

2

Educa

te m

arke

t se

llers

on t

he

hea

lth

impac

ts o

f th

e use

of

chem

ical

s to

kee

p

the

veget

able

s, fis

h

and o

ther

food fre

sh

(2) pþl;kar

Gb;rMdl

;Gñklk

;GMBI

karb:HB

al;sux

PaBtam

ry

³kareRb

I FatuK

ImIrkSa

KuNPaB

mðÚbGah

ar ¬bEn

ø RtI

epSg²

¦ ¬2

¦

Find m

arke

t fo

r th

eir

surp

lus

pro

duct

(8

)

EsVgrk

TIpSarl

k; pl

itplb

Enßm¬8

¦

Res

earc

h o

n t

he

wid

er h

ealth im

pac

ts

of w

aste

wat

er r

euse

(5

) RsavR

CavBIk

arb:HBa

l; sux

PaB Ed

lbNþa

lBIkar

eRb

IR)as;T

wkkaks

MNl;

¬5 ¦

Elim

inat

e ca

tfis

h

culture

bec

ause

it

mak

es t

he

wat

er

dirty

(1)

kat;bn

ßykarc

iB©awm

RtIGEN

þg BIeRB

aHvabN

þal

eGaym

anTwkk

xVk; ¬1

¦

Res

earc

h t

he

ecol

ogy

of Boeu

ng C

heu

ng

Ek

and B

oeu

ng K

ok

(2) RsavR

CavGMB

Ibrisßan

enA

kñúgbwg

eCIgÉk

nig bwg

kk;

¬2 ¦

Pro

vide

hea

lth

serv

ices

and b

uild

hea

lth c

entr

e (1

5)

pþl;nUve

svakm

µsuxPaB

nig

sags

g;mNÐl

suxP

aB kñúg

shKm

n_ ¬1

5 ¦

Res

earc

h o

n d

isea

ses

of fish

and m

orn

ing

glo

ry a

nd o

ther

aq

uat

ic v

eget

able

s (9

) RsavR

CavGMB

ICMgWRtI

nig

RtkYn n

igbEnøVC

lpl

epSg²

eTot

¬9 ¦

Imp

rove t

he

qu

ality

of

tap

w

ate

r in

th

e c

ity

(3)

EklMGr

KuNPaB

énT

Wks¥at

enAkñúg

TIRkug

¬3

¦

Res

earc

h t

he

ecol

ogy

of Boeu

ng C

hen

g E

k an

d B

oeu

ng K

ok

(6)

RsavR

Cavbris

ßan bwg

eCIgÉk

nigbwg

kk; ¬6

¦

3

Pro

vide

tech

nic

al

info

rmat

ion o

n t

he

culture

of fish

and

oth

er a

nim

als

to

impro

ve t

hei

r st

ock

qual

ity

(1)

pþl;nUvb

ec©keTs

ciB©wamR

tI nig

stVepS

g² ed

Im,IbegáIn

pl

sþúk ¬

1 ¦

Wast

ew

ate

r-re

late

d

inte

rven

tio

ns

GnþraK

mn_cMeB

aHTwkk

aksMNl

;

Public

hea

lth a

spec

ts

TidæPaB

suxPaB

saFar

N³

Mar

ket-

rela

ted

GnþraK

mn_ TIp

Sar

Infr

ast

ruct

ure

-rela

ted

GnþraK

mn_ eh

dæarcn

asm<½n

æ Ext

ensi

on/t

echnolo

gy

support

karpÁt

;pÁg;GMB

IkarpSB

VpSay

nigbec

©kviTüa

Eco

logic

al/

en

viro

nm

enta

l

karkar

Barbris

ßan O

ther

soci

al iss

ues

bB

aðasgÁm

epSg²

19


List of Participants to the State-of-the-System WorkshopbBa¢IraynamsibBa¢IraynamsibBa¢IraynamsibBa¢IraynamsibBa¢Iraynamsikçkçkçkçkç akamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaB

GñkTIpSarGñkTIpSarGñkTIpSarGñkTIpSarGñkTIpSar (Market actors): Kg; RsITUc 1 eb:g suxexg2 Luúg saer:t3 lI sn4 lI tug5 em:g Em:GUn6 Em: GUn7 Gwum ém8

ksikr ksikr ksikr ksikr ksikr (Farmers): ehg Kn§arI1 PYg run2 nYn pat3 Guk mkra4 Gwum Em: 6 Em:GYn7 eBA eCOn8

m®nþIsßab½nm®nþIsßab½nm®nþIsßab½nm®nþIsßab½nm®nþIsßab½n (Officers): qay b£T§iEsn1 gYn suvNÑ2 G‘Yg b‘unNal; 3 QUv Kg;pløI4 Ca BisuT§6 epg suxaM7 ya:t; Kwmh‘n8

GCJaFrEdndI GCJaFrEdndI GCJaFrEdndI GCJaFrEdndI GCJaFrEdndI (Policy makers): G‘uk saerOn1 ng; ya:n2 ecA b‘unful3 sYs sarin4 Kwm suCati5 h‘Yt hl6 .

20


This report is based on participatory communityappraisals (PCA), marketing and institutional surveysconducted in 4 communities, 13 markets and 7institutions, respectively, in and around Phnom Penh,Cambodia. The surveys are part of the project onProduction in Aquatic Peri-Urban Aquatic Systems inSoutheast Asia (PAPUSSA), funded by the EuropeanCommission. These surveys were conducted by theRoyal University of Agriculture (RUA)1, facilitated bythe Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)2, and incoordination with project partners from the Universityof Stirling-UK3, University of Durham-UK4, and theRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL)-Denmark5. The marketing survey was conducted fromJuly to September 2003, the institutional survey fromAugust to September 2003, and the PCA from Octoberto November 2003. Survey respondents consisted of91 persons for the PCA, 233 persons for the marketsurvey (10% wholesalers/collectors, 16% producers/wholesalers, 38% retailers and 36% consumers) and6 government and non-government organizations forthe institutional survey. Stakeholder-specific and semi-structured questionnaires were used. Data from thesurveys were processed, analysed and presented in aState-of-the-System (SOS) Workshop organized byRUA, in December 2003, at RUA, Cambodia withassistance from PAPUSSA institutional partners2,3,4.The SOS Workshop was attended by 8 farmers/producers, 8 sellers, 8 officers and 6 policy-makers,together with 5 partners. Facilitation was provided byRUA6 and PAPUSSA Khmer project staff.

This report was drafted simultaneously in bothlanguages immediately after the workshop to reflectmajor outcomes. David Little, William Leschen, AlbertSalamanca, Chhouk Borin, Thak Kuntheang, SiriluckSirisup and Khan Sophirom edited the report.Assistance of staff8 from partner institutions during theworkshop and report preparation is greatly appreciated.

Any comments or discussion relating to the issues inthis report should be sent to any of the following con-tact persons:

Dr. David LittleInstitute of Aquaculture, University of StirlingScotland, FK9 4LA, [email protected]

Mr. Chhouk BorinFaculty of Fisheries, Royal University of Agriculture2696, Chamcar Daung, Dangkor District,Phnom Penh, [email protected]

r)aykarN¾enHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelII karvaytMélshKmn_edaymankarcUl rYm cMnYn 4 shKmn_ karGegátTIpSarmancMnYn 13 pSar nigsßab½nmancMn Yn 7 EdlmanTIta MgenAkñ úg nigCM uv ijTIRkugPñ MeBj . karGegátenHKWCaEpñkrbs;KMerag sþIGMBIRbB½n§plitkmµmðÚbGahar ClplCMuvijRkug kñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl)anpþl;mUlniFiedayshKmn_GWr: ub. kargarenHRtUv)anGnuvtþn_edaysaklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmµ eRkamkarsMrbsMrYl rbs;viTüasßanbec©kviTüaGasIu rYmCamYyédKUrrbs;;KMeragmkBIsaklviTüal½ysÞ½rlIgsaklviTüal½yDwkrauM RbeTsGg;eKøs nigsaklviTüal½ybsueBTünigksikmµRbeTsdaNama:k. karGegátelITIpSar cab;epþImBIEx kkáda dl;Ex kBaØa edaysMPasn_elIRbCaCncMnYn 233 nak; ¬ Gñklk;dMu ¼ GñkRbmUlTij 10° Gñkplit¼lk;dMu16° Gñklk;ray 38° nig GñkeRbIR)as; 36°¦ ehIy karGegát

sßab½nRtUv)aneFV IeLIgBIExsIha dl;Ex kBaØa CamYy sßab½ncMn Yn 6 nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al epSg²eTot. édKUBak;B ½n §Ta MgLay nigbB¢a IsMn YrRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;kB©ab; kargarTI 1 rbs;KMerag. Tin ñn ½yEdl)anmkBIkarGegátRtUv)andMeNIrkarbBa©Úl viPaK nigbgðajenAkñúgsikçasalasþIGMBIsßanPaBénRbB½n§ (SOS) EdlerobcMedaysaklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmµ énRbeTskm< úCa enAkñ úg ExFñ Ú q ña M2003 CamYyCMnYykarmkBI sßab½nédKUrbs;KMeragRbB½n§plitkmµ mðÚbGaharClplCMuvijTIRkugkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ .sikçasalasþIGMBI sßanPaBénRbB½n§ (SOS)RtUv)ancUlrYmeday ksikr8nak;b¤Gñkplit8nak; Gñklk;8nak; mRnþI 8nak; nig GñkeFVIeKalneya)ay6nak; CamYyédKUBak;B½n§nana 5nak;.

r)aykarN_enHRtUv)anBRgagkñúgeBldMNalKña TaMgBIrPasa bnÞab;BIsikçasalacb; edIm,IbgðajCalT§plsMxan;². kare)aHBum<RtUv)ancgRkgedaybNÐit edvid lItT½r elak vIelom liseqn elak Gal;b‘Åt saLamanka elakQUkbUrin elak fak; KuNFag bNÐit esrIlak; sIrIsab; nig xan; sUPIrmü.CMnYykarrbs;buK ÁlikmkBIsßab½nBak;B½n §epSg² kñ úgkMLúgeBlsikçasalanigerobcMr)aykarN_ )anpþl;nUvkareBjcitþya:gxøaMg.

esckþIsegçb nigBiPakSaxøHEdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgbBðaaenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH KYrRtUv)anepJIrCUneTAeGayGñkBak;B½n§dUcxageRkam³

bNÐit edvid lItT½r viTüasßanvarIvb,kmµ saklviTüal½ysÞ½rlIgScotland, FK9 4LA, [email protected]

elak QUk bUrinmhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþClplRbGb;elx 2696 cMkardUg x½NÐdegáa RkugPñMeBj RbeTskm<ú[email protected]

21


Dr. Jonathan RiggDepartment of GeographyUniversity of DurhamScience Site, South Road DH1 3LE Durham, [email protected]

Dr. Anders DalsgaardDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural UniversityBulowsvej 17, Frederiksberg 1870 [email protected]

1Chhouk Borin, Thak Kuntheang, Sok Daream, ChhimRumuny; 2Dr. Siriluck Sirisup, Wanwisa Saelee; 3Dr. DavidLittle, William Leschen; 4Dr. Jonathan Rigg, AlbertSalamanca; 5Dr. Anders Dalsgaard, Helle Marcussen;6Srey Saman, Oul Notty, Tuy Savry , Sam Chinho; 7Reporter,Rasmei Kampuchea Newspaper; 8Dr. Phung Dac Camand Dr. Phuong-National Institute of Hygiene andEpidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Dr. Nigel Willby Universityof Stirling; Khov Kuong, Arlene Nietes-Satapornvanit-AARM/AIT.

bNÐit cUNafan; ricsaklviTüal½yDwkraMuSouth Road, DH1 3LE Durham, U.K.

[email protected]

bNÐit Gan;d½r da háas;saklviTüal½ybsueBü nigksikmµBulowsvej 17, Frederiksberg 1870 [email protected]

1QUk-bUrin fak;-KuNFag sux-daerom Qwm-rmünI 2bNÐit esrIlak;sIurIsab; va:n;vIsSa-salI 3bNÐit edvid-lItT½r vIelom-liseqn 4bNÐitcUNafan;-ric Gal;b‘Åt-saLama:nka 5bNÐit Gan;d½r-daháas; ehel-ma:KUsesn 6RsI-sMGan Gu ‘l-nTI Tuy-savrI sM-CinhU7GñkraykarN_kaEstrsµIkm<úCa 8bNÐit dak-kan; nig bNÐit hVM énviTüasßanCati Gnam½y nigCMgWqøg Rkug haNUy RbeTsevotNam bNÐitéNEC-vil)ay saklviTüal½ysÞ½rlIg xUv-KYg Gal;eLn-eNotsatapn;va:nIt AARM/viTüasßanbec©kviTüaGasIu.

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