Rauf Mukhamedshin Institute for Nuclear Research Moscow Russia
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Transcript of Rauf Mukhamedshin Institute for Nuclear Research Moscow Russia
Rauf MukhamedshinRauf Mukhamedshin Institute for Nuclear ResearchInstitute for Nuclear Research
Moscow RussiaMoscow Russia
On problems of choice of On problems of choice of hadron interaction modelshadron interaction models
and study of PCR spectrum and study of PCR spectrum
at ultra high energiesat ultra high energies
• Traditional ground-based EAS arrays detect lateral distributions of Traditional ground-based EAS arrays detect lateral distributions of
secondary particles (esecondary particles (e or or ))
• The higher EAS’ E0, the larger distance of operated detectors from The higher EAS’ E0, the larger distance of operated detectors from
the EAS axisthe EAS axis
• Lateral distributions depend on ELateral distributions depend on E00, <p, <ptt>, observation depth etc. >, observation depth etc.
• The larger is <pThe larger is <ptt>, the higher could be the estimated EAS energy>, the higher could be the estimated EAS energy
rr
(r)(r)
larger <plarger <ptt>>
lower <plower <ptt>>
QGSQGS models (QGSJETs, SYBILLs, HDPM, DPMJET, VENUS) models (QGSJETs, SYBILLs, HDPM, DPMJET, VENUS)
present the most popular conceptpresent the most popular concept
BUT!BUT!
Can these models describe all hadron interaction Can these models describe all hadron interaction
features at Efeatures at E00≳≳10101616 eV? eV?
NO!NO!
Phenomenon of Phenomenon of alignmentalignment (or (or coplanaritycoplanarity) of most ) of most
energetic cores in energetic cores in --hh families observed with families observed with
XRECs XRECs
is beyond QGSMis beyond QGSM
XRECsXRECs aboard aboard balloons and balloons and airplanesairplanes
XRECs of “PAMIR” experiment XRECs of “PAMIR” experiment
««CarbonCarbon» » C-XRECC-XREC ««LeadLead» » Pb-XRECPb-XREC
EEthrthr >> 4 TeV 4 TeV
procedure procedure –– mergingmerging of close of close
((ZZikik< < ZZCC) ) ii-th and -th and kk-th particles -th particles
for for reconstructionreconstruction of “initial” of “initial”-rays-rays: : Z ZСС ~ 1 TeV·cm ~ 1 TeV·cm
00-mesons-mesons: : Z ZСС ~ ~ 33 TeV·cm TeV·cm
hadronshadrons:: Z ZСС ~ ~ 2020 TeV·cm TeV·cmh*
X-r
ay f
ilm
s
pp ±±
ik=Rik (EiEk)1/2 ~ 2Zik
Energetically Distinguished Energetically Distinguished
CoresCores ((EDCEDC) ) == isolatedisolated clusters clusters
of particlesof particles ((,e,e,h,h)) joined with joined with
““decascadingdecascading””
--1/(1/(NN-1)-1) ≤≤ NN ≤≤ 1 1.0.0
Aligned eventAligned event:: NN ≥ ≥ fixfix
UsuallyUsually:: 44 ≥0≥0..88
Examples of Examples of aligned eventsaligned events
k
i
j
kij
Electromagnetic haloElectromagnetic halo hadron halohadron halohadronhadron -ray cluster -ray cluster
““Pamir”Pamir” : : a) a) Four- Four- -cluster event; -cluster event; b)b) Pb-6: Pb-6: 44=0.95;=0.95; c)c) Pb-28: Pb-28: 44=0.85. =0.85.
d)d) JF2af2JF2af2 event (“event (“Concorde”Concorde”); ); e)e) StranaStrana event (balloon). Digitals mean energy in TeV event (balloon). Digitals mean energy in TeV
-ray clusters
a) b)
c) d)
e) 5 most energetic particles
Pt = 23 7 GeV/c
(Preliminary !)
Fraction of aligned familiesFraction of aligned families
KanbalaKanbala datadata ((EE ≥ ≥ 5500 00 TeVTeV, , 33 ≥0 ≥0..8)8)
• 00..5500..22 in in Fe-Fe-XREC XREC ((33 from from 6, 6, 1.21.2 expected) expected)
EExpectedxpected background background:: 00.21.21Xue L. Xue L. et alet al.. 19991999
Only Only twotwo stratospheric stratospheric --hh families ( families (EE ≳≳ 1000 1000 TeVTeV)). . BothBoth are are
extremely alignedextremely aligned::
• 44 = = 00..999988 ( (JF2af2JF2af2,, ConcordeConcorde))
• 44 hh = = 00..9999 ((StranaStrana,, balloonballoon))
Strong interactionsStrong interactions ??
FluctuationsFluctuations ? ? Magnetic fieldMagnetic field ? ? Thunderstorm electricThunderstorm electric fieldfield ??
Regress.coeff. Regress.coeff. 3838==
00..999292
““PamirPamir” Experiment” Experiment ( (EE ≥≥ 700 700 TeVTeV, , 44 ≥0 ≥0..8)8)• 00..434300..1313 in in PbPb--XREC (XREC (66 from from 14 14, , 1.01.0 expected) expected) • 00..227700..0909 in in С- С- XREC XREC ((99 from from 35 35, , 2.12.1 expected) expected)
EExpectedxpected background background:: 00.06.06
• QGSM-type modelQGSM-type model
• describes “PAMIR” Collaboration’s data at <describes “PAMIR” Collaboration’s data at <EE00> > ≲≲ 55··101015 15 eV eV
(√s (√s ≲≲ 3 TeV3 TeV) and a lot of accelerator data) and a lot of accelerator data
• close toclose to QGSJET 98 QGSJET 98 ((CORSIKACORSIKA)) in features and simulation results in features and simulation results
Binomial distribution:Binomial distribution:Probability to observeProbability to observe kk aligned events in a set ofaligned events in a set of nn events: events:
= npq
Probability to observe the total set of experimentalProbability to observe the total set of experimental aligned events aligned events ((PamirPamir, , KanbalaKanbala, , stratospherestratosphere): ):
WWfluctfluct ~~ 0.90.9 1010-4-4 1.51.5 1010-4-4 99 1010-2-2 331010--33 66 1010-4-4 << 1010 ––114 4
It is an upper limit only !It is an upper limit only !
ExperimentExperiment CriterionCriterion
EExpected xpected aligned-event aligned-event
numbernumber (probability (probability for 1 for 1
eventevent))
Experi-Experi-mental mental event event
numbernumber
Expected Expected standard standard deviationdeviation
(())
DeviationDeviation from from
expectedexpected event event
numbernumber ((inin))
Probability Probability to observe to observe experim. experim.
data data
PamirPamir ( (PbPb)) 44≥0.≥0.88 11..00 from from 14 14 66 1.01.0 55 0.90.91010-4-4
Pamir Pamir (С)(С) 44≥0.≥0.88 22..11 from from 35 35 99 1.51.5 4,64,6 1.51.51010-4-4
KanbalaKanbala 33≥0.≥0.88 1.21.2 from from 6 6 33 1.21.2 1.51.5 9009001010-4-4
““Strana”Strana” 44≥0.99≥0.99 00.0029.00290.00.0000202 11 00..0505 -- 29291010-4-4
““JF2af2”JF2af2” 44≥0.998≥0.998 00..000000660.00.0000011 11 00..015015 -- 661010-4-4
Probability to observe the Probability to observe the total set oftotal set of experimentalexperimental aligned events aligned events
WWfluctfluct <<<< 1010--2020 ! !
Estimation of probability to observe Estimation of probability to observe in in “JF2af2”“JF2af2” the the regressionregression
3838 0 0..998 8 –– 0.99 0.99
1.E-11
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1 10 100N
w(
Nz
fix)
0.8
0.9
0.95
fix
-1-1
-2-2
-3-3
-4-4
-5-5
-6-6
-7-7
-8-8
-9-9
-10-10
-11-11
log
log
W(
W(
N
N ≥
≥ f
ixfix))
N=38N=38
coefficient coefficient 3838 = 0= 0..999292
WWfluctfluct((38 38 ≥ ≥ 0.95) 0.95) <<<< 10 10-9-9
38 38 ≥ ≥ 0.95 0.95 !!
Strong correlation Strong correlation between between NN and and N N !!
QGSMs CANNOT give such QGSMs CANNOT give such pp tt v values at alues at EE00 ~ 10 ~ 10 1616 eV ! eV !
Estimation of transverse momenta in the Estimation of transverse momenta in the “Strana”“Strana” eventevent
Geometry:Geometry:
PPt t = E = E x / Hx / H
p t= 237 GeV/c
Preliminary !
Indirect Indirect
methodsmethods
p t≃ 40–100 GeV/c
Very preliminary !
The alignment phenomenon The alignment phenomenon •is produced neither by is produced neither by fluctuationsfluctuations
nor by Earth’s nor by Earth’s magneticmagnetic or or thunderstorm thunderstorm electricelectric fields fields
•is caused by is caused by hadron interactionshadron interactions
Interpretation of alignmentInterpretation of alignment
• kinematic effects kinematic effects in diffraction processesin diffraction processes ( (SmorSmirSmorSmir 90, 90, Zhu 90, Zhu 90, Capd 01Capd 01););
““New” physicsNew” physics• new strong interaction new strong interaction at at √√ss ≳≳ 4 4 TeV; generation of bosons & TeV; generation of bosons &
hadrons with new higher-color hadrons with new higher-color superheavy quarkssuperheavy quarks (White 94) (White 94);;
High-QHigh-Qtt transfer models transfer models
• standard QCDstandard QCD
• gluon-jet gluon-jet generation (Halzen 90)generation (Halzen 90);;
• semihard double diffractive inelastic dissociation semihard double diffractive inelastic dissociation (SHDID) (Royzen(SHDID) (Royzen
9494); projectile’s ); projectile’s diquark breakingdiquark breaking (Capd 03) (Capd 03)
• QGS angular momentum conservation QGS angular momentum conservation (Wibig 04)(Wibig 04)
Specific correlation:Specific correlation: higherhigher pptt − − lowerlower ppLL
аа) QCD jets:) QCD jets: SinSin ii constconst inappropriate inappropriate correlationcorrelation ““Binocular”Binocular” familiesfamilies NONO alignment alignment (Lokhtin 05, e.g.)(Lokhtin 05, e.g.)
b)b) SHDIDSHDID (Royzen, 1994) – (Royzen, 1994) – rupture of stretched quark- rupture of stretched quark- gluon string (diffraction cluster) gluon string (diffraction cluster):: appropriateappropriate correlation correlation alignment can be observedalignment can be observed
cc) ) very-high-spinvery-high-spin leadingleading system system appropriateappropriate correlation correlation alignment can be observedalignment can be observed
dd) ) QGS angular momentumQGS angular momentum conservation conservation (Wibig 04)(Wibig 04) appropriateappropriate correlation correlation alignment can be observedalignment can be observed
most energetic particlesmost energetic particles
QCDQCD jetsjets:: Lokhtin Lokhtin et alet al 20200505PYTHIAPYTHIA @@ √s√s = = 114 4 TeVTeV ( (LHCLHC) ) ConclusionConclusion:: Alignment of Alignment of 33 ( (only only !) !) CLUSTERS (close to experimental one)CLUSTERS (close to experimental one)could be observed could be observed ONLYONLY at at
1.1. EE3,43,4jetjet ≥≥ 3 TeV 3 TeV, , ii..ee.. EE3,43,4
jetjet ~ E~ E11
ButBut:: EE3,43,4jetjet ~ E~ E11 ⋘⋘inelinel ! !
2.2. Distance fromDistance from interaction pointinteraction point toto observation levelobservation level ((target thicknesstarget thickness) ) x ~x ~00..
Alignment drops drastically Alignment drops drastically with increase of with increase of xx
ButBut:: a)a) in mountain experimentsin mountain experiments x > 500 g/cmx > 500 g/cm22
b)b) no alignment ofno alignment of particlesparticles and/or and/or NNclustercluster 44
QGS’ angular momentQGS’ angular moment (Wibig (Wibig 202004)04)
tt00 – – l l ~ ~ bb andand ~~ constconst ((bb≪≪b/2b/2
l l ~~const const andand ~~ 1/bb ((bb ~~b/2b/2(v (v = = c)c)
tt11 – – wave arrearswave arrears; ; ppt t distribution changesdistribution changes
PossiblePossible (?) (?) schemescheme
b/2
t1 t0
-b/2
conservation ofconservation of angular momentangular moment
CMSCMS LabLab
1) 1) interaction features are related to the fragmentation region onlyinteraction features are related to the fragmentation region only2)2) only a primitive only a primitive (!)(!) h heuristiceuristic tool to study factors related to the tool to study factors related to the
alignment observation alignment observation
CPGMCPGM == CCoplanar oplanar PParticle Generation article Generation MModelodel 1), 2)1), 2)
• particlesparticles ( ( && KK) ) are generated withare generated with • ‹‹pptt›› 0.4 GeV/c 0.4 GeV/c transversely totransversely to the coplanarity plane the coplanarity plane
• ‹‹ppTTcoplcopl›› 2. 2.33 GeV/c GeV/c in the coplanarity plane in the coplanarity plane
• multiplicitymultiplicity ‹‹nnss›› 1010
Etot > 500 TeV
0.01
0.1
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000XREC-to-interaction distance, g/cm2
F(
4z0.
8 )
ZC,TeV∙cm
background
F(F(44≥≥0.8) depends on0.8) depends on • depth in the atmospheredepth in the atmosphere• distance to interaction pointdistance to interaction point
If F(If F(44≥≥0.8) 0.8) 00..2 2
at at x x ≳≳ 500 500 gg//cmcm22
coplcopl~~inelinel
AlignmentAlignment can be only can be only studied in studied in
• high-resolution (high-resolution (x x ≲≲ 1cm ) 1cm ) mountain & stratosphericmountain & stratospheric(or collider) experiments(or collider) experiments
background
“Pamir” KASCADEEDCs
hadrons
p-airp-air
Dependence ofDependence of F(F(44zz0.8) on0.8) on ZZCC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 2 4 6 8 10ZC, ТэВ∙см
F(
4z0
.8)
"Pamir"CPGMMC0
• F(F(44zz0.8)0.8) depends on depends on ZZCC
• CPGMCPGM explains the effectexplains the effect• ““Pamir’ & CPGM data have Pamir’ & CPGM data have
maxima at maxima at ZZCC 4 4 TeV·cmTeV·cm
• QGSMsQGSMs cannot explaincannot explain
Alignment dependence Alignment dependence onon
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
100 1000 10000E, TeV
F(
4 z0
.8)
Simulation:MC0 CPGM"Pamir" data:Nc>6,Ec>50 TeV
▲∆▲∆ Experimental F(Experimental F(44zz0.8)0.8) depends on depends on
□ □ CPGMCPGM can explaincan explain the the alignmentalignment
QGSMsQGSMs cannotcannot explain the alignment explain the alignment
CPG changes ER features ofCPG changes ER features of aligned aligned -h families-h families
““Pamir” (Borisov Pamir” (Borisov et alet al 2001) 2001) **
== 1.8 1.833 00..3737
== 2.5 2.577 ±± 00..8181
Ratios of Ratios of ‹‹ER›ER›44 & & ‹‹R›R›44 values in values in
aligned and unaligned aligned and unaligned - - familiesfamilies
0
1
2
100 1000 10000E,TeV
ER
"Pamir"
CPGM
MC0 CPGM (<PTcopl>=2.34 GeV/c)
CPGM (<PTCOPL>=2.34 GeV/c)
0
1
2
3
100 1000 10000E, TeV
R
"Pamir"
CPGM
MC0
‹‹ER›ER›4 4 aligned aligned >> ‹ER›‹ER›4 4 unalignedunaligned ‹R›‹R›4 4
aligned aligned >> ‹R› ‹R›4 4 unalignedunaligned;;
** NNcc ≥ 6, E≥ 6, Ecc ≥ 50 ≥ 50 ТэВТэВ
Why did anybody not observe earlier this process in Why did anybody not observe earlier this process in EAS and muon experiments?EAS and muon experiments?
These experiments are generally insensitive These experiments are generally insensitive to this effect.to this effect.
Influence of heavy primaries Influence of heavy primaries is much stronger is much stronger
Ratio of hadron densities Ratio of hadron densities (E(Ehh > 3 GeV) in EAS > 3 GeV) in EAS 3340 m a.s.l3340 m a.s.l
(Tien Shan)(Tien Shan)
PreliminaryPreliminary
CPG changes EAS properties in CPG changes EAS properties in a narrow lateral range (a narrow lateral range (≲≲1 m)1 m)
Difference Difference rangerange
ppCPGMCPGM / / pp
MC0MC0 FeFe
MC0MC0 / / ppMC0MC0
depends on model !depends on model !
AlignmentAlignment• can be only explained bycan be only explained by coplanar particle generationcoplanar particle generation
((<p<pTTcoplcopl> > >> 2 2 GeV/c) at GeV/c) at EE00 ≳≳ 10101166 eV (eV (√s √s ≳≳ 4 TeV) 4 TeV)
• cancan influence on lateral influence on lateral EASEAS featuresfeatures
Are PCR data derived from EAS data correct Are PCR data derived from EAS data correct
without taking these results into account?without taking these results into account?
Higher Higher pptt wider lateral distribution (normal longitudinal !)wider lateral distribution (normal longitudinal !)
could imitate (for classical EAS-array approach)could imitate (for classical EAS-array approach)• more heavy compositionmore heavy composition• higher EAS energyhigher EAS energy
Inconsistency of Inconsistency of results by results by fluorescence techniquesfluorescence techniques and and classical EAS-arrayclassical EAS-array approaches approaches
Due toDue to these these reasonsreasons ? ?
• collider experiments (collider experiments (LHCLHC) ) to studyto study
• high-resolution mountain experiments (high-resolution mountain experiments (Tien ShanTien Shan, , PamirsPamirs) ) interactionsinteractions
• development of theoretical models development of theoretical models • direct space experiments (direct space experiments (INCAINCA, , ACCESSACCESS (?)(?)) ) to study the “KNEE” to study the “KNEE”
range range to tune models to tune models
What can we do ?What can we do ?
Thank you !Thank you !
• High-energy High-energy muon groups are muon groups are insensitiveinsensitive to CPG process to CPG process
• Alignment of muon groups is mainly caused by Earth’s magnetic field Alignment of muon groups is mainly caused by Earth’s magnetic field
Multiplicity dependence of Multiplicity dependence of fraction of fraction of high-energyhigh-energy alignealigned d
muon groupsmuon groups
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
1 10 100N
F(
Nz
0,6)
Rmax = 100 m
MC0МКГЧRmax = 10 mMC0МКГЧ
RRmaxmax = 10 m = 10 m
RRmax max == 100 m100 m
EE 1 TeV 1 TeV
CPGM: <PCPGM: <Ptt>=2.3 GeV/c>=2.3 GeV/c
R.A.R.A. MukhamedshinMukhamedshin Institute for Nuclear Research Institute for Nuclear Research
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
RussiaRussia
On concept of On concept of multipurpose astrophysicalmultipurpose astrophysical
orbital observatory orbital observatory for study of high-energyfor study of high-energy
primary cosmic raysprimary cosmic rays
Basic conceptBasic concept
1)1) leadlead2)2) polyethylenepolyethylene3)3) ScintillatorsScintillators4)4) HeliumHelium-2-2
neutron countersneutron counters5)5) SNMSNM-17 -17 neutronneutron
counterscounters6)6) electronicselectronics
boardsboards7)7) photodetectorsphotodetectors8)8) chargecharge detectorsdetectors
(5(5..5555..5 5 cmcm22
sectionssections))AA && BB – – sections of sections of
external partexternal partLtot – – totaltotal
dimensiondimension Lcal – – calorimetercalorimeter
dimensiondimension
12 3
4
5 67
8A
B
Lcal .
Ltot .
Basic conceptBasic concept
Basic features of two versions (Basic features of two versions (II & & IIII))
Basic conceptBasic concept
Basic features of two versions (Basic features of two versions (II && IIII) (continuation) ) (continuation)
Expected resultsExpected results
““KASCADE” and “Tibet” fits of the PCR spectrumKASCADE” and “Tibet” fits of the PCR spectrum
Expected resultsExpected results
Composition & spectraComposition & spectra
Expected resultsExpected results::• PCR nucleusPCR nucleus numbernumber (3-year(3-year exposure) exposure)
= S= S220 0 mm22sr: sr:
• N(EN(E00 10101515 eV) eV) ≳≳ 2 000 2 000
• N(EN(E00 10 101616 eV) eV) ≳≳ 30 30
• determination determination of of PCR components in the PCR components in the
“knee”“knee” rangerange
• choicechoice between between ““KASCADE”KASCADE” andand “TIBET” “TIBET”
spectraspectra QGSjet andQGSjet and SYBILL SYBILL
modelsmodels
Expected resultsExpected results
choice choice betweenbetween “KASCADE” “KASCADE” andand “TIBET” spectra“TIBET” spectra
Study of average mass numberStudy of average mass number
Expected resultsExpected results
choice choice betweenbetween “KASCADE” “KASCADE” andand “TIBET” spectra“TIBET” spectra
Study of protons-to-all particles ratioStudy of protons-to-all particles ratio
Expected resultsExpected results
Expected electron numberExpected electron number (3-year exposure &(3-year exposure & = S= S220 0 mm22sr): sr): • PCR electrons numberPCR electrons number N(EN(E00 >10 >101122 eV)eV) ~~ 2 2 101044
Study of electronsStudy of electrons
Expected resultsExpected results
Study of Study of -rays-rays
• sensitivity is sensitivity is comparablecomparable with ground-based arrays with ground-based arrays