Rapping'in'a'male,'transcultural'space'

Issues'of'gender'and'belonging'in'Norwegian'rap'music'

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

•  From'African:American'homespun'to'the'global'spread'of'local'specifici=es:'

'‘the'danger'that'it'[hip'hop]'will'be'appropriated'in'such'a'way'that'its'histories'are'obscured,'and'its'message'replaced'with'others’(PoFer,'1995,'p.'146)''''

'‘rap'music'con=nues'to'provoke'aFen=on'to'local'specifici=es’'(Mitchell,'2001,'p.'2)''

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

'…Italian'posses'promo=ng'hardcore'Marxist'poli=cs'and'Basque'rappers'using'a'punk'rock:hip:hop'syncre=c'to'espouse'their'na=onalist'cause'and'promote'the'rights'of'ethnic'minori=es'globally.'Rappers'in'war:torn'Bosnia'declare'their'allegiance'with'the'violent'lives'of'gangsta'rappers'in'South'Central'Los'Angeles,'and'a'rap'group'in'Greenland'protests'that'country’s'domina=on'by'the'Danish'language.'(Mitchell,'2001,'p.'1)''

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

•  Resistance'vernaculars'(Mitchell)'':'express'cultural'opposi=on'through'a'subcultural'posi=oning'from'within'ones'own'society.''':'relates'to'the'transforma=on'of'global'popular'music'forms'through'‘hybrid'‘glocal’'subcultures’,'in'which'‘global’'connec=ons'are'being'nego=ated'through'‘local’'strategies.''

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

•  Musical'cosmopolitanism'(Stokes)''…'it'invites'us'to'think'about'how'people'in'specific'places'and'specific'=mes'have'embraced'the'music'of'others,'and'how,'in'doing'so,'they'have'enabled'musical'styles'and'musical'ideas,'musicians'and'musical'instruments'to'circulate'(globally)'in'par=cular'ways.'(Stokes,'2007,'p.'6)''

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

•  Transcultural'space'(Hawkins'&'Johansson)'':'considers'musical'performance'as'an'‘an'open:ended'communica=on'system’,'in'which'‘human'agency'is'assigned'to'evolving'iden==es'and'cultures'based'on'a'cultural'past'in'transit.’'(Hawkins'&'Johansson,'2015,'p.'22)''':'‘a'space'where'music'is'inserted'within'ongoing'processes'of'interac=vity'within'constantly'evolving'communi=es.’'(Hawkins'&'Johansson,'2015,'p.'2)''

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

':'A'musical'scene'…'is'that'cultural'space'in'which'a'range'of'musical'prac=ces'coexist,'interac=ng'with'each'other'within'a'variety'of'processes'of'differen=a=on,'and'according'to'widely'varying'trajectories'of'change'and'cross:fer=liza=on.'(Straw,'1991,'p.'373)''

Rapping'in'a'transcultural'space'

•  Contemporary.rap.music.correlates.with'contested.sites.of.differen6a6on.and.cross7fer6liza6on''

•  hip.hop.as.a.‘black.thing’.provides.an.underlying.premise.for.the.aesthe6cs.and.poli6cs.that.shape.no6ons.of.a.symbolic.community.''

Rap'as'gendered'performance'

'Performa=vity'is'neither'free'play'nor'theatrical'self:presenta=on;'nor'can'it'be'simply'equated'with'performance.'Moreover,'constraint'is'not'necessarily'that'which'sets'a'limit'to'performa=vity;'constraint'is,'rather,'that'which'impels'and'sustains'performa=vity.'(J.'Butler,'1993,'p.'95)''

Rap'as'gendered'performance'

'The'trope'of'hypermasculinity:''(1)'willful'ability'to'inflict'violent'harm'on'adversaries'(2)'willful'ability'to'have'sex'with'many'women,'(3)'access'to'material'resources'that'are'largely'inaccessible'to'others.'(Ogbar,'2007,'p.'75)''

Rap'as'gendered'performance'

'When'women'are'granted'entry'to'this'all:male'space'they'are'oien'objec=fied'and'fe=shized'in'a'way'that'constructs'the'space'as'male'dominated'and'heterosexual.'(Jarman:Ivens,'2006,'p.'199)''

Rap'as'gendered'performance'

Byduer'i'dur'–'music'video'

Forging'na=onal'iden=ty'

•  ‘dis=nguishing'a'na=on’s'inside'from'its'outside’'(sameness/difference);''

•  ‘the'rhetoric'of'the'na=on’'(symbolic'markers'such'as'na=onal'flags,'na=onal'costumes,'language'etc.);'

•  ‘a'na=onal'actor'ac=ng'out'na=onal'iden=ty’'''(Fast'&'Pegley,'2011,'p.'368).''

Karpe'Diem'–'‘spectacle'of'otherness’''

'‘With'Indian,'half'Arabic'and'half'Norwegian'descent,'no'wonder'their'[Karpe'Diem’s]'worldview'is'markedly'different'from'the'rest'of'the'Norwegian'music'scene.'A'Hindu'and'a'Muslim'coming'from'Oslo’s'west'side,'raised'by'immigrant/refugee'parents,'and'grown'up'in'apartment'blocks;'this'is'not'what'one'would'expect.’'(www.karpediem.no)''

Byduer'i'dur'–'live'performance'

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Listening'(pp.'57:81).'Farnham:'Ashgate.'•  Hawkins,'S.,'&'Johansson,'M.'(2015).'Popular.Music.in.a.Transcultural.Space:.Inscrip6ons.of.Representa6on.(forthcoming)..'•  Jarman:Ivens,'F.'(2006).'Queer(ing)'Masculini=es'in'Heterosexist'Rap'Music'In'S.'Whiteley'&'J.'Rycenga'(Eds.),'Queering.the.Popular.Pitch'(pp.'

199:219).'New'York:'Routledge.'•  Mitchell,'T.'(Ed.).'(2001b).'Global.Noise:.Rap.and.Hiphop.outside.the.USA.'Middletown:'Wesleyan'University'Press.'•  Mitchell,'T.'(2004).'Doin''damage'in'my'na=ve'language:'the'use'of''resistance'vernaculars''in'hip'hop'in'Europe'and'Aotearoa/New'Zeeland.'In'S.'

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