Rapat Konsolidasi Persiapan Eco2 Cities Conference di...

Day1, Plenary 8, No.2BAPPENAS, Indonesia

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Rapat Konsolidasi Persiapan Eco2 Cities Conference di Yokohama

(15 Oktober 2010)

Deputi Bidang PengembanganRegional & Otonomi Daerah

Dr. Max H. Pohan

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Current Conditions

Urbanization Impacts :

High density on big citiesHigh density on big cities

High density on fringe area

Urban population > Rural population2015: urban population(59,3%) > rural (40,7%)2025: urban population(67,5%)>rural(32,5%)

2015: Jakarta 9th world megapolitan,Followed by Surabaya-Medan as Asian megapolitan.

34 new cities formed in the last decade, now total 98 autonomy cities

Forming of new citiesForming of new cities

Big cities’s population growth expansion of growth to non-housing area;


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Tantangan PembangunanPerkotaan

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Cities Contribution to National GDPTYPE OF CITIES DISTRIBUTION

(%)GDP CONTRIBUTION TO

NATIONAL GDP (%)METROPOLITAN 13.2 23.19BIG CITIES 16.3 8.83MIDDLE CITIES 60.2 7.63SMALL CITIES 9.2 0.13

13.223.19

16.38.83

60.2

7.63 9.20.13

MetropolitanB ig C ities MiddleC ities

S mall C ities

Dis tribution C ontribution to National GDP


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CHALLENGE : REGIONAL DISPARITYBigger regional disparity (gap) after decentralization and regional autonomy implementation

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Indeks Kesenjangan Indonesia Tahun 1994-2006

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Tahun

Pert

umbu

han

Ekon

omi (

dala

m %

)

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

Kov

aria

ns P

DR

B

Prov

insi

se-

Indo

nesi

a

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kovarians PDRB Provinsi se-Indonesia

Source : Regional Economy Analysis, Bappenas, 2007

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01020304050607080

Nanggroe

Aceh …

Sumatera Utara

Sumatera Barat

Riau

Jambi

Sumatera Selatan

Ben gkulu

Lampu

ngKe

pulauan Bangka …

Kepu

lauan Riau

DKI Jakarta

Jawa Barat

Jawa Tengah

DI. Yogyakarta

Jawa Timur

Banten Bali

Kalim

antan Barat

Kalim

antan Tengah

Kalim

antan Selatan

Kalim

antan Timur

Sulawesi U

tara

Sulawesi Ten

gah

Sulawesi Selatan

Sulawesi Ten

ggara

Gorontalo

Nusa Ten

ggara Barat

Nusa Ten

ggara Timur

Maluku

Maluku Utara

Papu

a

PDRB Per Kapita

PDRB Nasional

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Provinces with highest GDP per capita : (1)provinces with high population density : DKI Jakarta, Jatim, Jabar, Jateng;(2)provinces rich in natural resources : Kaltim, NAD, Papua,Riau

REGIONAL DISPARITY : FROM REGIONAL GDP PER REGIONAL DISPARITY : FROM REGIONAL GDP PER CAPITA (2008) (Million CAPITA (2008) (Million RupiahsRupiahs))

Source : BPS, 2008


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Challenge : Globalization

Source: World Competitiveness Report 2009, WEF

WORLD COMPETITIVENESS INDEXof INDONESIA compared to OTHER COUNTRY

0,001,002,003,004,005,006,007,00

Indon

esia

Singapura

Mala

ysia

Vietnam

Korea

Selatan

China

Jepan

gIn

dia

Ingg

ris

Amerika S

erikat

Inde

x 2005200620072008

World Competitiveness Report (2008)Infrastructure Application of technologyHuman resources that high educated and vocationalInstitutional

Regional Economic Governance (2008)

• Business climate • Regional physical infrastructure• Business development insights • Government-private partnership

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DOING BUSINESS IN INDONESIA (COMPETITIVENESS INDICATOR)

In 2010, Indonesia is in rank 122 from 178 countries, improving from rank 129 in the previous year. Indonesia also considered quite successful in reforming several policies related to investment climate improvement. Indonesia’s rank in various international finance organization is also improving.

Yogyakarta has the shortest time to started a business.Jakarta has the lowest cost to started a business.

Sumber: IFC (2009)

Time and cost to start a business in Indonesia


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• Archipelago with ±17.500 islands. • Long shoreline (81.000 km) vulnerable to extreme

climate• Most regions in Indonesia are vulnerable to tektonik and

volcanic earth quake, and tsunami. • The Global Climate Change Model predicted that

Indonesia will experiencing 1,8 – 1 degree temperature rising in 2020-2050 (baseline 1961-1990)

• Emission reduction should be done or else the sea level will raised up to 60 cm in 2070 (ADB, 1994).

Challenge : Climate Change

10Climate Change Threats : Water crisis, sanitation, energy, food crisis, increase in flooding 10

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85

33

108

37

45

8

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10

0 30 60 90 120

Kekeringan

Gempa bumi

Epidemi

BanjirLongsor

Gunung Berapi

Tsunami

Kebakaran hutan

Angin topan

Based on the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (2007), 10 biggest disaster in Indonesia happened after 1990. Mostly are climate related disaster such as flood, drought, forest fires, and epidemy.


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Impacts on Water Resources• Water shortage

No Area Supply (S)

Demand (D)

Balance2009

(S – D)

Balance 2015s

(S – D)

Balance 2030s

(S – D) 1. Sumatra 111,077.65 37,805.55 73,272.10 48,420.07 -67,101.34 2. Java-Bali 31,636.50 100,917.77 -69,281.27 -118,374.36 -454,000.33 3. Kalimantan 140,005.55 11,982.78 128,022.77 118,423.17 88,821.14 4. Sulawesi 34,787.55 21,493.34 13,294.21 13,490.80 -21,021.99 5. Nusa Tenggara 7,759.70 2,054.04 5,705.66 -17,488.89 -67,848.68 6. Molucca s 15,457.10 540.23 14,916.87 12,648.91 9,225.75 7. Papua 350,589.65 385.58 350,204.07 325,937.74 315,647.73 W a ter Su pply W ate r De ma nd

existi ng

M /Y

ear

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Indonesia Water Balance (2009 and 2015 & 2030 Projections)

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Impacts on Forestry• Flora and fauna alteration. Temperature rise will be the selection

factor. • Forest fires caused by temperature rise around the forest. Forest

fires also caused the extinction of biodiversity.

Forest Fires in Indonesia


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COASTAL POPULATION IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES VULNERABLE TO SEA LEVEL RISE

About 50%-60% Indonesia population reside in the coastal area, so the threats are not only for the infrastructure and economical assets but also to the population’s source of living such as marine and fishery.

Source: G. McGranahan, D. Balk, dan B. Anderson, Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Urban-Rural Population Estimates

Impacts on Marine and FisherySea water temperature rise crushed the coral and fish habitats, and triggered the fish migration to cooler area disadvantage for the fishermen.

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Impacts on Agriculture and Health

• Climate change causing : (1) season shifts and rainfall pattern changes, (2) delay in planting and harvest season, (3) planting/harvest failure because of the flood, and (4) landslide and drought. All of the above are the cause of the food production declining and affecting the national food security.

• Increase in frequency of disease caused by mosquitos.• Contamination on clean water supply, causing disease such as

diarrhea, leptospirosis, and other skin disease. • Acute respiratory tract infection become a threat as an impact

from forest fires.


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Climate Change Policies• 2007 National Action Plan on Climate Change as an initial

guidelines for cross-sectoral coordination in formulation policies to adapt and mitigate climate change.

• 2009 Indonesia committed to reduce the green house gas emission by 26 percent in 2020 (without any intervention, business as usual) or 41 percent (with support from another countries/international organizations).

• Adaptation and mitigation efforts are included in the sustainable development framework (economy, social, and enviroment).

• Considering its widespreading impacts, the adaptation and mitigation policies are cross-sectoral policies, to be implemented in one national policy framework.

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Climate Change Challenges in Urban Area

UrbanizationUrbanization

Intensive infrastructure usage

Intensive infrastructure usage

High economic activities

Population density

Spatial Planning

Mechanism

Spatial Planning

Mechanism

Climate Change

Adaptation in Cities

Development

Climate Change

Adaptation in Cities

Development

GAP

FloodFlood

Declining health condition

Social vulnerability

Declining infrastructure quality

Declining economic growth


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Strategic Issues of Urban Development

1. Incomplete urban development policy, and unsynchronized urban development laws

2. High poverty rate3. High social vulnerability4. Low utilization of social and cultural capital of urban society5. Lack of inter-cities cooperation (incl. its institution) in public sector

management 6. Low local government capacity in urban planning, development, and

management, including good governance principles implementation7. Low inclusion of environment management and disaster mitigation in

urban management8. Low investments and economic development9. Low public services quality and provision10.Low urban land use and spatial planning implementation control

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National Policy and Strategies on Urban Development


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NATIONAL URBAN SYSTEM BY LAW NO 26/2008:Linkage of national urban center - regional urban center - local

urban center

ECONOMIC REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM: Linkage of rural-urban development

MEDIUM TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN

2010-2014

LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN

2005-2025

THE ROLE OF MEDIUM AND SMALL CITIES

DEVELOPMENT

URBAN

ENGINE OF GROWTH PEOPLE CENTERED

Big Cities/Metropolitan Management System

Global economy&traditional and informal economy

Creating market hierarchy for medium and small cities and rural

Human needs on physical, social, and environment aspect

Climate change anticipation and disaster mitigation

METROPOLITAN AND BIG CITIES MANAGEMENT

POLICY DIRECTION: URBAN DEVELOPMENT

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Policies and Strategies : RPJMN 2010-2014• Preparing urban development policy and synchronizing all laws

related to urban development • Reducing urban poverty • Reducing urban social vulnerability and criminalities • Increasing utilization of urban community’ social and cultural

capital • Strengthening co-operations between cities and its institutions • Strengthening local government capacity in development

planning, management and implementation, including good governance principles implementation

• Strengthening the integration of environmental management and disaster mitigation in the urban management system

• Increasing urban economic and investment development • Delivering public services based on the Urban Services

Standard • Enhancing spatial planning implementation and urban land use

control


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National Urban Policy and Strategy (20 Years)

1. Urban Led Development2. Decentralized Concentration3. Socio-cultural and demographic oriented development4. Strengthening local economic development5. Provision of infrastructure and housing6. Urban sprawl control/management

7. Increasing the environmental health quality, and climate change and disasters adaptation

8. Increasing the human resources quality & institutions, implementing the good governance principles, and encouraging visionary leaders.

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Urban Development TargetsPERIODS SCENARIO

MISSION 1Al cities fulfilled the Urban Services

Standard

MISSION 2Small and medium cities as regional economic growth

drivers

MISSION 3Big cities and

metropolitans to be able to compete in international

levelRPJMN II Periods (2010-2014)

30% of the cities has fulfilled the Urban Services Standard.

13% (from 178 cities designated as Regiobal Acitivity Center in The National Spatial Plan ) functioning as the regional center.

7% (from 38 cities designated as National Activity Center and 26 as National Strategic Activitiy Center in The National Plan) has reached the status as international cities.

RPJMN III Periods(2014-2019)


18% (from 178 cities designated as Regiobal Acitivity Center in The National Spatial Plan ) functioning as regional center.

12% (from 38 cities designated as National Activity Center and 26 as National Strategic Activitiy Center in The National Plan) has reached the status as international cities.

RPJMN IV Periods (2019-2024)


30% (from 178 cities designated as Regiobal Acitivity Center in The National Spatial Plan ) functioning as regional center

20% (from 38 cities designated as National Activity Center and 26 as National Strategic Activitiy Center in The National Plan) has reached the status as international cities. 22


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Encourage the cities to increase the environmental health quality, and climate change and disasters adaptation

Strategy Indicator1. Implementation of urban development activities

management to reduce environmental hazardNumbers of cities impelementing local regulation about environment management and disaster mitigation action planNimbers of cities having a spatial plan based on disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation.

2. Strenghthening local government capacity and community participation in creating a healthy, and disaster & climate change adaptive environment

Implementation of fast, easy, and accurate process of land rights authorization. Implementation of emission reduction regulation.

Law enforcement in urban waste management, including industries, hospitals, and households.

3. Increasing promotion on the importance of healthy and pollution-free environment, and a city that ready to deal with disaster risk and climate change implications.

Numbers of promotional activity and socialization on environment health and disaster mitigation in each cities.

4. Technical and financial support for cities that are able to create a healthy and pollution-free environment, and that ready to deal with disaster risk and climate change implications.

Periodic evaluation on environment quality in cities.

5. Acceleration on regulation formulation in transportation sector, especially in the means to reduce CO2 emission.

Regulation on urban transportation,regulating insentive mechanism for environment-friendly transportation infrastructure usage.

Policies and Strategies of Climate Change in Urban Areas

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Urban Development Practices in Climate Change


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The Green Building Concept

RegulationsBasis • Law No. 23 Year 1997 : Environment Management• Law No. 26 Year 2007 : Spatial Arrangement• Law No. 28 Year 2002 : Buildings • Law No. 5 Year 1992 : Heritage Items On the Process• Several disseminations about the Buildings and Environment Law has

been conducted• Green Building Guidelines will be developed and legalized with

Government Law. • The Ministry of Public Works’ new building will be developed by using

the concept. The building will be the first building in Indonesia certified by the Green Building Council as a Green Building.

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Design Certification for Vital Project Development and Environmental Impact Analysis

Regulations• Law No. 27 Year 1999 : Environmental Impact Analysis• Design certifications from Minister of Public Works are

mandatory for the development of vital project. • The Environmental Impact Analysis must be conducted for

projects that potentially affected the environment (physic, economic, social-cultural, and public health)

• The certification can only be given after the developer fulfilled the requirements such as Detail Engineering Design and Environmental Impact Analysis

• The Environmental Impact Analysis is mandatory based on Law No. 27 Year 1999 : Environmental Impact Analysis


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Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Regulations • Law No. 23 Year 1997 : Environment Management• Law No. 26 Year 2007 : Spatial ArrangementPrograms and Practices• The strategy of climate change mitigation conducted by

implementing various environment-friendly approach such as garden city, ecocity, Transit Oriented Development (TOD), and Low Carbon Green City Model. While, the strategy of climate change adaptationconducted by re-using the local wisdom aspects in developing the strategy to adapt climate change

• Some programs related to the strategy of climate change adaptation and mitigation are : Spatial Planning Quality Improvement Program, Sustainable City Competition, and utilization of abandoned lands

• Community empowerment in the Spatial Planning Quality Improvement Program includes community participation and empowerment in the critical land recovery and flood management.

• The Sustainable City Competition held to accommodate community initiatives to protect and preserve their local environment condition

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Community Based-3 R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)

Regulations• Law Number 18 Year 2008 : Waste Management • Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 12 Year 2006 : National

Waste Management Development Policy and Strategy • Community Based 3R Guide BookPrograms and Practices• Aim to help local government in enhancing community awareness in

waste reduction. The target of the program is to reduce the waste volume by 20% in each city

• Working units in provinces do the assistances and co-ordinations with city/municipal’ government and community

• Community participation via Independent Community Group is the main part of the program

• In 2010, there has been 43 program locations (from 127 locations as target) implementing the 3R program.


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Ecological CitiesRegulations:o Objectives:

Integrating natural and artificial components;Efficiency and optimalization of resources utilization Waste minimization and recyclingReduce the city dependence to the hinterland

o IndicatorsMeasuring the performance of policies / programsAssessing trends / tendenciesProvide information for the decision makersIncreasing public concerns and awarenessSetting targetsDefine planning objectivesComparing conditions between places Early warning

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Regional Environmental Sustainability Cities Program (RESCP)

Regulations• Focus on Clean Air, Clean Water, and

Clean Land• Generic and applicable to most cities• Cities to measure respective environmental

performance• Indicators can be further refined and

expanded after gaining experiences


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Open Green Space Improvement

Regulations• Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 1

Year 2007 : Urban Open Green Space Management

Practices• Facilitate local governments in improving

the amount and quality of open green spaces in the cities

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• Preparation of street vendors arrangement model to increase their role in city economic development Conducted in 3 urban areas : Medan-Binjai-Deli Serdang-Karo, Kendal-Demak-Ungaran-Salatiga-Semarang-Purwodadi, and Makassar-Sungguminasa-Takalar-Maros

• Strenghtening the local government capacity intraditional market management and development

• Facilitation to local governments in improving theurban sanitation quality


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Community Based Environmental Friendly Village (Kampung Ramah Lingkungan) in Palembang City

Programs and Practices• Strategy to control pollution, to improve land support system and

environment quality, and to arrange the environment in the smallest area unit in Palembang (RT) with active participation from all the community components to develop sustainable city

• Every village has to propose 2 RT as the Kampung Ramah Lingkungan.• Kampung Ramah Lingkungan must fulfilled:

Community organization in charge of environment management Garbage sorting and garbage processing (3R, organic fertilizer, etc)Clean water Neighborhood sanitation Trees spreading around the neighborhood Temporary Disposal Site and garbage bins No garbage/litter on the roadsOrnamental plants, medicinal plants Renewable energy

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Programs and Practices in Yogyakarta City

Air Quality Improvement

• Biking Program (SEGO SEGAWE)• Street Garden Program • Emission Test • Increasing the amount of open green space

Drink Water Quality Improvement

• Stimulus Program for Ultra Filtration Water Processing System

• Chlordifuser Program


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Regulations• Adopt Copenhagen Commitment to reduce 30% of

CO2 emission in 2030 Practices • Busway, and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) to

reduce private vehicles usage• Improve the quality of solid waste management

cooperation with private sector • Green building regulations and building codes

implementation • Mangrove preservation in northern Jakarta • Solar panel for street lighting

Programs and Practices in DKI Jakarta Province

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Follow Up Actions?National :• Sinergy and commitment from all sectors related to sustainable urban

development. • National Urban Development Coordination Team to facilitate

coordination and sinergy process between urban development stakeholders.

Local (City) Government: • Actions that could be done immediately to implement sustainable

urban dev’t concept?• Interregional cooperation framework to support the implementation of

sustainable urban dev’t concept?

International Donors:• Facilitation for local government to implement the sustainable urban

development. • Training for local government in city planning and management with

mainstreaming in climate change adaptation


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THANK YOU.

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