Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Order 2014 (SI 2014/1873)€¦ · Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Order 2014...

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Rev.: 03 Project Comp. Disc. Doc. Nr Rampion Offshore Wind Farm RAM-ERA-ECO-REP-0003 Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Order 2014 (SI 2014/1873) Onshore Project Written Scheme of Investigation March 2015 PREPARED REVIEWED STATUS: Submitted Date: March 2014 Date: March 2014 Date: 23/03/2015 Name / signature Owen Raybould Name / signature: Philippa Powell Name / signature: James Eaton Organisation / Division: RSK Environment Ltd Organisation / Division: E.ON Organisation / Division: E.ON

Transcript of Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Order 2014 (SI 2014/1873)€¦ · Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Order 2014...

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Rev.: 03 Project Comp. Disc. Doc. Nr

Rampion Offshore Wind Farm RAM-ERA-ECO-REP-0003

Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Order 2014

(SI 2014/1873)

Onshore Project Written Scheme of Investigation

March 2015

PREPARED REVIEWED STATUS: Submitted Date: March 2014

Date: March 2014

Date: 23/03/2015

Name / signature Owen Raybould

Name / signature: Philippa Powell

Name / signature: James Eaton

Organisation / Division: RSK Environment Ltd

Organisation / Division: E.ON

Organisation / Division: E.ON

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Rev. Purpose of Issue**

Remark/Description Init. Date

02 For issue Final OR 19/01/15

03 Final WSCC & SDNPA comments OR 23/03/15

**Purpose of Issue: for information, for review, for checking, issue to Relevant Authority

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Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 DCO Requirements ...................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Regional Research Aims .............................................................................................. 8

1.4 Consultation (Monitoring and Approval) .................................................................... 9

2 Project Description .......................................................................................................... 10

2.2 General Installation Procedures ................................................................................ 11

2.3 Onshore Cable Specific Installation Approaches ...................................................... 13

3 Results of Previous Archaeological Assessments ............................................................ 14

3.1 Environmental Statement ......................................................................................... 14

3.2 Results of Archaeological Field Assessment ............................................................. 14

4 Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 18

4.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 18

4.2 Pre-Construction ....................................................................................................... 18

4.3 Construction-Phase ................................................................................................... 19

5 Responsibilities, Monitoring, Decision-making and Collaboration.................................. 24

5.1 Personnel ................................................................................................................... 24

5.2 Decision-making ........................................................................................................ 24

5.3 Collaboration ............................................................................................................. 24

6 Health, Safety, Environment and Quality Controls .......................................................... 25

7 Archaeological Strip, Map and Sample ............................................................................ 26

7.1 Definition ................................................................................................................... 26

7.2 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................. 26

7.3 Timing and Scope ...................................................................................................... 27

7.4 Resourcing ................................................................................................................. 27

7.5 Strip, Map and Sample Methodology ....................................................................... 27

8 Archaeological Watching Brief ......................................................................................... 35

8.1 Definition ................................................................................................................... 35

8.2 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................. 35

8.3 Timing and Scope ...................................................................................................... 35

8.4 Resourcing ................................................................................................................. 37

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8.5 Watching Brief Methodology .................................................................................... 38

9 Geoarchaeology and Palaeoenvironmental policy .......................................................... 41

9.1 Definition ................................................................................................................... 41

9.2 Timing and Scope ...................................................................................................... 42

9.3 Resourcing ................................................................................................................. 43

9.4 Geoarchaeological Watching Brief Methodology ..................................................... 43

10 Post-Excavation Programme (Assessment, Analysis, Reporting and Publication) ......... 46

11 Public Promotion ............................................................................................................. 50

11.1 Construction-phase ............................................................................................... 50

11.2 Post-construction .................................................................................................. 50

12 References ....................................................................................................................... 51

Appendix A ............................................................................................................................... 53

Figures

Figure 1 Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Project Overview Figure 2 Typical Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Easement Cross-section Figure 3 Construction-phase Archaeological Mitigation Methodology

Appendices

Appendix A Pre-construction and Post-construction Geoarchaeological/Archaeological WSI and Reporting Structure Flow Diagram

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 E.ON Climate & Renewables UK Rampion Offshore Wind Ltd (E.ON) has been granted development consent (Development Consent Order (DCO) SI 2014/1873) to construct and operate an offshore wind farm in an area off the Sussex coast including associated onshore infrastructure (the Project).

1.1.2 The Project will have a capacity of 400MW and will consist of 116 wind turbines. The wind turbines will be constructed within an area of 72km2 of the English Channel, some 13km off the coastline.

1.1.3 Connections will be made between the offshore wind farm and the National Grid by way of offshore and buried onshore cabling, including construction of a new electricity substation adjacent to the existing National Grid substation at Bolney in Mid Sussex.

1.1.4 The two offshore export circuits will make landfall between Worthing and Lancing on the Sussex Coast where they will be installed by Horizontal Directional Drill (HDD) from the beach surfacing in the Brooklands Pleasure Park. The two offshore circuits will be jointed to the two onshore circuits within a subsurface transition bay in Brooklands Pleasure Park. The two onshore circuits will then be buried for 26.4km to the connection point at the new substation, constructed adjacent to the existing National Grid Bolney 400kV substation.

Figure 1 Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Project Overview

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1.1.5 The DCO includes Requirements to make submissions prior to construction that describe mitigation and monitoring that will be implemented during construction.

1.1.6 This onshore Project Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) has been produced in response to Requirements 23 and 24 of the DCO (see Section 1.2) and sets out the process by which archaeological mitigation will be applied to the impact area affected by the onshore components of the scheme. The scope of archaeological work expected in relation to this Project WSI includes:

• Full excavation of pre-designated areas (strip, map and sample) during construction; and

• Archaeological watching brief during breakthrough, HDD, open cutting through ditches and tributaries and soil stripping where appropriate.

1.1.7 The potential archaeological impacts are described in the Environmental Statement produced for the Project (RSK, 2012).

1.1.8 This Project WSI has been prepared with reference to the relevant policy requirements outlined by National Policy Statement for Energy (NPS) EN-1 and in response to advice provided by English Heritage (EH), West Sussex County Council (WSCC) and South Downs National Park Authority (SDNPA).

1.1.9 In format and content, this Project WSI conforms with best practice and the guidance outlined in:

• Management of Research Projects in Historic Environment (‘MoRPHE’, EH, 2006);

• Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Code of Conduct (CIfA, 2014);

• Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (CIfA; 2014);

• Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief (CIfA; 2014); and

• Management of Archaeological Projects revision 2 (‘MAP2’, EH, 1991).

1.2 DCO Requirements

1.2.1 The compilation of this onshore Project WSI is a direct requirement of the DCO, where Requirements 23 - 25 of the DCO set out:

Requirement 23 (Archaeology)

(1) No stage of the connection works, including any trial trenching, shall commence outside the South Downs National Park until in relation to the relevant stage of the connection works a written scheme of archaeological investigation (which accords with the outline onshore written scheme of archaeological investigation) has been submitted to and approved in writing by West Sussex County Council.

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(2) The written scheme of archaeological investigation shall identify areas where field work and/or a watching brief are required, and the measures to be taken to protect, record or preserve any significant archaeological remains that may be found.

(3) Any archaeological works or watching brief carried out under the scheme shall be by a suitably qualified person or body approved by West Sussex County Council.

(4) Any archaeological works or watching brief shall be carried out in accordance with the approved scheme.

Requirement 24 (Archaeology in the South Downs National Park)

(1) No stage of the connection works, including any trial trenching, shall commence within the South Downs National Park until in relation to the relevant stage of the connection works a written scheme of archaeological investigation (which accords with the outline onshore written scheme of archaeological investigation) has been submitted to and approved in writing by South Downs National Park Authority.

(2) The written scheme of archaeological investigation shall identify areas where field work and/or a watching brief are required, and the measures to be taken to protect, record or preserve any significant archaeological remains that may be found.

(3) Any archaeological works or watching brief carried out under the scheme shall be by a suitably qualified person or body approved by South Downs National Park Authority.

(4) Any archaeological works or watching brief shall be carried out in accordance with the approved scheme.

Requirement 25 (Scheduled Monument at Tottington Mount) (SDNPA)

No relevant stage of the connection works shall commence until a methodology for those works that affect the Bronze Age cross-dyke scheduled monument at Tottington Mount (the “scheduled monument”) has been submitted and approved in writing by English Heritage.

(1) The methodology approved under paragraph (1) shall form part of the written scheme of archaeological investigation provided pursuant to requirement 24 (archaeology in the South Downs National Park), and the relevant stage of the works at the scheduled monument shall be carried out in accordance with the approved methodology.

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(2) The methodology referred to in paragraph (1) shall include provisions to ensure that equipment and machinery are not used or operated on the scheduled monument in such conditions or in such manner that is likely to result in damage to the monument or to ground disturbance in the vicinity of the scheduled monument, other than is necessary for the construction and installation of that part of the authorised development that affects the scheduled monument.

(3) The undertaker shall provide at least 4 weeks’ notice (or such shorter period as may be agreed with English Heritage) of the commencement of the works at the scheduled monument.

(4) The undertaker shall provide access to the works at the scheduled monument to facilitate any inspection that English Heritage considers necessary to inspect the works to ensure compliance with the methodology approved under paragraph (1) above.

(5) The undertaker shall ensure that all agents and contractors involved in the construction works at the scheduled monument are informed of the following—

(a) the land is designated as a scheduled monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and

b) the extent of the land designated as a scheduled monument, as set out in the scheduled monument description and map on the National Heritage List for England.

1.2.2 Further to the DCO Requirements, Measures of success for discharge of DCO requirements (January 2014), Version 1 identifies the following measures that are to be achieved on submission of, and compliance with, this Project WSI:

• Identification of any archaeological remains, in advance, that could be impacted by the onshore construction works;

• Appropriate mitigation for all archaeological remains identified;

• Reporting and publication of assessment and mitigation.

1.3 Regional Research Aims

1.3.1 The South East Research Framework (SERF) for the historic environment which covers the Project area is currently in press and not yet available. However, this will be reviewed by the Project Archaeologist on publication and in advance of construction and the period-specific and location-specific aims and objectives relevant to the Project area will be addressed throughout each stage of the assessment and mitigation. Conclusions of final reporting will reference the aims and objectives of the SERF directly.

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1.3.2 If SERF Research Questions have been defined before the beginning of fieldwork, the post-excavation assessment strategy will review these in light of the fieldwork findings and set out a revised series of aims.

1.4 Consultation (Monitoring and Approval)

1.4.1 WSCC will be responsible for the monitoring of documentation and fieldworks within West Sussex outwith the boundary of the South Downs National Park (Requirement 23).

1.4.2 SDNPA will be responsible for the monitoring of documentation and fieldworks within the boundary of the South Downs National Park (Requirement 24).

1.4.3 The English Heritage Regional Science Advisor will have the role of advising the Project Archaeologist on all matters of compliance on geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental strategy.

1.4.4 WSCC/SDNPA will be informed of the commencement and progress throughout all phases of the construction and post-construction archaeological work.

1.4.5 WSCC/SDNPA will be kept informed of progress during the course of the archaeological mitigation works through written fortnightly updates by the Project Archaeologist, and at each construction and post-construction stage the opportunity to monitor the archaeological works will be afforded to WSCC/SDNPA to ensure compliance with the Project WSI.

1.4.6 If archaeological remains are encountered during groundworks, and if these are deemed ‘significant’ by the Project Archaeologist, WSCC/SDNPA will be consulted to agree ‘significance’ and the appropriate mitigation, which would require either preservation by record or preservation in situ. Heritage ‘significance’ may be defined by either national factors (based on Criteria for Assessing the National Importance of Monuments (DCMS, 2010)), or regional and local factors (such as those defined in the South East Research Framework (SERF, in press see Section 1.3)). Disagreement is unlikely but may be resolved through consultation with English Heritage and in accordance with the CIfA Code of Conduct (2014).

1.4.7 Throughout all stages of fieldwork and post-excavation assessment, where necessary (i.e. in the event of discovery of extraordinary palaeoenvironmental remains not specifically addressed in this Project WSI), the regional English Heritage Regional Science Advisor will be consulted by the WSCC/SDNPA and the Project Archaeologist for advice regarding sampling strategy.

1.4.8 Results of the fieldwork described in this Project WSI and carried out during the construction stage will be assessed and interim reports (‘phase 3’) may be required in order to agree the scope of final analyses (phases 4’). The archaeological analyses will be fully reported along with the results of the mitigation (‘phase 5’) which will be provided to English Heritage (Regional Science Advisor), WSCC, SDNPA, and the West Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER), see Appendix A.

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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1.1 This section describes the onshore components of the Rampion Offshore Wind Farm (the Project). The onshore components consist of:

• The landfall – the area from mean low water springs (MLWS) where the two offshore transmission circuits come ashore and are drilled to the transmission pits within Brooklands Pleasure Park, where the two cables will be jointed to the onshore underground transmission circuits;

• The onshore underground transmission circuits (‘onshore cable route’) –required to deliver electricity generated by the offshore wind farm to the National Grid distribution system; and

• A new onshore substation and associated cabling – required to facilitate connection to the National Grid transmission system at the existing National Grid Bolney substation.

2.1.2 The onshore cable route is approximately 26.4km long and 30m wide, which will be reduced to a maximum 20m at hedgerow and ditch crossings. The cables will be installed underground for the entire route and cable trenching will be the primary installation method employed. The working width will incorporate adequate space for the storage of excavated material, generally comprising 2-4m wide subsoil storage area (where required) and a 6m wide topsoil storage area. A 5m wide temporary haul road will be formed to allow the safe passage of construction personnel and machinery alongside the cable trench.

2.1.3 The onshore transmission system will comprise two circuits buried parallel to each other and contain three single-core cables as well as associated communications (fibre optic) cables. In total there will be six cables (three cables in each circuit). The cables will be installed in plastic uPVC ducting and backfilled using the stored subsoil and topsoil.

2.1.4 Construction will be completed in sections, where more than one section is likely to be constructed at the same time. The trenches will be excavated, the cable ducts will be laid, the trenches backfilled and the reinstatement process commenced. At regular intervals (typically 600m – 1,000m) along the route, joint bays will be constructed to joint cables that are to be pulled between joint bays after the ducting has been installed.

2.1.5 Two methods will be employed to excavate the cable trenches and install the ducting, depending of ground conditions and topography. The first method is a traditional trenching technique, where subsoil is excavated and stored within the working width, and then mechanical diggers excavate the trench wide enough for the construction team to safely enter the trench to lay the cable ducts that are then welded together in situ. The second method is a simultaneous trenching and duct laying technique, where each trench is narrower since the construction team do not need to enter the trench.

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2.1.6 Cable ducts will be buried at a standard depth of 1.6m. Each cable trench will have a nominal width of 0.6m but not more than 1m. If the traditional trenching technique is employed, i.e. where the construction team need access into the trench, the trenches will have sloped sides and be wider at the surface to prevent trench collapse.

2.1.7 The working width will incorporate storage space for excavated soil (a 4m wide subsoil storage area (if required) and a 6m wide topsoil storage area).

2.2 General Installation Procedures

2.2.1 The following sections describe those construction activities that are relevant to the archaeological mitigation strategy.

Working Width

2.2.2 The made material of the haul road will vary along the route depending on the local ground conditions, time of year and type of vehicles and equipment that need to travel along it. In summer months there may be cases where there is no requirement to line the haul road as the ground will be stable. A combination of imported aggregates, bog-matting, geotextiles and un-made ground will form the haul roads, pending local ground conditions and period of use of haul road. Haul roads that will overlay areas of potential archaeology will predominantly be composed of geotextile membrane.

Figure 2 Generic Working Width Cross-section

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Topsoil Stripping

2.2.3 Soil stripping and storage will be undertaken in accordance with the Soil Management Plan as detailed in the Construction Environmental Management Plan (DCO requirement 26) that has been prepared to reduce the impact of compaction and to maintain soil quality. In general, once the working width has been cleared of vegetation, the topsoil will be stripped. The topsoil will be stripped by excavator fitted with a toothless bucket, and stored on topsoil within the working width, alongside the cable trench.

2.2.4 Once topsoil is stripped in any given section, a decision will be made on the method of cable trench excavation depending on the ground conditions (i.e. traditional or simultaneous method of trenching and installation). If traditional excavation is to be employed with mechanical digger, then the subsoil will be stripped and stored within the working width; if the simultaneous trench and duct burial method is to be employed, then the subsoil will not be excavated (with exception of areas that are to be strip, map and sampled (see Section 7), where subsoil will be excavated and stored within the working width).

Cable Joint Bays

2.2.5 At regular intervals (typically 600m – 1,000m) along the route, joint bays will be constructed to joint cables that are to be pulled between joint bays. Joint bays are sub-surface chambers with typically a removable concrete cover to allow maintenance access. Wherever possible, the joint bays will be located at the edge of field boundaries or roads to facilitate easy access for cable pulling operations and for future maintenance.

Temporary Site Compounds and Access

2.2.6 There will be two main site compounds associated with the construction phase. One site compound will be located at the substation site to serve the construction of the substation and one other site compound will be located mid-way along the cable route at a location near to, but outside, the DCO boundary. Where applicable, the main site compound for the cable route outside of the DCO Boundary will be subject to a separate planning consent (under Town and Country Planning Act, 1990) and would also be subject to the provisions of this Project WSI.

2.2.7 Access of plant, equipment and personnel to the working width will utilise existing farm tracks where possible. These may be prepared in an approved aggregate, geotextile layer or bog matting, if necessary, to help protect the underlying soil. Transportation of plant, equipment and personnel will utilise the haul roads that will be placed within the working width. The haul roads will be stripped of topsoil (and stored) but the subsoil will remain in place.

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Reinstatement

2.2.8 Any subsoil will be restored prior to the restoration of the topsoil. If the receiving ground is heavily compacted the ground will be de-compacted using a ripping blade on a tracked machine, to reduce flood risk and promote deeper root growth. Ripping will not take place in any areas of archaeological preservation.

2.3 Onshore Cable Specific Installation Approaches

2.3.1 Specific installation approaches will be necessary where the cable route crosses railways, roads and significant watercourses.

Horizontal Directional Drilling

2.3.2 Four locations have been identified for horizontal directional drill (HDD) to cross the following locations:

• Landfall/A259 – chainage 0 - 200;

• Railway line (south of A27) – chainage 950 - 1510;

• Sompting By-Pass (A27) – chainage 2910 - 3100; and

• River Adur/A283 – chainage 10000 - 10300.

2.3.3 Each HDD requires an entry and an exit site compound placed either side of asset to cross.

2.3.4 Small HDD (less than 50m in length) may also be required at minor roads, watercourse or hedge crossings, on determination of the detailed design.

Road Crossings

2.3.5 Roads will typically be open cut and backfilled. The level of excavation required will be determined by road profiles and any other services running parallel with the road at detailed design stage. The road will be reinstated following backfilling of the trenches.

Ditch and Watercourse Crossings

2.3.6 At ditch and watercourse crossings, open cutting techniques will be predominately be used to install the cable ducts. At wider, deeper or difficult crossings, HDD may be used to install the cable ducts.

Reduced Width Hedgerow Crossings

2.3.7 The working width will be pinch-pointed to 20m for most hedge crossings along the cable route.

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3 RESULTS OF PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS

3.1 Environmental Statement

3.1.1 There is one designated heritage asset located within the Order Limits: the Bronze Age Cross Dyke on Tottington Mount (ES RSK ID 99; chainage 14000). The Scheduled Monument (SM) will be partially impacted upon as part of the onshore cable works. The Scheduled Monument WSI will be developed specifically for construction at the SM, in accordance with DCO requirement 25.

3.1.2 The ES identified 37 non-designated heritage assets within the Order Limits, a number of which will be avoided through HDD, and a number of which are suggested to be absent following archaeological field assessments undertaken between 2012 - 2014, leading to a significant reappraisal of archaeological potential originally presented in the ES. The reappraisal is presented in Table 1 below.

3.2 Results of Archaeological Field Assessment

3.2.1 Following desk-based assessment of archaeological potential, the EIA submission included 80% geophysical survey of areas of potential physical impact from the onshore cable route and associated infrastructure (RSK, November 2012; RSK, August 2013), and a subsequent programme of trial trenching was targeted to identified geophysical anomalies (Wessex Archaeology, January 2014).

Geophysical Survey

3.2.2 Geophysical anomalies (89 No.) were identified along the whole of the proposed cable route and substation impact areas; some of these correspond with features identified through desk-based assessment.

Trial Trenching

3.2.3 In agreement with WSCC/SDNPA, archaeological trial trenches (226 No.) were targeted to geophysical anomalies, seemingly geophysically “blank” areas, areas that were not subject to geophysical survey due to various previous constraints, and areas of high archaeological potential as identified through desk-based assessment. The programme was carried out according to a written scheme of investigation (WSI, WA October 2013) and 211 of the proposed 226 trial trenches were excavated; 15 were not excavated due to various field constraints.

3.2.4 The programme of trial trenching revealed a much lower degree of archaeological survival within the impact areas than may have been expected based on desk-based assessment. Archaeological remains were identified in only 22 of the trial trenches excavated, comprising pits, post-holes and boundary/drainage ditches, ranging in date between the Bronze Age and the post-Medieval period.

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3.2.5 Archaeological remains are concentrated largely within the South Downs National Park, specifically at 15 locations along the onshore cable route/substation:

• Trenches 501-505: RDX05 chainage 5250 – 5600

o Possible Roman paddocks

• Trench 515: RDX05 chainage 6800

o Possible Iron Age or Romano-British field system

• Trench 1011: RDX10 chainage 17100

o Early Medieval ditches

• Trench 1015: RDX10 chainage 17600

o Early Medieval ditch

• Trenches 1206-9: RDX12 chainage 20600 - 20860

o Post-medieval field boundary, an undated pit and an undated gully

• Trench 1215: RDX12 chainage 21600

o Late Bronze Age pit (only feature on route to produce wholly prehistoric material)

• Trench 1220: RDX12 chainage 21950

o Depression containing 150 sherds Medieval pottery and quern stone

• Trench 1225: RDX12 chainage 22600

o Possible posthole

• Trenches 1229-30: RDX12 chainage 22900 - 22975

o Undated ditch (does not appear on historic mapping sequence)

• Trench 1312: RDX13 chainage 24100

o Pit with 16 sherds of Early Medieval pottery

• Trench 1313: RDX13 chainage 24200

o Undated ditch

• Trench 1321: RDX13 chainage 25400

o Undated ditch

• Trench 1410: Substation

o Possible Medieval or later ditch with residual Early Bronze Age pottery

• 1411: Substation

o Ditch with Early Medieval pottery

• 1413: Substation

o Ditch with later Medieval pottery

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Table 1 Summary of Archaeological Potential, adapted from DBA in ES (RSK, December 2012), accounting for results of subsequent further field assessments

Period Summary of Archaeological Potential

Early Prehistoric Period / Geoarchaeological potential

The study area is particularly important in the study of early prehistoric archaeological remains due to a lack of direct glaciation. Geoarchaeological works are required due to the high importance of the area in relation to the study of early prehistoric human activity as well as of past environments.

Early prehistoric archaeological remains may be preserved at depth within secondary geological strata which also contain the potential to provide a preservational context for any associated remains.

Such Palaeolithic material is often buried at depth and methods which are appropriate elsewhere may not identify the early prehistoric potential. Specific methodologies comprising mapping and modelling followed by monitoring and the collection of samples through fieldwork are proposed.

Using the above geoarchaeological techniques, deposits are identified with the potential to contain significant archaeological sites or material have been identified. These sites, however, often contain palaeoenvironmental significance also (see below).

The main target deposit types of interest are deep deposits derived from steep slopes (colluvium and soliflucted deposits), river terrace gravels, and raised beach deposits.

Later Prehistoric Period

Previous interpreted potential for Bronze Age (and/or Roman) funerary monuments in the uplands of the Eastern Downs and also for settlement and field systems dating from the Iron Age and Roman periods in the lower foot-slopes of the South Downs has been reappraised in light of trial trench evaluation. It is likely that any remains on the Eastern Downs have been fully truncated through ploughing during WWII, and that extensive field systems interpreted by the National Mapping Programme on the South Downs are, in fact, geological in origin.

Later Prehistoric potential is nevertheless anticipated based on previous findspot evidence and results of the trial trench evaluation north of the Sompting Bypass and west of Steep Down in Sompting CP, and to the south of Woodhouse Wood in Woodmancote CP.

Later prehistoric potential is also anticipated based on landscape characterisation on The Nore in Sompting CP, across the higher ground overlooking the Adur Valley in Coombes CP and on Beeding Hill in Upper Beeding CP.

Roman Period Cropmarks identified by the National Mapping Programme to the north of Titch Hill in Sompting CP were confirmed of Roman origin during the trial trench evaluation and the combined evidence suggests these remains may be extensive.

Activity in the vicinity of projected Roman roads at in Sompting CP and at Horn Lane in Henfield CP was not identified during trial trench evaluation however archaeological potential in these areas is still considered to be high.

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Period Summary of Archaeological Potential

Early Medieval Period

Contrary to a considered low potential for Early Medieval remains concluded in the ES, the trial trench evaluation recorded field boundaries containing Early Medieval pottery at numerous rural locations – Truleigh Sands in Upper Beeding CP, east of Oreham Manor Farm in Henfield CP, Great Wapses Farm in Twineham CP, and at the site of the substation. It is likely that the remains represent agricultural activity rather than settlement.

Medieval Period Trial trench evaluation identified archaeological features potentially suggestive of settlement to the east of Morley Farm in Woodmancote CP. The well-drained landscape of slightly higher elevation to that surrounding it would attest to this archaeological potential. Medieval remains were also recorded at the substation.

Trial trench evaluation of the River Adur floodplain where salt works have been interpreted by the National Mapping Programme was not possible and the archaeological potential of this area remains unconfirmed.

Trial trench evaluation at the Deserted Medieval Settlement (DMV) west of Woodmancote Place in Woodmancote CP was not possible. As concluded in the ES, however, archaeological remains are still considered likely.

Post Medieval and Modern Period

Assessments carried out since the ES concur with the conclusion that there is little potential for post-Medieval remains that have not been previously recorded through historic map and aerial photograph assessments throughout the Order Limits.

Substantial below-ground remains of a concrete and asbestos structure, interpreted as relating to WWII, and located on Tottington Mount in Upper Beeding CP and identified on historic aerial photos and during walkover survey for the ES will require specialist excavation.

Palaeoenvironment Palaeoenvironmental potential has been determined to be limited at crossings of minor tributaries within the Order Limits and palaeoenvironmental analysis will therefore concentrate, in the main, on samples retrieved from major watercourse crossing at the River Adur floodplain in Coombes CP. Mitigation will also be carried out on the minor tributary crossings also in order to define the palaeoenvironmental potential in the upper reaches of the Adur.

Deposits with high palaeoenvironmental potential (primarily alluvial and colluvial in the case of the Rampion cable route) will be targeted for sampling and assessment. If conducive, analysis would be carried out to provide detailed information on the changing local/regional environment over time.

This information would be used to place local/regional archaeological activity discovered on this, and other projects into an environmental context.

As well as collection and assessment of deep sediments, a standard palaeoenvironmental programme will be run on suitable excavated archaeological features identified and recorded.

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4 STRATEGY

4.1 Objectives

4.1.1 The objectives of the programme of archaeological mitigation are:

Fieldwork

• Define the extent of the known, and identify any previously unknown archaeological remains that could be impacted during the course of the construction works; and

• Ensure appropriate mitigation measures are implemented to consist of either ‘preservation in situ’ or ‘preservation by record’ (excavation and recording) where the former is not feasible.

Post-excavation Assessment and Reporting (see Appendix A)

• Phase 3: Prepare an assessment of findings and project design for post-excavation assessments;

• Phase 4: Carry out specialist analysis and conservation of artefacts and environmental samples;

• Phase 5: Prepare and publish an integrated report of the results of the mitigation phase to a degree proportionate to significance; then deposit archive at an agreed repository or repositories; and

• Publically promote results of the mitigation in accessible format(s) (see Section 11).

4.1.2 The work outlined by this Project WSI will take place prior to, during and after construction and will comprise the techniques outlined in Section 7 – 11 and summarised by chainage in Table 2.

4.2 Pre-Construction

4.2.1 One heritage asset, the Scheduled Monument Cross-Dyke on Tottington Mount, will be fully excavated within area of impact in advance of construction. The Scheduled Monument WSI for SM31217 has been prepared in response to DCO requirement 25. Once a 15m x 15m area encompassing the Scheduled Monument has been advanced-excavated, the area will be securely fenced off and the remainder of the designated site protected and preserved in situ throughout the construction phase.

4.2.2 No other heritage assets have been identified during desk-based or field evaluations that will require preservation in situ measures to be set up at pre-construction phase.

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4.2.3 The approach to the palaeoenvironmental and geoarchaeological evaluation is summarised in Section 9, where the detailed mitigation strategy outlining fieldwork methodology is set out in the Geoarchaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Assessment Updated Project Design (UPD) since English Heritage EH have the role of advising WSCC/SDNPA and the Project Archaeologist on all matters of compliance on geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental strategy within the context of the Project WSI. Where the detailed methodology for fieldwork is set out in the UPD, the results from the UPD will be drawn into the final archaeological assessment report to inform the wider archaeological context, including the results of any offshore assessments (see Section 10 & Appendix A).

4.3 Construction-Phase

4.3.1 Though trial trenching in 2014 revealed limited archaeological significance, there remains potential for archaeological remains of significance that may require preservation in situ upon discovery during the construction phase, through the mitigation methodologies described in this Project WSI.

4.3.2 Mitigation is primarily targeted to areas of potential as indicated by trial trenching. However, even though archaeological remains were not identified at some trial trench locations during the programme of trial trenching, archaeological mitigation is still proposed in many of these locations based on desk-based evidence for archaeological potential. Some proposed trial trenches were not sampled, due to access constraints at the time, these locations will also be subject to mitigation.

4.3.3 As described in detail below, a strategy has been agreed whereby areas of high or demonstrated archaeological potential will be subject to Archaeological Strip, Map and Sample (see Section 7). The remaining areas of construction impact will be subject to Archaeological Watching Brief (see Section 8).

4.3.4 Following Strip, Map and Sample/Watching Brief, any identified archaeological remains will be subject to preservation in situ (where warranted and achievable) (see paras 7.5.13 – 7.5.19), or else preservation by record (see paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56).

4.3.5 Construction-phase groundworks that qualify for monitoring by a qualified archaeologist include, but are not limited to:

• Topsoil and subsoil stripping of the working width, any accesses and temporary laydown and temporary compound areas (where not previously disturbed);

• Cable trench excavation;

• Open cutting through ditches and watercourses;

• Excavation of launch and reception pits for non-open cut crossings or HDD sections;

• Benching works;

• Pre-construction drainage;

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• Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) extraction works (retrospectively; following removal of UXO, see paras 7.5.55-7);

• Works to historic landscape features within the working width, such as former field boundaries (‘breakthrough crew’), ponds, quarries etc.; and

• Any other groundworks likely to impact on archaeological remains.

4.3.6 Where any of the above groundwork methods are implemented as part of the Principal Contractors project specification, every effort will be made not to disturb exposed surfaces (e.g. by tracking over by machinery) prior to archaeological inspection by watching brief. Any traffic movement throughout the working area should follow the same route (the designated access track and haul road adjacent to the cable trench) in order to minimise damage to exposed surfaces.

Table 2 Summary of Archaeological Mitigation by chainage

Chainage Proposed Mitigation Justification

0 – 1700 Watching brief The presence of landfill, previous assessment (for a proposed by-pass), and landscape character suggest low overall archaeological potential

1700 - 1900 Strip, Map and Sample Roman pottery recorded on the ground surface in the WS HER. Area not previously intrusively evaluated.

1900 - 3030 Watching brief The presence of landfill, previous assessment (for a proposed by-pass), and landscape character suggest low overall archaeological potential

3030 – 3620 Strip, Map and Sample Extensive area of Prehistoric findspots recorded in West Sussex HER (ES RSK ID 152) and projected line of Roman road from Chichester to Brighton (ES RSK ID 3)

3620 – 4100 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

4100 – 4250 Strip, Map and Sample Landscape vantage point with potential for prehistoric remains

4250 – 5260 Watching brief Steep topography with low potential for the presence of archaeological remains

5260 – 6300 Strip, Map and Sample Cropmarks interpreted from aerial photographs (National Mapping Programme) (ES RSK ID 32, 33 & 35) Roman remains recorded during trial trench evaluation (WA trial trenches 501 – 505)

6300 – 6420 Watching brief Possible disturbance reducing the potential for previously unknown archaeological remains

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Chainage Proposed Mitigation Justification

6420 – 6430 Strip, Map and Sample Interpreted prehistoric trackway identified on NMR (ES RSK ID 34)

6430 – 6780 Watching brief Steep topography, low potential for the presence of archaeological remains

6780 – 7500 Strip, Map and Sample Extensive prehistoric/Roman remains interpreted from aerial photographs (National Mapping Programme) (ES RSK ID 17 & 40) although trial trench evaluation recorded very little (WA trial trench 515)

7500 – 8300 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

8600 – 8720 Strip, Map and Sample Landscape vantage point with potential for prehistoric remains

8720 – 9570 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

9570 – 10130 Strip, Map and Sample Roman salterns interpreted from aerial photographs (National Mapping Programme) (ES RSK ID 16). Unable to access for trial trench evaluation

10130 – 11210 Watching brief Steep topography with low potential for the presence of archaeological remains

11230 – 13000 Strip, Map and Sample Landscape vantage point, characteristic for barrows Interpreted barrow group on West Sussex HER and antiquarian records of excavation (ES RSK IDs 69, 96, 84, 109, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119 & 149) Enclosure identified on aerial photographs (ES RSK ID 73) Probably ploughed out during WWII

13000 – 13320 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

13320 – 13610 Strip, Map and Sample Possible WWII site (ES RSK ID 193)

13610 – 16200 Watching brief Steep topography Deep colluvium may mask and protect former land surfaces. Site-specific methodology outlined in Geoarchaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Assessment UPD. (NB includes area of Scheduled Monument, previously excavated). Otherwise, low overall archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments.

16200 - 16790 Strip, Map and Sample ‘Sand with flints’ recorded in Head deposits (geoarchaeological potential)

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Chainage Proposed Mitigation Justification

16790 – 17200 Strip, Map and Sample Early Medieval ditch system recorded during evaluation (WA trial trench 1011)

17200 – 17500 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

17500 – 17890 Strip, Map and Sample Early Medieval ditch system recorded during evaluation (WA trial trench 1015)

17890 – 18050 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

18050 – 18660 Strip, Map and Sample Possible Barcombe Mills to Hardham Roman road (ES RSK ID 2) and potential associated roadside settlement

18660 – 19490 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

19490 – 20150 Strip, Map and Sample Medieval potential associated with Woodmancote Place, a DMV (ES RSK ID 90). Not previously evaluated by trial trenching

20150 – 21400 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

21400 – 21750 Strip, Map and Sample Bronze Age potential indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trench 1215)

21750 – 21950 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

21950 – 22640 Strip, Map and Sample Palaeoenvironmental potential adjacent to watercourse. Local landscape high point. Medieval settlement indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trenches 1220 & 1225)

22640 – 22850 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

22850 – 23030 Strip, Map and Sample Undated ditches indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trenches 1229 & 1230) - predating historic mapping sequence

23030 – 23950 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

23950 – 24250 Strip, Map and Sample Early Medieval potential indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trench 1313)

24250 – 26366 Watching brief Low archaeological potential indicated through previous assessments

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Chainage Proposed Mitigation Justification

Substation Substation-specific Strip, Map and Sample methodology

Early Medieval potential indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trench 1411) Medieval potential indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trench 1410) Later Medieval potential indicated by trial trench evaluation (WA trial trench 1413)

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5 RESPONSIBILITIES, MONITORING, DECISION-MAKING AND COLLABORATION

5.1 Personnel

5.1.1 The archaeological monitoring works will be overseen by the Project Archaeologist, a nominated competent and appropriately qualified archaeological consultant and Member of the IfA.

5.1.2 The appointed field archaeologists scheduled to undertake the Archaeological Strip, Map, and Sample, any resultant archaeological excavations, and archaeological watching brief, will be managed by the Project Archaeologist and E.ON.

5.1.3 Appropriately experienced specialists will provide relevant on-site and post excavation (assessment and analysis) support.

5.2 Decision-making

5.2.1 Where the conservation of the whole or a material part of a heritage asset’s significance is justified (i.e. for assets of demonstrably equivalent significance to a designated heritage asset), and where achievable, mitigation through preservation in situ will be considered.

5.2.2 The decision as to whether preservation in situ should be undertaken would be made in agreement between E.ON and WSCC/SDNPA, and if necessary EH, taking into account other physical, ecological and environmental constraints.

5.2.3 The ‘spot-dating’ of artefacts and samples is likely often to be necessary in order to inform the decision-making process (see para 7.3.4).

5.3 Collaboration

5.3.1 WSCC/SDNPA and EH may recommend collaboration with particular local, regional, and national experts with particular research interests in the region in order to inspect archaeological results on-site.

5.3.2 Accordingly, on-site meetings will be arranged as necessary between the Project Archaeologist, WSCC, SDNPA, EH, and third parties as appropriate, in order to provide on-site interpretations and enable information flow.

5.3.3 The agreed methodology for the watching brief will require collaboration with the Principal Contractor. Following toolbox talks from the Project Archaeologist at the start-up meetings and site inductions, it will be the responsibility of any site staff who identify potential archaeological remains to inform the Project Archaeologist and appointed field archaeologists who may not be on-site at the time.

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6 HEALTH, SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY CONTROLS

6.1.1 All companies working on the project will adhere to E.ON quality, health, safety and environment controls.

6.1.2 All work on site will be undertaken strictly in accordance with the Construction Phase Health, Safety and Environment Plan (DCO requirement 30) and the Principal Contractor task-specific RAMS. As required by the CDM and CPSHE plans, all work will be carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974; the Health and Safety Management Regulations 1992, and in accordance with SCAUM (standing conference of archaeological unit managers) Health and Safety Manual in field archaeology (2007). The appointed field archaeologist will supply a copy of their Risk Assessment (RA) to E.ON and Principal Contractors before commencement of any fieldwork. The RA document will be read by each of the archaeology field team and will retain a copy on their person/vehicle during site works, for reference. The RA will incorporate an interface between health and safety of the field archaeologist and that of the Principal Contractor and E.ON, and will be communicated at start-up meetings, through induction and regular toolbox talks throughout the construction phase.

6.1.3 The Project Archaeologist may also instruct task-specific RAMS, should extraordinary archaeological remains be identified for which a pre-prepared RAMS is not suitable. RAMS would be composed by the appointed field archaeologists in consultation with the Project Archaeologist and SDNPA/WSCC.

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7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRIP, MAP AND SAMPLE

7.1 Definition

7.1.1 Strip, Map and Sample differs from an archaeological watching brief in that the following conditions are required:

• The topsoil and subsoil strip is undertaken under the control and constant supervision of an archaeologist, using a 360° excavator, or similar, equipped with a toothless bucket;

• The strip continues to the depth of potential archaeological survival; i.e. all topsoil (and any subsoil, as required) is removed to the first archaeological horizon or natural horizon, whichever is encountered first in the construction process;

• Topsoil (and subsoil) is removed and stored in a way that allows for clear identification of archaeological horizons or features. This is determined on site by the appointed field archaeologists.

7.2 Aims and Objectives

7.2.1 Archaeological Strip, Map and Sample aims to remove overburden under the direction of a suitably qualified archaeologist, in the construction impact areas that present archaeological potential down to the intended archaeological horizon.

7.2.2 The reason for an archaeologically controlled strip is to allow the appointed field archaeologists an unobscured view of previously undisturbed soil horizons which may reveal archaeological features, sites, artefacts or structures.

7.2.3 This information will clarify whether any remains are of national or international importance and thus warrant consideration for preservation in situ; or alternatively form the basis of mitigation measures that may seek to limit damage to significant remains.

7.2.4 In line with national guidance and current best practice, it is preferable that where possible and desirable, significant archaeological features identified during Strip, Map and Sample may be preserved in situ by means of a local deviation in the cable route within the 40m wide Order limits. Physical, engineering and environmental constraints may also exist, which may mean that a local variation of the cable route within the Order limits is not possible. Any such decisions will be made in agreement between E.ON and WSCC/SDNPA.

7.2.5 Archaeological remains that cannot be preserved in situ shall be archaeologically excavated and recorded.

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7.3 Timing and Scope

7.3.1 Agreed areas where archaeological Strip, Map and Sample will be implemented are annotated on Figure 3 and justified in Table 2; i.e. where the following conditions apply:

• Where the presence of archaeological deposits has been proven through all previous assessment stages, for which ‘preservation by record’ has been deemed acceptable by WSCC/SDNPA;

• Where trial trenching has not been previously achievable; and

• Where archaeological potential is deemed to be high.

7.3.2 Figure 3 has been prepared in consultation with WSCC and SDNPA.

7.3.3 Strip, Map and Sample will take place after the onshore cable route working area has been fenced and will work concurrently with topsoil and subsoil stripping.

7.3.4 Archaeological features are considered likely to be present in plots defined for Archaeological Strip, Map and Sample. If preservation in situ is not warranted or achievable, preservation by record (archaeological excavation) procedures will be implemented (see paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56). ‘Spot-dating’ of artefacts and samples is likely often to be necessary in order to inform the decision-making process and therefore rapid availability of specialist spot dating is essential in order to agree levels of significance/sampling.

7.4 Resourcing

7.4.1 Strip, Map and Sample will be undertaken by appropriately qualified professional archaeologists.

7.4.2 Team numbers will be commensurate to the number of working machines. Should multiple machines be excavating on one front it may require more than one archaeologist to monitor progress.

7.4.3 Number of teams will be commensurate to the number of working fronts located along the cable route.

7.4.4 All teams will include at least one member of staff of supervisor level or above.

7.5 Strip, Map and Sample Methodology

7.5.1 The topsoil and subsoil will be stripped by excavator with a toothless ditching bucket, to the natural or relevant archaeological horizon and cast to the side parallel with the anticipated cable trench in a soil store that will be no greater than 2m in height. The exact depth of the topsoil layer varies by plot but can be assumed to be between 75mm – 300mm. Subsoil will be excavated in the Strip, Map and Sample areas and stored separate from the topsoil within the working width. The nominal depth of the subsoil is between 8-20cm.

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7.5.2 Stripped areas will be visually examined by the appointed field archaeologists for the physical presence of archaeological remains.

7.5.3 Where archaeological features or deposits are identified, they will be fenced off with temporary fencing approved by the Principal Contractor (free-standing/netlon etc) and equipped with adequate signage warning ‘Archaeological site – do not enter’. Contractor vehicles must be able to transit safely in between fenced-off areas, once declared archaeologically sterile by the appointed field archaeologist. Following soil stripping, plant or vehicle access should not be permitted within fenced areas until fully investigated by the field archaeologist.

7.5.4 Following soil stripping and the identification and fencing off of any archaeological remains, the methodology for ‘map and sample’ (archaeological excavation and recording) would be carried out according to this Project WSI (paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56). The appointed field archaeologist will record minor archaeological sites (e.g. small, discrete individual features) in the normal course of their duties, without disruption to the construction process, i.e. identifying sterile areas and allowing construction traffic to transit safely in between fenced-off areas in order to maintain Principal Contractor duties.

7.5.5 Vehicles and plant should not enter the limits of identified archaeological remains until they have been recorded by the field archaeologist (in the case of minor remains) or any further investigative and recording works completed (if remains are believed to be significant, the discovery of which may also require time for visitation by WSCC/SDNPA).

7.5.6 If significant finds/features are identified, a suitable programme of mitigation would be agreed with SDNPA/WSCC, in line with preservation in situ methods (paras 7.5.13 – 7.5.19), or preservation by record (archaeological excavation) methods (paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56). If generic methods outlined in this Project WSI do not present a suitable method for investigation, a separate site-specific RAMS may be required, produced by the appointed field archaeologist in consultation with the Project Archaeologist for agreement with SDNPA/WSCC in advance of any excavation works.

7.5.7 In the event of significant archaeological findings, site visits will be made to the site of any on-going archaeological mitigation by the Project Archaeologist and SDNPA/WSCC, and others as appropriate to enable information flow regarding interpretation and to agree the mitigation strategy (preservation by record or preservation in situ). Further visits may be carried out as the mitigation methodology is under implementation.

7.5.8 A reasonable period of time (based on heritage significance) will be allowed in the project programme for archaeological recording, to be agreed upon discovery with the Principal Contractor and the field archaeologist, with assistance from the Project Archaeologist, if necessary.

7.5.9 Where in abundance, archaeological features will be excavated and areas declared sterile in the phasing required by construction. Firstly the haul road will be

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excavated in order to allow vehicular access along the cable route working width, and secondly, the cable centre-line will be cleared to allow excavation of the cable trench. Where features occur in the area designated for soil storage, soil may be stored elsewhere along this line.

7.5.10 Field archaeologists will operate in accordance with the Principal Contractor CDM and the Construction Phase Health, Safety and Environmental Plan (DCO requirement 30).

7.5.11 Daily site diaries will be maintained by the appointed field archaeologist, recording both negative and positive archaeological information. Progress reports will be submitted to the Project Archaeologist on a weekly basis.

7.5.12 On completion of the programme of Strip, Map and Sample, post excavation assessment will commence, and appropriate analysis, reporting and archiving of results will be undertaken, as outlined in Section 10 and Appendix A below.

Preservation In Situ

7.5.13 At this (pre-construction) stage, the only heritage asset identified that will require preservation in situ during the construction stage will be the remaining elements of the Bronze Age Cross Dyke on Tottington Mount (ES RSK ID 99; chainage 14000), following its partial excavation (see Scheduled Monument WSI, for DCO requirement 25).

7.5.14 The elements requiring preservation in situ lie within the Order limits and will be fenced off throughout the construction stage of the cable installation.

7.5.15 In the event that buried archaeological remains are identified during archaeological mitigation works that are equivalent in significance to a scheduled monument or considered of high significance by the Project Archaeologist, preservation in situ may be considered and implemented where possible through engineering or design solutions such as:

• Avoidance of the heritage asset through a minor variation (within the 40m Order Limit) in the onshore cable route;

• Protection within the working area with geotextile membrane.

7.5.16 If discovered during the construction phase, archaeological remains of significance, where preservation in situ is achievable and is agreed in consultation, will be protected through geotextile covering until reinstatement is achieved.

Reinstatement

7.5.17 Following cable duct installation, construction activity will focus on reinstatement of the cable corridor (where part or all of the cable corridor reinstatement is possible prior to cable pulling works). The cable trench will be backfilled soon after the cable ducts are installed, where topsoil, and any subsoil will be reinstated.

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7.5.18 Where preservation in situ has been agreed, areas of archaeological interest, will be protected from intrusive reinstatement works, such as subsoil ripping, by maintaining fencing and signage around identified areas, and through a series of regular checks by the Project Archaeologist or appointed field archaeologist throughout the construction/reinstatement period, as necessary.

7.5.19 Typically, areas of archaeological interest where preservation in situ has been agreed will be reinstated to its pre-discovery condition. Reinstatement mitigation will be defined by the Project Archaeologist according to the site-specific requirements of each area of interest, in agreement with SDNPA/WSCC and if necessary EH.

Preservation by Record (Excavation)

7.5.20 As per NPS EN-1 5.8.20 (see para 1.1.8) and NPPF 141, where the loss of the whole or a material part of a heritage asset’s significance is justified, E.ON are required to record and advance understanding of the significance of the heritage asset before it is lost.

7.5.21 The method for archaeological excavation applies to both the Strip, Map and Sample and Watching Brief methodologies.

7.5.22 In the case of less significant or ‘standard’ archaeological remains (such as field systems, or disparate linear features or pits), these will be excavated according to standard and generic methodologies set out in this Project WSI.

7.5.23 In the event of the discovery of significant archaeological remains, a site-specific method statement for archaeological mitigation will be produced by the appointed field archaeologists, which will address specific research aims and sampling strategies. Site-specific method statements will be approved by the Project Archaeologist and SDNPA/WSCC.

7.5.24 As soon as reasonably practicable after discovery of significant remains, appropriate site specific mitigation measures will be agreed between the E.ON and SDNPA/WSCC, with assistance if necessary from EH, the Project Archaeologist, and the appointed field archaeologist. All interested parties will be offered the opportunity to meet on site to discuss appropriate mitigation.

7.5.25 The excavation strategy will take account of the following factors:

• The density and physical extent of any archaeological deposits;

• The location of deposits within the cable corridor; and

• The (potential) significance of the archaeological deposits.

7.5.26 Regional research aims as described in the South East Research Framework (SERF) (see Section 1.3) would be consulted in determining the need for further specialist analysis. If Research Questions have been defined the post-excavation mitigation strategy will review these in light of the fieldwork findings and set out a revised series of aims.

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Methodology

7.5.27 Archaeological sites will be excavated and recorded within the Order limits according to accepted professional standards, by a qualified team of professionals if necessary, and in accordance with the standards outlined in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Code of Conduct (CIfA 2014) Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (CIfA 2013), Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (CIfA 2013), and the appointed field archaeologist’s unit fieldwork manual.

7.5.28 A digital pre-excavation plan will be produced using GPS/GIS survey, of all visible archaeological features, including modern intrusions. The plan will be aligned/referenced to the OS grid.

7.5.29 Archaeological features will be cleaned by hand (hoe/trowel) and examined in detail.

7.5.30 If appropriate, archaeological features and the surrounding area may be surveyed with a metal detector by the appointed field archaeologist.

7.5.31 Where exposed, archaeological features and structures will be recorded and excavated stratigraphically and all relationships will be investigated sufficient to determine site phasing.

7.5.32 A sufficient proportion of any archaeological feature or deposit will be hand excavated in order to provide the information required.

7.5.33 A generic methodology to be used (where practicable) is outlined as follows (the percentages are in all cases minima, to be increased if the feature is clearly significant):

• 50% of each pit and other discrete archaeological features will be excavated. Where these form part of a recognisable structure or contain deposits of particular value or significant artefacts or ecofacts they will be fully excavated.

• 25% of the exposed lengths of linear features associated with settlement or activity areas will normally be excavated. All excavation slots will be at least 1m wide and sections will be placed to provide adequate coverage of the features and will include excavation of any terminals and the intersections with other features. A flexible approach will be adopted to the location of excavation samples such that areas of exposed ditch fill with higher artefact or ecofact content may be targeted. A further 25% of length may be investigated if significant patterns of deposition occur (for example indications of unexpected stratigraphy or specialised activity).

• 25% of ring gullies will normally be excavated to include excavation of the terminals and sections at each side and to the rear of the gully. Special regard will be given to significant stratigraphic relationships and concentrations of artefactual material. For eaves-drip gullies, usually shallow and narrow, but

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which may contain post holes, 100% excavation should be the default; for a wide, deep ring ditch, a smaller percentage would be reasonable.

• All domestic and occupation layers will be fully excavated and sampled for analysis.

• All industrial features including potential ovens and hearths will be fully excavated and sampled for analysis.

• Sufficient samples of other linear features not associated with settlement will be excavated. All excavation slots will be at least 1m wide. The spacing and interval of excavation slots will depend on the exposed length and nature of the feature.

• 5% of field boundaries (isolated linear features, not obviously associated with any other feature) will be excavated. Excavation slots will be at least 1m wide and located away from intersections with other features or deposits to obtain unmixed samples of material.

• A sample of tree throw holes/possible natural or geological features will be excavated sufficient to establish the nature of the features and to provide dating evidence. Isolated tree throws will be excavated to determine interpretation. Where the cable route may pass through a former woodland and tree throws are frequent, an appropriate sample will be investigated at the discretion of the supervising field archaeologist, but in consultation with WSCC/SDNPA.

• In the event that stone structures are encountered, these will be excavated in sufficient detail to establish their construction sequence and sequence of repairs or extensions. All stratigraphic associations will be recorded.

• Deep features such as wells and pits will be fully excavated where practicable, only when threatened through the construction programme, and where preservation in situ is not achievable. The excavation of deep features will comply with Health and Safety procedures, and shoring will be used, where appropriate. Deep excavations will be fenced off from the general site and hazard signs will be suitably posted. A method statement outlining the health and safety requirements and the archaeological methodology will be provided prior to any excavation of deep features.

7.5.34 Each context will be recorded on a pro-forma context sheet by descriptive and measured description. A general ‘site diary’ or ‘trench record sheet’ will record overall conclusions and wider landscape relationships.

7.5.35 All archaeological deposits will be recorded by drawn plans (scale 1:20 or 1:50 as appropriate) and sections (scale 1:10 or 1:20 as appropriate).

7.5.36 The Ordnance Datum height of all principal features and levels will be calculated and plans and sections will be annotated with Ordnance Datum heights.

7.5.37 The location of archaeological features identified during the course of the project will be identified using a method appropriate to the feature. As a minimum, this will be recording using a hand-held GPS or measuring from fixed points.

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7.5.38 Photographs (digital SLR) will be taken as appropriate, to record each feature, the site, and landscape context, including an appropriate scale measure.

Finds Policy

7.5.39 A suitable metal detector will be used to enhance artefact recovery at identified archaeological sites comprising negative features at the pre-excavation stage. (exceptions would be, for example, wartime features or feature associated with metalworking slag, showing on the surface). Spoil heaps from excavation will also be examined. Where appropriate to address research objectives, sieving of deposits to maximise the recovery of small artefacts will be considered.

7.5.40 All artefacts from excavated contexts will be retained, except those from features or deposits of obviously modern date. In such circumstances, sufficient artefacts will be retained in order to elucidate the date and/or function of the feature or deposit. Material of undoubtedly modern date observed on the spoil heap of each trench would not be noted or retained.

7.5.41 Artefacts will be bagged by archaeological context. The location of special (or ‘small’) finds will be three-dimensionally recorded. Three-dimensional recording of in-situ flint working deposits will be carried out, as appropriate.

7.5.42 All artefacts collected during the course of the project will, as a minimum, be processed, sorted, quantified, recorded, labelled, packed and stored in accordance with the requirements of the agreed repository.

7.5.43 The treatment of artefacts and environmental samples will be in accordance with the IfA's Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials (IfA Finds Group 2008), the UK Institute of Conservators Guidelines “Conservation Guideline No 2” and the Museums and Galleries Commissions “Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections (1991)”excepting where they are superseded by statements made below.

7.5.44 Contingency will be made for external specialist advice and conservation needs on-site should unexpected, unusual or extremely fragile and delicate objects be recovered.

7.5.45 X-raying of all suitable metalwork and storage of this and other delicate objects will be undertaken by an appropriate external specialist facility. Any artefacts requiring conservation or specific storage conditions will be dealt with immediately in line with First Aid for Finds (Watkinson & Neal 1998).

7.5.46 Suitable material, primarily the pottery, worked flint and non-ferrous metalwork, will be assessed regarding the date range of assemblages.

7.5.47 Assessment of all post-medieval and earlier artefacts will be made by appropriately qualified specialists details of which will be supplied by the appointed field archaeologist on request.

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7.5.48 All artefacts recovered are the property of the landowner. E.ON will seek permission from the landowner to donate finds to an appropriate Museums Service prior to depositing the archive.

Human Remains

7.5.49 Any finds of human remains during the course of the Project will be left in situ, covered and protected. The appointed field archaeologist will notify the Principal Contractor and the Project Archaeologist.

7.5.50 E.ON, WSCC, SDNPA, the Coroner and, if necessary, English Heritage, will be notified by the Project Archaeologist. If the remains are suspected to be modern the police will be notified.

7.5.51 If removal is agreed by the above parties, it will take place under appropriate regulations (normally a licence is required from the Ministry of Justice) and with due regard for health and safety issues and the requirements of the Burial Act 1857.

7.5.52 If human remains are excavated, all excavation and post excavation will be in accordance to standards set out in IfA Technical Paper 13 and inhumaned remains.

Treasure

7.5.53 In the event of discovery of artefacts covered or potentially covered by the Treasure Act 1996 and subsequent legislation, their excavation and removal will be undertaken following notification, by the appointed field archaeologist , to the Project Archaeologist, who will inform E.ON and WSCC/SDNPA and, if necessary, EH.

7.5.54 All necessary information required by the Treasure Act, i.e. finder, location, material, date, associated material etc) will be reported within 24 hours.

Unexploded Ordnance (‘UXO’)/Spent Ordnance

7.5.55 BACTEC’s UXO risk assessment will be consulted in advance of any geoarchaeological fieldworks.

7.5.56 Upon identification of ordnance of any kind works will cease immediately and the presence reported to the Principal Contractor and E.ON. If appropriate the ordnance may be marked with a high-visibility marker. If deemed potentially unsafe by the appointed field archaeologist, the ordnance will not be approached.

7.5.57 Archaeologists will not work in the vicinity of UXO until the area has been declared safe by the Principal Contractor and E.ON.

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8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF

8.1 Definition

8.1.1 An archaeological watching brief is defined as the monitoring, by an appropriately qualified archaeologist, of third party activities which may impact upon or expose archaeological remains during on-site construction activities.

8.1.2 An archaeological watching brief differs from Strip, Map and Sample in that the depth of excavation will not be defined by the watching brief archaeologist. Significantly, the archaeological presence will be maintained intermittently, and in some cases, groundworks will be inspected retrospectively. In these cases, where archaeological remains are identified or suspected, the archaeological Strip, Map and Sample methodology may then be implemented.

8.1.3 Accordingly, a watching brief is not intended to reduce the requirement for excavation or preservation of known or inferred deposits, and it is intended to guide, not replace, any requirement for contingent excavation or preservation of possible deposits.

8.2 Aims and Objectives

8.2.1 The aim of the archaeological watching brief is to identify, then preserve, either by record or in situ, archaeological remains that may otherwise be altered, damaged or destroyed by construction works.

8.2.2 The objectives of the watching brief are to provide data on the date, character, quality, survival and extent of archaeological deposits within the working area (see paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56).

8.2.3 This information will clarify whether any remains are of national or international importance and thus warrant consideration for preservation in situ; or alternatively form the basis of mitigation measures that may seek to limit damage to significant remains.

8.2.4 In line with national guidance and current best practice, it is preferable that where possible and desirable, archaeological features identified during the watching brief may be preserved in situ by means of a local deviation to the cable route with the Order limits. These decisions will be made in agreement between E.ON and WSCC/SDNPA.

8.2.5 Archaeological remains that cannot be preserved in situ shall be archaeologically excavated and recorded.

8.3 Timing and Scope

8.3.1 All ground works outside agreed Strip, Map and Sample mitigation areas will be subject to watching brief as annotated on Figure 3.

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8.3.2 The appointed field archaeologist will observe construction-phase groundwork activities being undertaken by the Principal Contractor and according to the project specification, if they are deemed by the field archaeologist to potentially have a direct effect on archaeological remains.

8.3.3 The watching brief may identify archaeological remains which will then be exposed according to the above Strip, Map and Sample methodology, in addition to those areas defined in Table 2, in agreement with E.ON, the Project Archaeologist, and SDNPA/WSCC.

8.3.4 In agreement with SDNPA and WSCC, the watching brief will be intermittent, comprising 40% minimum by area within areas agreed for archaeological watching brief (accounting for any downtime during archaeological watching brief attendance) and up to full-time if necessary.

8.3.5 The timing/location of the watching brief attendance minima will be chosen at the discretion of the appointed field archaeologist, explicitly targeted to maximise archaeological recovery through monitoring of Principal Contractor groundworks most likely to reveal archaeological remains.

8.3.6 Programme information will therefore be provided to the Project Archaeologist and the field archaeologist by E.ON and the Principal Contractor, and lines of communication established between all the above parties in order to inform decision making regarding site attendance.

8.3.7 Once on site, access will be afforded to the field archaeologists to monitor all Principal Contractor groundworks with the potential to expose archaeological remains.

8.3.8 Any additional time over the agreed minima will need to be justified to E.ON and the Project Archaeologist, but it is anticipated will usually be based on the presence of archaeological remains identified during the 40% presence.

8.3.9 It is expected that the field archaeologist retrospectively walkover, monitor, and make a record for each and every field subject to topsoil stripping/other groundworks which were not archaeologically monitored, creating a full record.

8.3.10 Daily site diaries will be maintained by the appointed field archaeologists, recording both negative and positive archaeological information; and progress reports will be submitted to the Project Archaeologist on a weekly basis.

8.3.11 Accordingly, for purposes of future research and assessment of archaeological potential on sites adjoining the Project onshore cable route, the daily report on the watching brief findings will need to make very clear which parts of the route offered good conditions for distinguishing any remains and artefacts on the stripped surface below topsoil, and which parts did not (e.g. were disturbed by site traffic in the interim period before retrospective monitoring), and so could not be used to give any indication as to whether archaeology beneath the subsoil might or might not be present.

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8.4 Resourcing

8.4.1 The watching brief will be undertaken by appropriately qualified professional archaeologists. Where works are being carried out in areas of defined palaeoenvironmental/geoarchaeological potential, the watching brief will be attended by appropriately qualified professional geoarchaeologists (see Section 9.3).

8.4.2 All teams will include at least one member of staff of supervisor level or above.

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8.5 Watching Brief Methodology

8.5.1 During a watching brief the appointed field archaeologist will not define the depth/extent of excavation/groundworks, but only observe works being carried out according to the Principal Contractor project specification; however, the field archaeologist will be permitted to request for excavation works to pause in order to permit inspection of exposed deposits – adequate time will be afforded to the archaeologist to identify or record any archaeological remains present before groundworks continue in that area.

8.5.2 If exposed archaeological features cannot be recorded by the field archaeologist within the existing construction programme, the area will be fenced off, and groundworks within the fenced area will be suspended until a strategy has been agreed with the Project Archaeologist and the Principal Contractor. The Principal Contractor may continue their works according to their specification in the adjacent field.

8.5.3 Following/during topsoil stripping, if subsurface archaeological potential is indicated to the appointed field archaeologist, additional overburden (subsoil) may be removed at the request of the field archaeologist. The area will be fenced off and a back acting machine with toothless ditching bucket will be made available to the appointed field archaeologist in order to remove further overburden, to a depth as specified by the field archaeologist, until sufficient visibility to enable archaeological excavation and recording to accepted standards, as specified in paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56.

8.5.4 The Principal Contractor will provide a back-acting machine fitted with a toothless bucket as convenient but within 48 hours in order to fully strip and define the identified area of archaeological remains.

8.5.5 If significant finds/features are identified during the watching brief, a suitable programme of mitigation would be agreed with the relevant Archaeological Curators, in line with preservation in situ methods (paras 7.5.13 – 7.5.19), or preservation by record (archaeological excavation) methods (paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56). If necessary, a site-specific method statement may be produced for agreement with SDNPA/WSCC in advance of any excavation works.

8.5.6 As necessary (in the event of significant archaeological findings), site visits will be made to the site of any on-going archaeological mitigation by the Project Archaeologist and SDNPA/WSCC, and others as appropriate.

8.5.7 Field archaeologists will operate in accordance with the Principal Contractor CDM and Construction Phase Health, Safety and Environment Plan (DCO requirement 30).

8.5.8 On completion of the watching brief, post excavation assessment will commence, and appropriate analysis, reporting and archiving of results will be undertaken, as outlined in Section 10 and Appendix A below.

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Substation-Specific Strip, Map and Sample Methodology

8.5.9 The archaeological Strip, Map and Sample methodology will be implemented at each area of known remains identified through previous trial trenching evaluation in the substation study area (highlighted on Figure 3).

8.5.10 This ‘substation-specific methodology’ defines a 10m buffer around any identified archaeological deposits within the excavated area, beyond which Strip, Map and Sample would cease; i.e. should an archaeological feature be identified during Strip, Map and Sample, the 10m buffer is ‘reset’, and the process repeated until no more remains are exposed, whereby the watching brief methodology is implemented instead.

Field Boundary Recording

8.5.11 Archaeological recording of important, or any other (subsurface and extant) field boundaries exposed or broken-through by the construction works will be undertaken by the appointed field archaeologist during the construction-phase watching brief.

8.5.12 The specific aims of the watching brief are to observe and record any historic re-defining of field boundaries (earlier walls overlain and obscured by hedges, or re-cut ditches for example), buried land surfaces, and the collection of dating evidence from these features.

8.5.13 A record of each field boundary will be maintained. Sketched profiles will include dimensions and notes will be taken on both the below and above ground components of all boundaries. A photographic record will also be maintained.

8.5.14 Suitable analysis of the body of data generated will be agreed with WSCC/SDNPA during the project post-excavation assessment stage, with the aim to categorise each boundary form in order to provide an interpretation of its relative importance and, if possible, date/phasing.

Extant Field Boundaries

8.5.15 A number of ‘important hedgerows’ are crossed along the onshore cable route, however all boundaries will be subject to the same level of recording in order to allow statistical analysis across the extent of the study area.

8.5.16 Where field boundaries are not subject to Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) (in which case they are unaffected), they are physically ‘broken-through’, and thus observable in cross-section.

8.5.17 Breakthrough crews will be accompanied by an archaeologist in order to record exposed sections of extant field boundaries.

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Defunct Field Boundaries

8.5.18 Where necessary, negative features will be fully exposed by hand, and recorded in accordance with the archaeological excavation methodologies outlined in paras 7.5.20 – 7.5.56 above.

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9 GEOARCHAEOLOGY AND PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

9.1 Definition

9.1.1 Study of the palaeoenvironment and geoarchaeology combines multi-disciplinary approaches which use the techniques and subject matter of geography, geology and other geosciences to address archaeological aims.

9.1.2 The focus of geoarchaeological fieldworks and palaeoenvironmental assessment can be split into two main areas:

Archaeological

• Using geoarchaeological assessment through the knowledge of landforms and geological processes combined with the modelling of sub-surface data to predict and evaluate the location of deposits which may bury or contain significant archaeological sites and/or material;

• Looking at organic deposits preserved within archaeological remains to provide detailed information on processes carried out at that site, or leading to their presence; and

Palaeoenvironmental

• Using a similar set of techniques – to predict and evaluate the location of deposits with high palaeoenvironmental potential, not necessarily in direct association with archaeological sites. Such deposits, often alluvial, can be targeted for sampling and lab work, thus providing detailed information on the changing environment over time.

9.1.3 These techniques directly relate to practical archaeological investigation in two ways:

• Providing a process by which to determine the likelihood of construction impacts to deposits with archaeological potential; and

• Providing interpretation of depositional context for archaeological remains.

9.1.4 Both ways will be utilised in the geoarchaeology and palaeoenvironmental policy, with techniques carried out both in advance of and during construction.

9.1.5 The results from the pre-construction assessments will inform the mitigation fieldworks carried out during construction, and the results of each drawn together in an overall archaeological assessment report to inform the wider archaeological context, including the results of any offshore assessments (see Section 10 and Appendix A).

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9.2 Timing and Scope

9.2.1 The approach to the palaeoenvironmental and geoarchaeological evaluation is summarised here, where the detailed mitigation strategy outlining fieldwork methodology is set out in the Geoarchaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Assessment Updated Project Design (UPD).

9.2.2 The geoarchaeology and palaeoenvironmental approach and mitigation has been prepared in full consultation with the Regional Scientific Advisor at English Heritage and the final UPD provided to WSCC/SDNPA. The scheme is proportionate to the level of impact of the construction works and has been informed by geoarchaeology and palaeoenvironmental completed assessments to date, and has been devised to concentrate effort within areas likely to yield greatest results:

• Concentrated boreholing in the Adur Valley with sleeved cores being retrieved to a depth of c.10m for assessment and analysis of the sedimentary sequences. Up to 8 boreholes will be undertaken at approx. 100m intervals (positioned where most appropriate practically and geoarchaeologically).

• Test pits of colluvium deposits corresponding to the bottom of the Tottington Mount slope. The test pits will be up to 2m deep and stepped at the sides. 6 test pits will be placed at approx. 50m intervals with appropriate recording, interpretation and sampling to be undertaken by a geoarchaeologist; and

• Geoarchaeological watching briefs matched to areas of geoarchaeological potential, such as open cutting through tributaries and flood plains in the upper reach areas, to ensure all available excavations in areas with geoarchaeological potential are recorded and sampled where appropriate.

Geoarchaeological watching briefs will be carried out by an experienced geoarchaeologist and will focus on areas of geoarchaeological potential as identified through desk-based assessment and summarised in the UPD. ‘Crossing numbers’ are referenced from the Watercourse Crossings Schedule (DCO requirement 27).

Alluvial Deposits:

Crossing 10: Teville Stream, Sompting CP (WSCC)

River Adur:

Crossing 15: HDD operations, Coombes CP and Adur district (SDNPA)

Possible flint artefacts within Head deposits:

‘Transect J’: north of Tottington Mount (SDNPA)

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Tributaries in the upper reaches of the Adur valley:

Crossing 20: Woodsmill Stream, Upper Beeding CP (SDNPA)

Crossing 23: Woodmancote CP / Henfield CP Parish Boundary (WSCC)

Crossings 25 & 26: Woodmancote CP (WSCC)

Crossing 30: Cutlers Brook/Chess Stream, Woodmancote CP (WSCC)

Crossing 32: Twineham CP (WSCC)

Crossing 33: Herrings Stream, Twineham CP (WSCC)

Crossing 34: River Adur East Branch, Twineham CP (WSCC)

Raised Beach Deposits (exposed in deep excavations for HDD):

Railway HDD exit compound, Sompting CP (WSCC)

A27 HDD entry compound, Worthing (WSCC)

9.3 Resourcing

9.3.1 The geoarchaeological watching brief will be undertaken by appropriately qualified professional geoarchaeologists.

9.4 Geoarchaeological Watching Brief Methodology

9.4.1 Where any deep excavations (>2m) and open cuts (including cable joint bays, HDD exit and entry pits) are carried out in the above-defined areas of geoarchaeological potential along the route, then these construction works would be attended by an appointed geoarchaeologist prior to back-filling in order to identify potential for collection, retention and assessment of palaeoenvironmental samples.

9.4.2 Similarly, and archaeological features containing fills with environmental potential will be sampled for wet-sieving and further assessment by the appointed field archaeologist.

9.4.3 All environmental samples will be taken according to standard and accepted policies outlined in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance documents and Environmental Archaeology; A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from Sampling and Recovery to Post-excavation (second edition) (English Heritage 2011).

9.4.4 The number and range of environmental samples collected will represent the range of deposit/feature types encountered. 40 litre bulk samples minimum (or 100% of smaller features) are specified in order to address the following:

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• Range of preservation types (charred, mineral-replaced, waterlogged), and their quality;

• Concentrations of macro-remains, to inform the size of bulk samples on any future excavation;

• Differences in remains from undated and dated features – thus the degree of likely association/disassociation;

• Variation between different feature types and areas of site.

9.4.5 Waterlogged ‘organic’ features may be sampled where appropriate/practicable as it may be possible to date them by C14, regardless of artefactual content. The possibility of taking monolith samples will be considered, and if encountered a specialist should be invited to site to assess the options available. Smaller column samples will be taken from sections where there are sound sequences with palaeoenvironmental potential.

9.4.6 Geoarchaeological sampling provision will include for the taking of columns, e.g. where good geoarchaeological sequences are involved, through identified Head deposits or alluvium, at the advice of the attending geoarchaeologist.

9.4.7 Other bulk samples, for example from middens, may be taken for small animal bones and small artefacts. Other sampling where appropriate, e.g. soil micromorphology where the nature or derivation of a deposit is not certain; mortar samples etc., may be undertaken.

9.4.8 Bulk environmental soil samples for charred plant macrofossils, small animal bones, and other artefacts will be collected from appropriate, well-sealed and dated/datable archaeological contexts. Samples of 40 litres will be collected, or 100% of smaller contexts.

9.4.9 For deposits where anaerobic preservation is identified, 40 litre bulk samples will be collected for the retrieval of uncharred plant macrofossils and insects. Specialist samples may also be taken from dry or waterlogged contexts. Such samples will target recovery of pollen (using monolith tins), molluscs, foraminifera, parasites and insects. Larger samples (80-100 litres) will be extracted wholesale from deposits rich in marine molluscs and large mammal bones. As a general rule waterlogged wood specimens will be recorded in detail in their original location. In all instances deposits with clear intrusive material shall be avoided.

9.4.10 Provision will be ensured for the application of scientific dating techniques (such as radiocarbon C-14, thermoluminescence, optically-stimulated luminescence, archaeomagnetic etc), as appropriate.

9.4.11 Radiocarbon dating should prioritise material thought to be in situ such as charcoal/charred plant remains from episodes of in situ burning or articulated skeletal remains. Short-lived taxa or plant elements should ideally be selected for dating, whilst potentially residual or intrusive material should be avoided.

9.4.12 Where necessary, the regional English Heritage Science Advisor will be consulted.

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9.4.13 If faunal remains are recovered, their condition should be considered with regards to recording in situ, and lift following consultation with a specialist conservator.

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10 POST-EXCAVATION PROGRAMME (ASSESSMENT, ANALYSIS, REPORTING AND PUBLICATION)

10.1.1 At the completion of the fieldwork an event number will be obtained from the West Sussex HER, and a methodology for processing, sampling and the analysis of all archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, and geoarchaeological artefacts and ecofacts recovered during the pre-construction phase and construction-phase excavations will be determined, commensurate to the complexity and character of the data recorded.

10.1.2 This will be communicated and agreed in writing to E.ON, WSCC/SDNPA, and the Regional Scientific Advisor at English Heritage and consultation will be maintained throughout implementation of the various phases of the post-construction archaeological work.

Methodology & Guidance

10.1.3 Management of the post-excavation phase of assessment will follow guidelines specified in Management of Archaeological Projects Revision II (English Heritage, 1991) as appropriate and commensurate to the findings of the fieldwork phase of this project.

10.1.4 Normally, five phases are specified (also see Appendix A):

• Phase 1: project planning

• Phase 2: fieldwork

• Phase 3: assessment of potential for analysis

• Phase 4: analysis and report preparation

• Phase 5: dissemination

10.1.5 The majority of Phase 1 objectives and agreements have been completed. Phase 1 includes a geoarchaeological fieldwork report, the results of which will inform Phase 2. This report will summarise findings along with an interpretation of significance and recommendations for lab assessment and dating.

10.1.6 Phase 2 comprises archaeological mitigation (as described in this WSI) as well as palaeoenvironmental lab work and dating work (as described in the forthcoming Phase 1 geoarchaeological fieldwork report).

10.1.7 Phase 3 involves an objective assessment of the results of the planning/fieldwork phases (Phases 1 and 2, including all archaeological, geoarchaeological, and palaeoenvironmental assessments carried out to date) in order to ascertain the appropriate level of post-evaluation analysis and reporting. This phase culminates in the production of a post-evaluation assessment report. The second involves carrying out the work identified within the post-evaluation assessment report, and culminates in a final report and project archive (Phases 4 and 5). If SERF Research

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Questions (see Section 1.3) have been defined by this phase then the post-excavation assessment strategy will review these in light of the fieldwork findings and set out a revised series of aims.

Post-excavation Assessment Report – Phase 3

10.1.8 The level of post-excavation analysis and reporting for the purposes of the work will be commensurate to the findings of the fieldwork and sufficient to establish the character, scale, date range, artefactual and palaeoenvironmental potential and overall significance of the remains.

10.1.9 The style and format of the post-excavation assessment report will include as a minimum the following:

• A location plan of working areas and/or other fieldwork;

• Plans and sections of features located at an appropriate scale;

• Section drawings showing depth of deposits including the present ground level with Ordnance Datum, vertical and horizontal scale;

• A summary statement of the results;

• A table summarising the features, classes and numbers of artefacts contained within, spot dating of significant finds and an interpretation;

• Assessment of samples taken for palaeoenvironmental analysis. Results of onshore assessments in relation to River Adur palaeochannel to consider results of Rampion offshore palaeoenvironmental mitigation to ensure comprehensive discussion and conclusions; and

• An interpretation of the archaeological findings both within the site and within their wider landscape setting.

10.1.10 Artefact analysis will be sufficient to establish date ranges of archaeological deposits, a general assessment of the types of pottery and other artefacts to assist in characterising the archaeology, and to establish the potential for all categories of artefacts should further archaeological work be necessary.

Conservation and Scientific Analysis of Small-Finds

10.1.11 All retained finds will be processed in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists' Standard and guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological material (CIfA 2008).

10.1.12 In consultation with E.ON, WSCC/SDNPA, specialist work on metalwork, bone (including worked bone, human remains and other organic remains), industrial waste, ceramic material, glass and lithic material will be carried out by suitable specialists, monitored by the Project Archaeologist.

10.1.13 In consultation with E.ON WSCC/SDNPA, the Project Archaeologist will advise on the implementation of passive conservation for smaller objects pending more

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detailed conservation strategies. E.ON will make provision for a professional conservator to undertake a conservation assessment of assemblages.

10.1.14 Objects that require immediate conservation or specific storage conditions will be dealt with immediately in line with First Aid for Finds (Watkinson and Neal 1998). The field Archaeologist will make a full record of any treatment given and these records will form part of the archive.

10.1.15 In the event of the discovery of unexpected, unusual or extremely fragile and delicate objects and deposits the appointed field archaeologist will notified E.ON and the Project Archaeologist immediately. Any additional work required to recover, record, analyse, conserve and archive such objects and deposits will be agreed with E.ON.

Post-excavation Analysis Report – Phase 4

10.1.16 The work undertaken during this phase of the project will be carried out according to the recommendations contained within the post-evaluation assessment report, and may include requirements for publication.

10.1.17 A stand-alone draft report will be produced for each stage of fieldwork. Each report will include a clear statement of the archaeological value of the results, and their significance in the context of the Regional Research Framework.

Final Reporting / Publication / Production of Site Archive - Phase 5

10.1.18 On completion of the project, the draft reports would be appropriately synthesised into a single final document, the results related to the relevant known archaeological information held in the West Sussex HER, and submitted to Sussex Archaeological Collections (SAC).

10.1.19 If merited by findings, articles would be published in a range of journals and publications, suitable to the significance of the finding, and according to recommendations made in the post-excavation assessment, analysis and reporting.

10.1.20 A popular, non-technical summary report would also be prepared and disseminated more widely.

10.1.21 A full archive including plans, photographs, written material and any other material resulting from the project will be prepared within an agreed timescale after the completion of the fieldwork stage of project. The standards will conform to best practice detailed in Archaeological Archives (Brown 2007), Appendix 3 of MoRPHE (EH 2006) and Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long-Term Storage (UKIC 1990).

10.1.22 All plans, photographs and descriptions will be labelled and cross-referenced. All digital data will be written to CD and stored with the paper archive with an appropriate repository. Should new sites be identified during the course of the

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works, a suitable database structure will be agreed in advance with the West Sussex HER Officer.

10.1.23 Arrangements will be made with a designated archive repository and curator (at a suitable West Sussex museum (for example, Shoreham or Horsham)) for details of the requirements of title transfer and copyright to the museum. In response to this, the designated repository will make available local standards for the submission of an archaeological archive where needed. Once this is confirmed and arrangements are made for the deposition of the archive, the designated repository will allocate the archive a unique museum identity number (accession number). The designated repository will only retain the finds and environmental archive, along with supporting paper and digital archive where necessary. The designated repository will then become responsible for managing and curating the collection.

10.1.24 All artefacts recovered are the property of the landowner. E.ON will seek permission from the landowner to donate finds to an appropriate Museums Service prior to depositing the archive.

10.1.25 Every effort will be made to obtain the agreement of the landowners for the deposition of the full site archive, and transfer of title with the agreed repository, to be confirmed.

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11 PUBLIC PROMOTION

11.1 Construction-phase

11.1.1 Archaeological 'open days' may be carried out by the Project Archaeologist and/or the field archaeologists familiar with the project findings in accordance with access restrictions, on-site health and safety regulations, and site-specific risk-assessments.

11.1.2 Open days would be carried out in advance of the preservation in situ of significant archaeological deposits, or where the opportunity to observe the archaeological excavation would be possible.

11.1.3 Open days will be offered to the public and local archaeology and history groups, such as The Sussex Archaeological Society, Worthing Archaeological Society, Horsham District Archaeological Group, Brighton and Hove Archaeological Society, and Mid Sussex Field Archaeology Team.

11.2 Post-construction

11.2.1 The potential for adding pubic benefit to the project through the popular publication of the survey results would also be considered as part of the programme of post excavation work.

11.2.2 If merited by findings, suitable West Sussex museums (for example, Shoreham or Horsham) would be contacted to enquire whether the loan or donation of any artefacts would be appropriate and of interest by the museum curator(s) for display. Funding for displays, beneficiaries, specific artefacts, and time periods are to be agreed between WSCC/SDNPA and E.ON following post-excavation assessments, analysis, and reporting.

11.2.3 E.ON would be responsible for disseminating findings through public engagement by the Project Archaeologist and/or members of the archaeological subcontracting team familiar with the project findings, likely to consist of presentations at schools, universities and/or local societies with a vested interest in one or any of the areas affected by the project.

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12 REFERENCES

Brown, D. H., 2007, Archaeological Archives: A Guide to Best Practice in Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Curation

English Heritage, 1991, Management of Archaeological Projects Revision II

English Heritage, Centre for Archaeology Guidelines, 2011, Environmental Archaeology, A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from Sampling and Recovery to Post-excavation, Revision II

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Finds Group, 2008, Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014, Code of Conduct

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014, Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), Department for Communities and Local Govt. www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning-policy-framework--2

Overarching National Policy Statement for Energy (NPS) EN-1, Department of Energy and Climate Change, Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 5(9) of the Planning Act, 2008 www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/37046/1938-overarching-nps-for-energy-en1.pdf

RSK, December 2012, Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement, Section 25 – Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Report 41318 for E.ON Climate and Renewables UK Rampion Offshore Wind Ltd.

RSK, November 2012, Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Geophysical Report, Report 293069 for E.ON Climate and Renewables UK Rampion Offshore Wind Ltd.

RSK, August 2013, Rampion Offshore Wind Farm: Addendum, Report 293850 for E.ON Climate and Renewables UK Rampion Offshore Wind Ltd.

Wessex Archaeology, January 2014, Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Onshore Cable Route Archaeological Evaluation Report, Report 101700.02 for E.ON Climate and Renewables UK Rampion Offshore Wind Ltd.

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Wessex Archaeology, August 2014, Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Onshore Cable Route Geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental Assessment: Updated Project Design, Report 101701.02 for E.ON Climate and Renewables UK Rampion Offshore Wind Ltd.

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APPENDIX A

PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND POST-CONSTRUCTION GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL/ARCHAEOLOGICAL WSI AND REPORTING STRUCTURE FLOW DIAGRAM

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GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL

[1] Geoarch. Desk-based Assessment

[1] Trial trench evaluation

[2] Construction phase fieldwork

(Archaeological SMR, WB incl geoarch WB)

[1] Geoarch. fieldwork (pre-construction)

[3] Overall archaeological

assessment report

[1] Outline Onshore Archaeological WSI

[1] Geoarch. SI works monitoring & modelling

[1] Geoarch. fieldwork report

Recommendations for lab assessment

& dating

Results informing archaeological fieldwork

[5] Analysis report and/or publication

[1] Archaeological Evaluation Report

[4] Post-ex analysis

[1] Final Onshore Archaeological WSI

[1] Updated Project Design (UPD)

Stage of work

Deliverable

[Phase number]

[2] Palaeoenv. lab work & dating