RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh...

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Raman Raman

Transcript of RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh...

Page 1: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

RamanRamanRamanRaman

Page 2: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

Scattering• Tyndall scattering – if small particles are

present• During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of

light with relatively small molecules) incident light is scattered in all directions

• Some of the incident energy can be converted into rotational or vibrational energy- so wavelength of scattered light is longer

Page 3: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

In a fluorescence experiment, the scattered

light will be collected along with the fluorescence

• Thus we may see peaks in our ‘fluorescence’ spectrum that do not arise by emission.

• Especially true with low levels of fluorescence

Page 4: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

• The Raman effect arises when a photon is incident on a molecule and interacts with the electric dipole and causes perturbation

• In quantum mechanics the scattering is described as an excitation to a virtual state lower in energy than a real electronic transition with nearly coincident de-excitation and a change in vibrational energy.

Page 5: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)
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• At room temperature the thermal population of vibrational excited states is low

• Therefore the initial state is usually the ground state and the scattered photon will have lower energy (longer wavelength) than the exciting photon.

• This Stokes shift is what is usually observed in Raman spectroscopy.

Page 8: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

• The selection rule for a Raman-active vibration is that there be a change in polarizability during the vibration

• If a molecule has a centre of symmetry, vibrations which are Raman-active will be silent in the infrared, and vice versa.

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Polarization effects• Raman scatter from totally symmetric

vibrations will be strongly polarized parallel to the plane of polarization of the incident light.

• The scattered intensity from non-totally symmetric vibrations is ¾ as strong in the plane perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the incident light as in the plane parallel

to it.

Page 11: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

• Typical strong Raman scatterers are moieties with distributed electron clouds, such as carbon-carbon double bonds.

• The pi-electron cloud of the double bond is easily distorted in an external electric field.

• Bending or stretching the bond changes the distribution of electron density substantially, and causes a large change in induced dipole moment.

Page 12: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

Instrumentation

Laser

UV, vis, NIR

Sample Cell

Monochromator

Detector

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Fluorescence Interferes

• Just as a Raman peak can show up in a fluorescence spectrum, fluorescence can show up in – and often swamps out – a Raman spectrum

• Change laser wavelength – to longer wavelength

• Raman shifts are independent of the wavelength of excitation

Page 15: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

In summary:• Raman spectroscopy gives information about

vibrations• It uses UV, visible or NIR laser light rather than

IR• The information is often complementary to

that obtaine by IR – especially for molecules with a centre of symmetry

• Water is less of a problem Can use quartz cells and fibre optics

Page 16: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

Positions of the Raman bands of various solvents when excited at selected

wavelengths

Excitation wavelength

Solvents 313 366 405 436

water 350 418 469 511

acetonitrile 340 406 457 504

cyclohexane 344 409 458 499

chloroform 346 411 461 502

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Raman peak maxima of water at various wavelengths of

excitation

Excitation/nm Raman emission/nm

200 212

250 272

300 337

350 397

400 463

450 530

500 602

Page 18: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

Distinguishing Raman from Fluorescence peaks

• Raman – the scattering peak shifts as the excitation wavelength shifts

• The amount of energy abstracted is always constant (a vibrational energy)

• Fluorescence – changing the excitation wavelength does not affect the emission wavelength

Page 19: RamanRaman. Scattering Tyndall scattering – if small particles are present During Rayleigh scattering (interaction of light with relatively small molecules)

• Fluorescence can be avoided by using longer-wavelength lasers in the near-infrared (NIR) region.

• The weaker Raman signal resulting from NIR excitation requires specialized components optimized for maximum throughput and signal-to-noise ratio in the NIR region.