Rajat Project Widout Border

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    ACKN O WLEDGEMENT1

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    PREFACE33 T3h3e3 3o3b3j3e3c3t3i3v3e3 3o3f3 3o3u3r3

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    INTRODUCTION OF R.S.E.B.

    5

    Rajasthan State Electricity Board started

    working from Ist July 1957. T5h5i5s5 5i5s5

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    CONTENTS9TOPICS :99

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    111. INTRODUCTION OFPLCC

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    222.22 22GENERAL DESCRIPTION

    OF PLCCEQUIPMENTS (ETI)

    22 T22h22e22

    22m22u22l22t22i22p22u22r22p22o22s22e22

    22e22q22u22i22p22m22e22n22t22t22y22p22e22

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    22E22T22I22 22- 222222

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    22s22i22m22u22l22t22a22n22e22o22u22s22l22y2

    2 22s22p22e22e22c22h22 22a22n22d22

    multiplexed Tele-operation signals in SSB technique

    over high voltage lines 22cables.22

    The transmitted intelligence is suitable for :

    Telephony Tele operations -Telemetry

    22 - Remote Control

    - Remote

    analogue Metering

    - Tele printer

    Tele protection signals for - High voltage power

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    -

    Equipments

    - High voltage power lines

    While the telephone and Tele operation

    facilities are typically used for economics control

    and supervision of energy network. The Tele-

    protection channels are kept continuously on hot

    stand by and are used only in rare cases of a power

    fault for the planning of new network and the

    extension of existing equipment, the ETI series offer

    a complete range of variation made possible by a

    combination of tiers and plug in PCB.

    The equipment is built of 3 mainparts.

    (1) THE LOW FREQUENCY MULTIPLEX SECTION

    With the speech and upto five Tele-operationchannels, together with an optional speech

    commander.

    (2) THE CARRIER FREQUENCY SECTION

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    Designed for single channels duplex or double

    channel duplex working in a 4 KHz or 2.5 KHz

    raster. The carrier frequency range is from 24 KHz

    to 500KHz and with transmitted power of 20 watts

    or a variant 100 watts.

    (3) POWER SUPPLY UNIT

    Which can be operated from 110/220v, 50/60Hzor a separate battery or charges unit of 24v, 48v or

    60v.

    The techniques of simple side band modulation

    with double conversion provides frequency

    equalization, automatic gain control and frequency

    synchronization and ensures perfect reproduction of

    the transmitted intelligence, proper distribution of

    the transmitting power in normal operation and for

    the boosting of protection trip signals enables

    optimum distance to be converted.

    The front panel arrangement of operational and

    servicing elements such as switches,

    potentiometer, lambs etc. allows the non specialist

    to carry out maintenance of the equipment with theaid of a built in test oscillator and handy audio test

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    instrument, a quick test and level adjustment can

    be carried out so that with the local transmitter and

    receiver connection back to back a complete

    stimulation of the PLC link is establish.

    3. APPLICATION OF ETI

    EQUIPMENTS

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    The power line carrier (PLC) equipments

    and the associated protection signaling units

    are required to be situated in the area of the

    high voltage apparatus, thereby facilitating

    connections to the PLCs line coupling

    equipment. In contrast, the telephone

    exchange and Tele - control equipments are

    usually more conveniently situated in acontrol building some distance from the high

    voltage equipment.

    According to the type of installation

    various arrangements are possible. These are

    briefly explained in the following :

    (1) PLC EQUIPMENT AND AF MULTIPLEXER

    AS A COMBINED UNIT

    The majority of electricity authorities

    adopt this arrangement since the complete

    PLC is contained in a single cabinet or rack

    and is easily placed in a suitable

    telecommunication room. From this room the

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    individual connections are taken directly to

    the associated HV protection circuits and via

    an appropriate distribution frame, connection

    to the telephone and Tele control equipments.

    (2) REMOTE AT MULTIPLEXER

    CONNECTED BY A LONG CABLE

    The case here is that the high voltage

    lines are terminated in the sub- stations as

    the edge of the city while the associated

    control building or load dispatching office is

    situated some KM. away in the center of the

    city. A long 4-wire interconnection cable

    (Zo=600 chms) connects the parent PLC

    equipment with the remote multiplexer.

    BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS :

    - Cable Attenuation : Permitted 32 dB

    maximum

    : Planning value 26

    dB

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    - Frequency band : 300 to 3700 HZ

    : 300 to 3400 HZ

    Optional

    - Adjustable attenuation equalizes for

    loaded

    lines, located at both ends.

    The Facilities Available are

    - 4 wire duplex speech, from remote

    location.- Duplex Tele-operational channels, from

    remote

    Location.

    - Duplex pilot/signaling channel, from

    remote

    location.

    - Possibilities for input and output

    connections of

    Tele-operation signals from PLC

    equipments.

    - Optional : Service telephone from

    parent PLC

    equipment to opposite PLC station.

    (3) REMOTE AT MULTIPIXER

    CONNECTIED BY A SHORT LINE :

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    When the distance between the PLC

    and remote multiplexer is relatively short,

    i.e. up to about 3 Kms. and in connected

    by a 4 wire pilot cable (Zo=600 ohm). Due

    to the lower cable attenuation the line

    amplifier with line equalizer is

    unnecessary and the cable will be

    terminated on the Tele-operationinput/output circuit (03EA/S respectively).

    BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS :

    Remote AF Multiplexer Cable Terminal Type

    KTI :

    - Cable attenuation :

    Permitted < / = 7 dB with a cable distortion

    loss of, / = 2 dB in the frequency band 300-

    3700 Hz. This is equivalent to a distance of 3

    Km.

    Maximum with an unloaded 600 ohms cable.

    - Frequency band : 300 to 3700 Hz

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    : 300 to 3400 Hz

    optional

    (4) PROTECTION SIGNALING OVER

    PLC EQUIPMENTS WHERE AF

    MULTIPLEXER IS REMOTE

    In addition to the remote AF multiplexer, Tele-

    protection signaling equipment can be coupled

    directly to the PLC equipment. Such an

    arrangement must of course be reliable and safe so

    that even with a possible favour of the remote

    multiplexer or connection cable the protection

    equipment continues to work perfectly.

    This means the PLC equipment has to function

    fully independently of the transmit signals from the

    remote multiplexer. This will be the case when a

    pilot signal P-1 is used from AF multiplexer to PLC

    equipment. A further pilot tone P-2 of the same

    frequency is transferred from the PLC equipment to

    the opposite PLC station. The signaling impulses

    carried by the pilot tones are looped from P-1 to p-

    2 in DC from at the PLC equipment. The pilot tone P-

    3 from the opposite station is received directly at

    the remote multiplexer.

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    (5) REPEATER

    When several transmission section are joined

    together to form a long transmission path, the ETI

    equipment can serve as repeater at the

    intermediate stations. In each transmission section

    the carrier signals be individually regulated,

    synchronized and equalized and the transmitted

    intelligence at each repeater station will be

    demodulated and passed on to the next section.

    The method allow the insertion of Tele-operation

    signals at the repeater station provided, of course,

    free space in the 4 KHz band is available. Thetransit filter E3ET prevents the tone P-1 entering the

    neighbouring section.

    4. CONSTRUCTION

    The PLC equipments, built in MODULE

    ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (MES) is especially compact.

    For all equipment, the single channel equipment ETI

    21 can be accommodated in 3 tiers, the double

    channel equipment ETI-22 in 4 and the double

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    channel, 40W equipment ETI-22(s) in 6 tiers. Further

    more, a mechanical coding system ensures all plug

    in units can only be inserted in their correct

    position.

    The ABB free standing cabinet type E-35 can

    for example, accommodate two single channel PLC

    equipments with the associated protection signalingunits and an electronic trunk-dialing unit for eight

    (8) telephone subscribers.

    A nameplate on the front door of the carrier

    cabinet carriers relevant information of the PLC link,

    such as equipment type, station name, carrier

    frequency etc.

    To enable printed circuit boards to be

    exchanged without any re-adjustment being

    required, there is on the rear side a strapping fieldfor the initial programming of the system variant

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    and also for the adjustment of the PLC equalizer.

    Further of course, all terminal strips and connectors

    are easily accessible on the rear side.

    5. MODE OF OPERATION

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    The PLC equipment is suitable for connecting to

    a telephone exchange and further more, a 4 wire

    remote/emergency call station can be created by

    operating it in parallel with the built in service

    telephone equipment. The transmission facilities for

    Tele operation working (telemetry), tele-control &

    protection signals) use separate input and separate

    output circuit according to their classifications.

    When 4 kHz equipment carries

    simultaneously the speech and Tele-operation

    signals, they are transmitted in frequency multiplex

    and accordingly the audio frequency band is divided

    into two parts. The lower part of the band is used

    for speech and the upper part for Tele-operation

    signals.

    (1)TELEPHONE FACILITIES

    The associated automatic telephone exchange

    (PAX) is suitable for a network with a limited

    number of subscribers. Between the PAX and P:LC

    channels, controls circuit give out signals for the

    setting up, dialing and later releasing a telephone

    connection and the switching criteria between PAX

    and PLC equipment is performed by potential free

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    contracts. The PAX sending contract will, via the

    PLC signaling channel close an output contract in

    the PLC received and the distant end of the link.

    The dialing impulses are transmitted over the

    combined pilot and signaling channel which has a

    maximum transmitted speech of 50 baud. It should

    be noted that because of the various possibilities of

    telephone switching, more functions are built intothe speech circuit than are actually needed by

    some PAX types.

    (2)COMPRESSOR AND EXPANDER

    (COMPANDER)

    The inclusion of a compander improves the

    carrier signal equality of the speech and in normally

    reserved for use over lines with high noise. The

    improvement in the signals to noise ratios is

    approximately 12 dB. When the speech is carried

    over several PLC links in series, it is recommended

    that only one compander be used, the compressor

    being installed at the sending end of the line and

    the expander in the farthest receiving station.

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    The ETI series is fully wired for a later inclusion

    of the compander equipment when required.

    (4) WIRE HAND/EMERGENCY CALL

    The equipment, especially in the extension

    phases can, without additional units in the HF

    equipment is equipped throughout with

    hand/emergency call telephone. This telephone with

    DC bell can be connected directly via a 6 wire

    extension cable. The calling of the opposite station

    is accomplished lifting the handset and pressing the

    calling button in the opposite station after a two

    second delay the bell rings as long as the push

    button is pressed. By lifting the handset the called

    station, the bell is automatically disconnected. After

    the Call is completed both handsets must be

    replaced. The calling tone is fixed at 1 kHz in the

    speech band.

    (4)SERVICE TELEPHONE

    With the help of the built in speech facilities,

    service calls can be carried out in 4 wire from the

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    front panel associated equipment, including the DC

    belt and the plug in 4 wire handset are supplied.

    (5) TELE-OPERATION SIGNALS

    Individual and adjustable Tele operation inputs

    are the essential requirement of the PLC equipment

    for the interfacing with the various manufactures

    low frequency transmission channels and for PLC

    through switching/transit working. The 5 input and 3

    output possibilities, each individually adjustable and

    fully de-coupled together with the separated

    terminals. For protection signaling equipment, offer

    the necessary flexibility. A strapping field is

    provided for choosing the various modes of

    operation.

    (6)SIGNAL BOOSTING

    The equipment offer the possibility of signal

    boosting of one or two especially important signals,for example protection signals for high voltage lines

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    or equipment. This is advantageous during

    unfavourable transmission conditions caused by

    perhaps fault condition on the power line. During

    boosting, the less importing channels, for example

    the speech are disconnected (known as

    disconnected channels) whereas other channel can

    be allowed to work normally (non-disconnectable

    channels).

    The period of disconnection by which more

    power is switched to the boosting channel, occurs

    for an extremely short period of time and id

    typically of the order of approximately 100 milli-

    seconds.

    The arrangement of speech and Tele operation

    channels falls into one of three categories and is

    achieved by connecting to one of the following input

    :

    - The disconnectable bus (D)

    - The non-disconnectable bus (ND)

    - Signal boosting bus (B) with a predeterminedamplification.

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    6. GENERAL MODULATION

    PRINCIPLE

    The carrier frequency techniques with single

    side band transmission is, due to the high quality

    band filters and converters, free from disturbing by

    products and spurious signals. Optimum selectivity

    is achieved only in the intermediate frequency (IF)

    stages by the filtering are out of the required side

    band. Here, therefore lines the task of the carrier

    frequency section to move the AF intelligence from

    its low frequency position of 300 to 300 HZ

    (respectively 300 to 2200 and HZ) first to the IF

    stage and then into carrier frequency (HF) band.

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    The carrier frequencies are spaced on a 4 KHZ

    (respectively 2.5 KHZ) raster.

    This arrangement required the use of two

    conversions in each of transmit and receive

    direction so that the intermediate frequency is fixed

    at 16 KHZ and the carrier channel has a variable

    frequency which can be programmed to provided a

    large number of HF carriers.

    In the single channel equipment and channel 1of the twin channel equipment, the lower side band

    is used throughout all frequency conversions. The

    useful band is inverted in the IF stage and the HF

    stage placed in the erect position. Contrary to this

    channel 2 of the twin channel equipment is erect in

    the IF stage and inverted in the HF stage.

    7. SPECIFICATION OF PLCC

    (1) GENERAL

    - Carrier frequency range : 40 to 512 KHZ

    - Gross channel bandwidth : 4 KHZ

    - Useful AF band : 300 to 3,700

    KHZ

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    (2) PERMISSIBLE ROOM TEMPERATURE

    IN

    CLIMATES

    - Data guaranteed within reliable : 0 to 45

    degree

    Centigrade

    - Operation guarantee : 20 to 45

    degree

    Centigrade

    - Frequency stability of R.F. oscillator : 5 HZ

    (3) TRANSMITTER

    R.F. transmitting power :

    - Peak envelope power : 25 W

    - Side band power : 15 W

    - Auxiliary carrier frequency : 16 KHZ

    At frequency 250 KHZ their power lower

    by 2 dB.

    - I.F. carrier frequency : 16 KHZ

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    - Pilot tone : 3600 HZ

    - Test tone : 1000 HZ

    - Synthesizer reference frequency : 8 KHZ

    - Dummy load : 20 OHMS

    (4) TRUNK DIALING

    Shifting the pilot oscillator frequency of 3600

    +/- 30 transmits dialing criterions of a speed of

    normally 1 pulses per second.

    (5) POWER SUPPLY

    - DC Supply : 49 TO 60(-10/+25%), 180 W

    Approximate maximum supply 2 percent

    - Capacity : 800 AH.

    - A.C. Supply : 220 +/-15%, 50

    HZ

    - Power consumption : < 80 W

    8. PRECAUTIONS ANDMAINTENANCE

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    In normal rooms the ETI equipment generally

    erected on an open rack or on a frame of

    freestanding cabinet.

    The room for the erection of the equipment

    should have a dust free floor, which is washable.

    The room should be well ventilated and of normal

    temperature & humidity and where necessaryprovided with a ventilator fan having a dust filters.

    The cabinets should prevent from titling when

    opened.

    Cabinets should prevent from titling when

    opened.

    CAUTION

    Before opening the hinged frame, make sure

    that the cabinet can not tip forward.

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    FAULT ANALYSIS, TEST EQUIPMENTS

    AND TEST PROCEDURE

    TEST EQUIPMENTS

    (a) TEST OSCILLATOR

    Test oscillator enables the commissioning of

    the PLC link without aid of external signals, pressing

    the CALL button intimate a test tone of 1 KHZ which

    is fed to the voice amplifier and passes through all

    transmit stages of the PLC equipments with the

    exception of the telephone adapter. It is possible to

    check at any test point the dBr value printed in the

    front side of the equipment is against the measured

    dB reading. It simplifies also.

    The following signals can be checked in the AG

    section of the equipment : Speech, Tele-

    operation/data dialing.

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    (b) FAULT ANALYSIS

    In fault analysis the faulty devices are checked

    in this serial or manner :

    - Telephone or Tele operation signals

    - Cabling low frequency circuits or DC

    power supplies

    - PLC equipments

    - HF transmission path

    Comparisons with the transmission levels and

    working voltages measured under healthy

    conditions are valuable aids to fault analysis. The

    back to back testing of the equipment using the

    dummy load is also a very useful aid.

    The presence of AF signals in the various

    stages of the equipment can be checked using the

    telephone handset and test load connected

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    between the associated measuring point audio

    testing.

    9. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC

    In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and

    insulations level of high voltage power result in

    increased reliability of communication and lower

    attenuation over long-distance. The idea of using

    power lines of transmission lines for communication

    purpose was the first thought of at about the

    beginning of the century and the practical

    applications were made in several countries from

    1920 onwards. These systems have now developed

    into extremely sophisticated and complicated

    systems and widely used in all modern power

    systems.

    Since telephone communication system can not

    be directly connected to the high voltage lines,

    suitably designed coupling devices have therefore

    to the employed. These usually consists of high

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    voltage capacitors or capacitor with polaritical

    devices used in conjunction with suitable line

    matching units 9LMUs for matching the impedance

    of line to that of the co-axial cable connecting the

    unit to the PLC transmit receive equipment.

    Also the carrier currents used forcommunication have to be prevented from entering

    the power equipment used in GSS as this would

    result in high attenuation of even complete loss of

    communication signals when earthed at isolator. To

    prevent this loss, wave traps or line traps are

    employed. These consist of suitably designed choke

    coils connected in series with the line, which offer

    negligible impedance to RF carrier currents. Wave

    traps also usual have one or more suitably designed

    capacitors connected in parallel with the choke coils

    so as to resonate at carrier frequencies and thus

    offer even higher impedance to the flow of RF

    currents.

    The basis arrangement of connecting the WT

    and coupling capacitor in PLCC communication isshown in the above figure :

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    As can be seen from the sketch, the power

    frequency and radio frequency component are

    sorted out by this arrangement. The RF is prevented

    from entering the stations bus and the power

    frequency is blocked of coupling capacitor.

    (1) COUPLE DEVICE

    Earlier coupling devices used were antenna as

    similar to these used in radio work. This was

    because capacitor capable of withstanding the high

    voltages used in transmission of electrical power

    were not available at that time. The antennas used

    for coupling the PLC equipment to the transmission

    line were usually erected below the line and parallel

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    to it. They were usually more than 300 ft long and

    were tuned to the carrier frequency employed.

    These were rather inefficient and the systems were

    affected but interference from nearby long wave

    radio transmitters.

    By about 1930, suitably paper and oil capacitor

    were developed which could withstand the high

    voltage and serve as affective coupling units to PLCequipments.

    A modern coupling capacitor consists of a stack

    of flat would elements of pure cellulose paper and

    aluminum coils held between insulating roads under

    optimum pressure to minimize capacitance the

    changes with time and temperature. The

    interconnection are designed to obtain highest

    possible range withstand capacity and highest cut

    off frequency. The entire stack assembly as placed

    in a suitable pro claim insulating shall fill with

    insulating coils and hermetically sealed by metallic

    flanges and gaskets of synthetic rubber with a dry

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    nitrogen gas cushion. The mechanical strength of

    the shell and flanges are carefully matched.

    Coupling capacitors are designed for outdoors

    use and withstand normal atmospheric

    phenomenon such as temperature and humidity

    rain, show etc. The capacitors used in modern PLCC

    systems have a capacity between 2000 and 8000

    ft. The usual value is between 3000 and 5000 ft. The units are designed to have a very low loss

    (

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    WT = wave trap. LMU = line matching unit. TR =

    transmission and receiving equipments. CC =

    coupling capacitor

    As can be seen from the figure, the wave traps

    and coupling capacitors are all connected to oneconductor of the power line. The remaining two

    conductor, through not directly connected to the

    line carry a portion of the returning carrier current

    because these two conductors do not have wave

    traps, a portion of the carrier energy is 1 lost. Also

    radiation losses are goes high as earth forms a part

    of the circuit and the noise pickup is

    correspondingly higher. The method of connecting

    is inefficient and the connection at the receiving

    and can not be made to match the line perfectly.

    This is because the impendence of the line can not

    be calculated correctly as it depends partly on the

    soil conductivity enrote the line which varies from

    place to place and time to time and partly on

    station switching condition.

    (b) PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING

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    This type of coupling was formally being used

    to improve the reliability of communication case of

    breakage of one of the coupled conductors. The

    system used double the number of wave traps and

    coupling capacitors used in phase to ground and

    hence is costlier. This coupling capacitor at each

    and have the line are connected in parallel to the

    LMUs as shown in this sketch figure

    Through this type coupling increase the

    reliability of communication, the attenuation,

    therefore from radio transmission and monitoring

    possibilities are all higher than those of phase to

    ground coupling. Hence this type of coupling has

    been discontinued and super sided by the phase -to - phase coupling system.

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    (c) PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING

    This type of coupling uses the same number of

    wave traps and the capacitor as two phase coupling

    but the capacitance are not connected in parallel as

    in the case of that type of coupling. The two power

    conductors used in this case may be considered as

    metallic go and return lines for the carrier currents.

    The conductor has no appreciable influence on the

    carrier currents. The third conductor has no

    appreciable influence on the carrier current

    transmission. Hence the switching conditions

    attention is less because two conductors are used

    instead of one conductor and earth. This type ofcoupling is more reliable over longer distance and is

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    generally used load dispatch work, though it is

    lightly costlier than the two - phase system.

    (d) INTERLINE OR INTER CIRCUIT COUPLING

    This is the same as phase to phase coupling

    but with the difference that the two conductors

    used for communication belong to two difference

    power circuits carrier on common towers. This type

    of coupling is not employed where the two circuitsare carrier on two separate sets of towers as it then

    behaves more like a double phase to ground

    coupling and is found to be impracticable.

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    This type of coupling is even more reliable than

    phase to phase coupling on the same circuit in

    that it permits operation with one of the two circuits

    opened out and founded for maintenance purpose.

    Inter-phase or inter systems coupling are

    always employed on 220 KV and 400 KV lines where

    the interference levels are therefore also used on

    very long 100 KV lines where attenuation become aproblem. This type of coupling permit higher

    reliability of operation under breaker conductor

    conditions and are always employed where carrier

    line protection systems are employed.

    COMPARISON OF PHASE TO PHASE AND

    PHASE TO GOUND COUPLING

    The phase to ground coupling has the

    advantage of requiring only half the number of

    wave traps and coupling capacitors in comparison

    to phase to phase coupling. But it is inferior to

    many as would be evident from the following points.

    1. The phase - to - ground coupling has higher

    attenuation and unlike phase - to - phase

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    coupling, the attenuation varies with station

    switching conditions.

    2.The variation of attenuation function with

    changes in

    weather condition is greater in phase to -

    grounds

    coupling.

    3. Reflection and echoes due to mismatchdifficulties

    are much greater in phase - to - grounds

    coupling.

    4. Signal to noise ratio is poorer due to

    longitudinal

    noise voltages induced in the line. In phase

    to

    phase coupling the noise voltages tend to

    cancel

    themselves as equal voltages are induced in

    the

    coupled conductors, which oppose each

    other in the

    circuit.

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    5.Radiation from phase to ground case is

    about

    double than that in the other case.

    6. A break or fault of some other kind will

    hamper the

    transmission in phase to ground coupling

    much

    more seriously than in phase to phasecoupling.

    Hence, phase to ground coupling is used

    due to its cheapness, especially when frequency

    used and distances to be covered are suitable, and

    radiation not particularly objectionable, as may be

    the situation in sparsely populated areas.

    (2) WAVE TRAPS

    Wave traps (WTs) are used between the

    transmission line and the power stations to avoid

    carrier power dislocation in the power plant and

    cross talk with other power line carrier circuits

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    connected to the same power station. WTs also

    ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels

    at the PLCC transmit receive equipment irrespective

    of switching conditions of the power circuits and

    equipment in the station.

    A wave trap must satisfy the following

    requirements :

    (1) It must block the carrier currents. By

    blocking, we mean that the track should

    attenuate the H.F. signals by at least 8 to

    10 dB.

    (2) It must carry the power frequency current

    safely during normal operation as well as

    short circuit fault conditions.

    CONSTRUCTIONS OF WAVE TRAPS

    All wave traps have a choke as a main part.

    This choke may be a single layer or a multi-layer

    coils made of special aluminum alloy and is

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    designed to carry the full load current the power

    circuit continuously and also to withstand normal

    short circuit currents in the event of a fault on that

    line for a short time until the current in the event of

    a fault on circuit breakers clears the fault without

    suffering any mechanical or thermal damages. The

    inductance of the choke varies from 100 Micro

    Henrys to 2 milli Henrys depending on the pass

    band required. The 100 or 200 Micro Henry wavetrap will in conjunction with a suitable tuning

    capacitor block a band of a few tens of KHz, the

    blocked land width being dependent on the carry

    frequency. The one milli Henry traps will clock

    periodically the whole range of carrier frequency

    employed in PLCC a 2.o mH traps can be used

    without a tuning capacitor across it. It will still

    blocked almost all carrier frequency in use

    effectively, but its inherent capacitance of about

    100PF, will cause it to resonate at the high end of

    the PLCC band (250 to 500 KHZ).

    The low inductance respant types of traps are

    usually wound as a narrow cylindrical single layer,

    whereas the high inductance broadband traps are

    invariably wound as large diameter discoshed coils.

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    The cost of the wave trap increased with the

    rated power current to be carrier by it as well as

    with the inductance required. A trap with a nominal

    rated current of 1600n Amp. Designed to withstand

    a short circuit current of look. A may cost 10 times

    as much as trap rated for a nominal current of 400

    Amp and a short circuit current of 50 KA. Similarly a

    2.0 mH trap may cost several times as much as 100

    micro Henry traps for the same nominal powercurrent. Therefore, wherever the nominal load

    currents and expected short circuit currents are

    high smaller inductances are used with tuning

    arrangement to obtain broadband trap.

    Suspension mounting of wave trap is preferred

    to rigid mounting on coupling capacitors as this

    arrangement enables it to withstand the dynamic

    stresses created by short circuits better and

    because it is more economical but high current,

    high inductance traps, which are very heavy may

    have to be mounted on pedestals insulators or

    coupling capacitors. Wave traps are made in various

    is a standard sizes and rating and to various

    specifications.

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    Standard inductances for wave trap

    recommended by IEC are 0.2, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0 and

    2.0 mH.

    LIGHTNING ARRESTER

    Lightning is one of the most serious causes of

    over voltage. It the power equipment especially atout doors is not protected, the over voltage will

    cause burning of insulations.

    The ground wires running over the towers

    provides an adequate protection against lighting

    and also reduced the induced electrostatic or

    electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is

    inadequate to protect any travelling which reaches

    terminals of electrical equipment and such waves

    can cause internal flash over between inter-turns of

    transformers and the high peak voltage of surge

    may cause external flash over between terminals of

    the electrical equipment which results in damage of

    insulators.

    A good light arrester must pass the following

    properties:

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    It should not absorb any current during normal

    operation, but during over voltage surge it must

    provided an easy way to the earth. After the first

    discharge of current has taken place through then

    must be capable of carrying the discharge current

    for same interval of time without any damage to

    them. After the over voltage discharge, it must be

    capable of interrupting the normal frequency ofcurrent from flowing to ground as soon as voltages

    reaches below break down value.

    In addition to tuning devices, which usually

    consist of a capacitor or capacitor, a lightning

    arrester is invariably connected across the choke

    coils of the wave traps.

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    The lightning arrester used may be vacuum

    type arrester whose are over voltage lies below the

    rated voltage of the tuning capacitors, but about

    the voltage produced across the coils during a short

    circuit current surge. The lightning arrester

    therefore protects the turning capacitors against

    momentary over voltage caused by travelling

    waves. Sustained over voltage resulting from short

    circuits currents are not high enough to case thelightning arrester to be over. Hence, a sustained are

    and consequent destruction of the arrester are

    avoided.

    THE TUNING CAPACITORS

    Used are high voltage, high stability mica

    capacitors with low losses. For lower voltage class

    of tuning units (with impulse test voltage rating

    upto 40 KV) polystyrene capacitors are used by

    some manufactures. For higher voltage class of

    tuning units with impulse test voltage rating upto

    150 KV), capacitors with mineral oil impregnated

    paper dies electric are used which are similar in

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    construction to coupling capacitors. All types are

    moulded in epoxy resin. Single frequency traps

    have a single and double frequency traps have a

    double tuned parallel reasonant circuit. All the

    elements belonging to the tuning circuit are usually

    mounted in a common housing, which can be

    revolved and substituted with another similar tuning

    device to reasonate trap to a different frequency.

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    1.WAVE TRAP2.COUPLING CAPACITOR

    3.DRAINAGE COIL

    4.VOLTAGE ARRESTER

    5.GROUNDING SWITCH

    6.MATCHING TRANSFORMERS

    7.TUNING CAPACITOR

    8.VACCUM ARRESTER

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    66

    10.BATTERY CHARGER :

    PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication)works on rectified AC or main, when make

    supply goes off. We use of a device for proper

    functioning of PLCC, called BATTERY

    CHARGER. This is the device that provides

    supply to the PLCC equipment for

    uninterrupted working. It provides DC to the

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    panel by battery of 48 V. In this type 24

    batteries are connected in series and

    individually per battery has approximately 2 V

    capacities.

    1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

    Battery charges mainly consists of 4

    sections :-

    1. Float charges

    2. Boost charges section

    3. Control section

    4. Alarm section

    All the four sections are situated in

    mounted sheet steel. The sides and tops of

    the frame are provided with removable panelsuitable recess has been provided in front

    panel to prevent the component from

    projection out. All meters indicating lamps,

    push buttons have been counted on from

    panel.

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    2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

    - Normal input - 415 V AC 3 phase

    - Input variation - +/- 20% of voltage

    FLOAT CHARGES

    DC Output - 50 v+/- 1 %

    Output current - 20 to 40

    ampere

    Line regulation & load regulation - +/-1%

    Individual

    Ripple - 0.6 Vpp (peak

    to

    peak )

    Efficiency - > 70 %

    BOOST CHARGES

    68DC Output - 43.2 TO 67.2

    V

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    Output current - 25 70

    Amps

    Over load - 10 %

    Efficiency - > 80 %

    1.FLOAT CHARGER

    The float charges is basically static type 3

    phase charger with stabilized output DC

    voltage. The charges output DC voltage is

    constantly compared with standard DC

    reference voltage and error voltage is again

    amplified. This amplified voltage control the

    triggering signals of all the 3 thyristors of 3

    phase bridge control rectifier, as the output

    voltage tends to decrease than its selected

    value, it makes the triggering signals of each

    thyristor of all 3 phase, to advance for firing

    them, so that the output voltage remains

    within the specified accuracy. If the output

    voltage tends to increase more than theselected value, the triggering pulses of these

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    thyristors of all 3 phase are delayed in firing

    operations in such a way so that the output

    DC voltage is again brought back to its

    stabilized voltage.

    CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :

    The 3 phase AC input is applied through

    the 3 poles 2 way switch (RS-1) and fuse F-18

    to F-20 to the float input contractor (CON-1)

    Resistance R-3, capacitor C-2 and also

    resistance R-2, capacitor C-1 are incorporatedto remove the instabilities like hunting.

    Operational amplifier IC-2 I liner amplifier the

    mv drop across shunt. The ratio of R-14/R-15

    determine the gain of the amplifier and RV-2

    on sub assembly sets the charging current.

    When charging current increases the mv drop

    across pin No. 2 & 3 of IC 2 will increased.

    This voltage is applied to the base of TR-4

    through R-11. Transistor TR-4 will be the base

    current of TR-3 and TR-3 will increase the

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    voltage from D-2 will control the voltage

    correcting operational amplifier IC-1.

    This will result in decrease in DC output

    voltage to keep the battery current at set

    level, which can be adjusted by potentiometer

    RV-2.

    It is desired that output of the rectifierattain its steady state value slowly rather than

    by step.

    Fuse Fail Alarm :

    Fuse fail alarm is also available in float

    charges. In the event of any HRC fuse failure.

    Corresponding types fuse blows and trip the

    corresponding relay.

    2.BOOST CHARGES SECTION

    Description of Circuit

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    Boost charges is used to charge the

    batteries after power resumption. The input

    supply is switched on mains of rotatory switch

    RS 1, three numbers HRC fuses. F-21 to F-23

    has been provided for over current protection

    AC contractor CON-2 has also been provided.

    Transformer 6 steps down the input AC

    voltage to suitable level. Necessary taps areprovided in the primary of transformer to

    cater for varying input voltage that may

    prevail at sub-station. The secondary voltage

    of transformer-6 is applied to a bridge

    rectifier, which consists of 6 silicon diodes D-6

    to D-11, for rectification of AC to DC. These

    diodes are mounted on individual heat sinks

    for cooling so that junction temperature of the

    device is within specified limit. The diodes are

    protected by capacitors and resistances

    against have storage effects and transit over

    voltage in also by HRC fuses F-10 to F-15.

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    The battery can be charged by using the

    two rotatory switches provided on front panel

    for coarse and fine control and that charging

    current can be read by ammeter A-3 provided

    on the front panel. The operator must ensure

    that the rotatory switches are in minimum

    position before switching on the boost

    charges.

    3. OPERATION OF CHARGER

    The float or boost charges can be

    switches ON by means of selector switch RS-

    1. Thus at a time only one charger either float

    or boost can be operated.

    When the charges is operated in float

    mode the battery is on float charge and all the

    VDDs are by passed through the contracts of

    DC contractor. This enables complete voltage

    appearing on the load. In case of mains fallalso the entire battery voltage is available on

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    load through contracts of DC contractor.

    When the charger is operated on boost mode,

    the contracts of DC contractor opens. Load

    voltage can be adjusted by VDD switch RS-8

    as per the requirement main switch RS-9 have

    been provided to isolate the charger from load

    and battery. When the selector switch RS-9 is

    in charger mode then it will supplying load aswell as trickle charger. The batteries in float

    and boost charger, the batteries mode when

    the switch RS-9 is in main mode, then the load

    will be supplied by the battery and the

    charges is totally isolated from battery for

    charger main purpose.

    3. MAINTENANCE AND FAULTTRACING

    PROCEDURE

    1.All connections should be thoroughly

    checked. The control circuit boards

    should be inserted far firmly in their

    respective sockets before energizing the

    battery charger.

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    2. All mounting bolt/screws should be

    checked before energizing as loose

    mounting will cause vibrations.

    3.The charger should be switched off once

    in every month and the connections and

    mounting should be checked.

    4.The battery terminals should be

    connected first and the AC input after

    that.

    11. ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES OF

    PLCC

    1. ADVANTAGES

    1. No separate wires are needed for

    communication purpose, as the power lines

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    themselves carry power as well as

    communication signals. Hence the cost of

    constructing separate telephone lines is

    saved.

    2. When compared with ordinary lines the

    power lines have appreciably higher

    mechanical strength. They would normally

    remain unaffected under the conditions,which might seriously damage telephone

    lines.

    3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route

    between the power stations.

    4. Power lines have large cross-sectional areas

    resulting in very low resistance per unit

    length. Consequently the carrier signals

    suffer much less attenuation than when they

    travel on usual telephone lines of equal

    lengths.

    5. Power lines are well insulated to provide only

    negligible leakage between conductors and

    ground even in adverse weather conditions.

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    6. Largest spacing between conductors reduces

    capacitance, which results in smaller

    attenuation at high frequencies. The large

    spacing also reduces the cross talk to a

    considerable extent.

    2. DISADVANTAGES

    1.Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier

    equipment and persons using them against

    high voltages and currents on the lines.

    2. Reflections are produced on spur lines

    connected to high voltage lines. This

    increases attenuation and creates other

    problems.

    3. High voltage lines have transformer

    connections, attenuate carrier currents. Sub

    station equipments adversely affect the

    carrier currents.

    4.Noise introduced by power lines is far more

    than in case of telephone lines. This is due to

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    the noise generated by discharge across

    insulators, corona and switching processes.

    It is obvious that an effective power lines

    carrier system must overcome these and many

    other difficulties.

    REFERENCES

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    1. PRINCIPLE OF CARRIERCOMMUNICATION

    - N.N. BISWAS

    2. MANUAL OF ETI EQUIPMENTS

    - ABB (ASEA BROWN BOVERI)

    3. MANNUAL OF BATTERY CHARGES

    - R.S.E.B.