Rajat Project Widout Border
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ACKN O WLEDGEMENT1
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PREFACE33 T3h3e3 3o3b3j3e3c3t3i3v3e3 3o3f3 3o3u3r3
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INTRODUCTION OF R.S.E.B.
5
Rajasthan State Electricity Board started
working from Ist July 1957. T5h5i5s5 5i5s5
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CONTENTS9TOPICS :99
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111. INTRODUCTION OFPLCC
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15i15s15o15l15a15t15e15d15 15a15n15d15
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18P18L18C18C18 18t18h18e18
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20 h20a20v20e20 20n20o20w20
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21s21e21p21a21r21a21t21e21
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222.22 22GENERAL DESCRIPTION
OF PLCCEQUIPMENTS (ETI)
22 T22h22e22
22m22u22l22t22i22p22u22r22p22o22s22e22
22e22q22u22i22p22m22e22n22t22t22y22p22e22
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22E22T22I22 22- 222222
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2 22s22p22e22e22c22h22 22a22n22d22
multiplexed Tele-operation signals in SSB technique
over high voltage lines 22cables.22
The transmitted intelligence is suitable for :
Telephony Tele operations -Telemetry
22 - Remote Control
- Remote
analogue Metering
- Tele printer
Tele protection signals for - High voltage power
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-
Equipments
- High voltage power lines
While the telephone and Tele operation
facilities are typically used for economics control
and supervision of energy network. The Tele-
protection channels are kept continuously on hot
stand by and are used only in rare cases of a power
fault for the planning of new network and the
extension of existing equipment, the ETI series offer
a complete range of variation made possible by a
combination of tiers and plug in PCB.
The equipment is built of 3 mainparts.
(1) THE LOW FREQUENCY MULTIPLEX SECTION
With the speech and upto five Tele-operationchannels, together with an optional speech
commander.
(2) THE CARRIER FREQUENCY SECTION
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Designed for single channels duplex or double
channel duplex working in a 4 KHz or 2.5 KHz
raster. The carrier frequency range is from 24 KHz
to 500KHz and with transmitted power of 20 watts
or a variant 100 watts.
(3) POWER SUPPLY UNIT
Which can be operated from 110/220v, 50/60Hzor a separate battery or charges unit of 24v, 48v or
60v.
The techniques of simple side band modulation
with double conversion provides frequency
equalization, automatic gain control and frequency
synchronization and ensures perfect reproduction of
the transmitted intelligence, proper distribution of
the transmitting power in normal operation and for
the boosting of protection trip signals enables
optimum distance to be converted.
The front panel arrangement of operational and
servicing elements such as switches,
potentiometer, lambs etc. allows the non specialist
to carry out maintenance of the equipment with theaid of a built in test oscillator and handy audio test
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instrument, a quick test and level adjustment can
be carried out so that with the local transmitter and
receiver connection back to back a complete
stimulation of the PLC link is establish.
3. APPLICATION OF ETI
EQUIPMENTS
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The power line carrier (PLC) equipments
and the associated protection signaling units
are required to be situated in the area of the
high voltage apparatus, thereby facilitating
connections to the PLCs line coupling
equipment. In contrast, the telephone
exchange and Tele - control equipments are
usually more conveniently situated in acontrol building some distance from the high
voltage equipment.
According to the type of installation
various arrangements are possible. These are
briefly explained in the following :
(1) PLC EQUIPMENT AND AF MULTIPLEXER
AS A COMBINED UNIT
The majority of electricity authorities
adopt this arrangement since the complete
PLC is contained in a single cabinet or rack
and is easily placed in a suitable
telecommunication room. From this room the
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individual connections are taken directly to
the associated HV protection circuits and via
an appropriate distribution frame, connection
to the telephone and Tele control equipments.
(2) REMOTE AT MULTIPLEXER
CONNECTED BY A LONG CABLE
The case here is that the high voltage
lines are terminated in the sub- stations as
the edge of the city while the associated
control building or load dispatching office is
situated some KM. away in the center of the
city. A long 4-wire interconnection cable
(Zo=600 chms) connects the parent PLC
equipment with the remote multiplexer.
BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS :
- Cable Attenuation : Permitted 32 dB
maximum
: Planning value 26
dB
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- Frequency band : 300 to 3700 HZ
: 300 to 3400 HZ
Optional
- Adjustable attenuation equalizes for
loaded
lines, located at both ends.
The Facilities Available are
- 4 wire duplex speech, from remote
location.- Duplex Tele-operational channels, from
remote
Location.
- Duplex pilot/signaling channel, from
remote
location.
- Possibilities for input and output
connections of
Tele-operation signals from PLC
equipments.
- Optional : Service telephone from
parent PLC
equipment to opposite PLC station.
(3) REMOTE AT MULTIPIXER
CONNECTIED BY A SHORT LINE :
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When the distance between the PLC
and remote multiplexer is relatively short,
i.e. up to about 3 Kms. and in connected
by a 4 wire pilot cable (Zo=600 ohm). Due
to the lower cable attenuation the line
amplifier with line equalizer is
unnecessary and the cable will be
terminated on the Tele-operationinput/output circuit (03EA/S respectively).
BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS :
Remote AF Multiplexer Cable Terminal Type
KTI :
- Cable attenuation :
Permitted < / = 7 dB with a cable distortion
loss of, / = 2 dB in the frequency band 300-
3700 Hz. This is equivalent to a distance of 3
Km.
Maximum with an unloaded 600 ohms cable.
- Frequency band : 300 to 3700 Hz
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: 300 to 3400 Hz
optional
(4) PROTECTION SIGNALING OVER
PLC EQUIPMENTS WHERE AF
MULTIPLEXER IS REMOTE
In addition to the remote AF multiplexer, Tele-
protection signaling equipment can be coupled
directly to the PLC equipment. Such an
arrangement must of course be reliable and safe so
that even with a possible favour of the remote
multiplexer or connection cable the protection
equipment continues to work perfectly.
This means the PLC equipment has to function
fully independently of the transmit signals from the
remote multiplexer. This will be the case when a
pilot signal P-1 is used from AF multiplexer to PLC
equipment. A further pilot tone P-2 of the same
frequency is transferred from the PLC equipment to
the opposite PLC station. The signaling impulses
carried by the pilot tones are looped from P-1 to p-
2 in DC from at the PLC equipment. The pilot tone P-
3 from the opposite station is received directly at
the remote multiplexer.
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(5) REPEATER
When several transmission section are joined
together to form a long transmission path, the ETI
equipment can serve as repeater at the
intermediate stations. In each transmission section
the carrier signals be individually regulated,
synchronized and equalized and the transmitted
intelligence at each repeater station will be
demodulated and passed on to the next section.
The method allow the insertion of Tele-operation
signals at the repeater station provided, of course,
free space in the 4 KHz band is available. Thetransit filter E3ET prevents the tone P-1 entering the
neighbouring section.
4. CONSTRUCTION
The PLC equipments, built in MODULE
ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (MES) is especially compact.
For all equipment, the single channel equipment ETI
21 can be accommodated in 3 tiers, the double
channel equipment ETI-22 in 4 and the double
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channel, 40W equipment ETI-22(s) in 6 tiers. Further
more, a mechanical coding system ensures all plug
in units can only be inserted in their correct
position.
The ABB free standing cabinet type E-35 can
for example, accommodate two single channel PLC
equipments with the associated protection signalingunits and an electronic trunk-dialing unit for eight
(8) telephone subscribers.
A nameplate on the front door of the carrier
cabinet carriers relevant information of the PLC link,
such as equipment type, station name, carrier
frequency etc.
To enable printed circuit boards to be
exchanged without any re-adjustment being
required, there is on the rear side a strapping fieldfor the initial programming of the system variant
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and also for the adjustment of the PLC equalizer.
Further of course, all terminal strips and connectors
are easily accessible on the rear side.
5. MODE OF OPERATION
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The PLC equipment is suitable for connecting to
a telephone exchange and further more, a 4 wire
remote/emergency call station can be created by
operating it in parallel with the built in service
telephone equipment. The transmission facilities for
Tele operation working (telemetry), tele-control &
protection signals) use separate input and separate
output circuit according to their classifications.
When 4 kHz equipment carries
simultaneously the speech and Tele-operation
signals, they are transmitted in frequency multiplex
and accordingly the audio frequency band is divided
into two parts. The lower part of the band is used
for speech and the upper part for Tele-operation
signals.
(1)TELEPHONE FACILITIES
The associated automatic telephone exchange
(PAX) is suitable for a network with a limited
number of subscribers. Between the PAX and P:LC
channels, controls circuit give out signals for the
setting up, dialing and later releasing a telephone
connection and the switching criteria between PAX
and PLC equipment is performed by potential free
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contracts. The PAX sending contract will, via the
PLC signaling channel close an output contract in
the PLC received and the distant end of the link.
The dialing impulses are transmitted over the
combined pilot and signaling channel which has a
maximum transmitted speech of 50 baud. It should
be noted that because of the various possibilities of
telephone switching, more functions are built intothe speech circuit than are actually needed by
some PAX types.
(2)COMPRESSOR AND EXPANDER
(COMPANDER)
The inclusion of a compander improves the
carrier signal equality of the speech and in normally
reserved for use over lines with high noise. The
improvement in the signals to noise ratios is
approximately 12 dB. When the speech is carried
over several PLC links in series, it is recommended
that only one compander be used, the compressor
being installed at the sending end of the line and
the expander in the farthest receiving station.
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The ETI series is fully wired for a later inclusion
of the compander equipment when required.
(4) WIRE HAND/EMERGENCY CALL
The equipment, especially in the extension
phases can, without additional units in the HF
equipment is equipped throughout with
hand/emergency call telephone. This telephone with
DC bell can be connected directly via a 6 wire
extension cable. The calling of the opposite station
is accomplished lifting the handset and pressing the
calling button in the opposite station after a two
second delay the bell rings as long as the push
button is pressed. By lifting the handset the called
station, the bell is automatically disconnected. After
the Call is completed both handsets must be
replaced. The calling tone is fixed at 1 kHz in the
speech band.
(4)SERVICE TELEPHONE
With the help of the built in speech facilities,
service calls can be carried out in 4 wire from the
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front panel associated equipment, including the DC
belt and the plug in 4 wire handset are supplied.
(5) TELE-OPERATION SIGNALS
Individual and adjustable Tele operation inputs
are the essential requirement of the PLC equipment
for the interfacing with the various manufactures
low frequency transmission channels and for PLC
through switching/transit working. The 5 input and 3
output possibilities, each individually adjustable and
fully de-coupled together with the separated
terminals. For protection signaling equipment, offer
the necessary flexibility. A strapping field is
provided for choosing the various modes of
operation.
(6)SIGNAL BOOSTING
The equipment offer the possibility of signal
boosting of one or two especially important signals,for example protection signals for high voltage lines
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or equipment. This is advantageous during
unfavourable transmission conditions caused by
perhaps fault condition on the power line. During
boosting, the less importing channels, for example
the speech are disconnected (known as
disconnected channels) whereas other channel can
be allowed to work normally (non-disconnectable
channels).
The period of disconnection by which more
power is switched to the boosting channel, occurs
for an extremely short period of time and id
typically of the order of approximately 100 milli-
seconds.
The arrangement of speech and Tele operation
channels falls into one of three categories and is
achieved by connecting to one of the following input
:
- The disconnectable bus (D)
- The non-disconnectable bus (ND)
- Signal boosting bus (B) with a predeterminedamplification.
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6. GENERAL MODULATION
PRINCIPLE
The carrier frequency techniques with single
side band transmission is, due to the high quality
band filters and converters, free from disturbing by
products and spurious signals. Optimum selectivity
is achieved only in the intermediate frequency (IF)
stages by the filtering are out of the required side
band. Here, therefore lines the task of the carrier
frequency section to move the AF intelligence from
its low frequency position of 300 to 300 HZ
(respectively 300 to 2200 and HZ) first to the IF
stage and then into carrier frequency (HF) band.
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The carrier frequencies are spaced on a 4 KHZ
(respectively 2.5 KHZ) raster.
This arrangement required the use of two
conversions in each of transmit and receive
direction so that the intermediate frequency is fixed
at 16 KHZ and the carrier channel has a variable
frequency which can be programmed to provided a
large number of HF carriers.
In the single channel equipment and channel 1of the twin channel equipment, the lower side band
is used throughout all frequency conversions. The
useful band is inverted in the IF stage and the HF
stage placed in the erect position. Contrary to this
channel 2 of the twin channel equipment is erect in
the IF stage and inverted in the HF stage.
7. SPECIFICATION OF PLCC
(1) GENERAL
- Carrier frequency range : 40 to 512 KHZ
- Gross channel bandwidth : 4 KHZ
- Useful AF band : 300 to 3,700
KHZ
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(2) PERMISSIBLE ROOM TEMPERATURE
IN
CLIMATES
- Data guaranteed within reliable : 0 to 45
degree
Centigrade
- Operation guarantee : 20 to 45
degree
Centigrade
- Frequency stability of R.F. oscillator : 5 HZ
(3) TRANSMITTER
R.F. transmitting power :
- Peak envelope power : 25 W
- Side band power : 15 W
- Auxiliary carrier frequency : 16 KHZ
At frequency 250 KHZ their power lower
by 2 dB.
- I.F. carrier frequency : 16 KHZ
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- Pilot tone : 3600 HZ
- Test tone : 1000 HZ
- Synthesizer reference frequency : 8 KHZ
- Dummy load : 20 OHMS
(4) TRUNK DIALING
Shifting the pilot oscillator frequency of 3600
+/- 30 transmits dialing criterions of a speed of
normally 1 pulses per second.
(5) POWER SUPPLY
- DC Supply : 49 TO 60(-10/+25%), 180 W
Approximate maximum supply 2 percent
- Capacity : 800 AH.
- A.C. Supply : 220 +/-15%, 50
HZ
- Power consumption : < 80 W
8. PRECAUTIONS ANDMAINTENANCE
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In normal rooms the ETI equipment generally
erected on an open rack or on a frame of
freestanding cabinet.
The room for the erection of the equipment
should have a dust free floor, which is washable.
The room should be well ventilated and of normal
temperature & humidity and where necessaryprovided with a ventilator fan having a dust filters.
The cabinets should prevent from titling when
opened.
Cabinets should prevent from titling when
opened.
CAUTION
Before opening the hinged frame, make sure
that the cabinet can not tip forward.
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FAULT ANALYSIS, TEST EQUIPMENTS
AND TEST PROCEDURE
TEST EQUIPMENTS
(a) TEST OSCILLATOR
Test oscillator enables the commissioning of
the PLC link without aid of external signals, pressing
the CALL button intimate a test tone of 1 KHZ which
is fed to the voice amplifier and passes through all
transmit stages of the PLC equipments with the
exception of the telephone adapter. It is possible to
check at any test point the dBr value printed in the
front side of the equipment is against the measured
dB reading. It simplifies also.
The following signals can be checked in the AG
section of the equipment : Speech, Tele-
operation/data dialing.
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(b) FAULT ANALYSIS
In fault analysis the faulty devices are checked
in this serial or manner :
- Telephone or Tele operation signals
- Cabling low frequency circuits or DC
power supplies
- PLC equipments
- HF transmission path
Comparisons with the transmission levels and
working voltages measured under healthy
conditions are valuable aids to fault analysis. The
back to back testing of the equipment using the
dummy load is also a very useful aid.
The presence of AF signals in the various
stages of the equipment can be checked using the
telephone handset and test load connected
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between the associated measuring point audio
testing.
9. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and
insulations level of high voltage power result in
increased reliability of communication and lower
attenuation over long-distance. The idea of using
power lines of transmission lines for communication
purpose was the first thought of at about the
beginning of the century and the practical
applications were made in several countries from
1920 onwards. These systems have now developed
into extremely sophisticated and complicated
systems and widely used in all modern power
systems.
Since telephone communication system can not
be directly connected to the high voltage lines,
suitably designed coupling devices have therefore
to the employed. These usually consists of high
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voltage capacitors or capacitor with polaritical
devices used in conjunction with suitable line
matching units 9LMUs for matching the impedance
of line to that of the co-axial cable connecting the
unit to the PLC transmit receive equipment.
Also the carrier currents used forcommunication have to be prevented from entering
the power equipment used in GSS as this would
result in high attenuation of even complete loss of
communication signals when earthed at isolator. To
prevent this loss, wave traps or line traps are
employed. These consist of suitably designed choke
coils connected in series with the line, which offer
negligible impedance to RF carrier currents. Wave
traps also usual have one or more suitably designed
capacitors connected in parallel with the choke coils
so as to resonate at carrier frequencies and thus
offer even higher impedance to the flow of RF
currents.
The basis arrangement of connecting the WT
and coupling capacitor in PLCC communication isshown in the above figure :
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As can be seen from the sketch, the power
frequency and radio frequency component are
sorted out by this arrangement. The RF is prevented
from entering the stations bus and the power
frequency is blocked of coupling capacitor.
(1) COUPLE DEVICE
Earlier coupling devices used were antenna as
similar to these used in radio work. This was
because capacitor capable of withstanding the high
voltages used in transmission of electrical power
were not available at that time. The antennas used
for coupling the PLC equipment to the transmission
line were usually erected below the line and parallel
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to it. They were usually more than 300 ft long and
were tuned to the carrier frequency employed.
These were rather inefficient and the systems were
affected but interference from nearby long wave
radio transmitters.
By about 1930, suitably paper and oil capacitor
were developed which could withstand the high
voltage and serve as affective coupling units to PLCequipments.
A modern coupling capacitor consists of a stack
of flat would elements of pure cellulose paper and
aluminum coils held between insulating roads under
optimum pressure to minimize capacitance the
changes with time and temperature. The
interconnection are designed to obtain highest
possible range withstand capacity and highest cut
off frequency. The entire stack assembly as placed
in a suitable pro claim insulating shall fill with
insulating coils and hermetically sealed by metallic
flanges and gaskets of synthetic rubber with a dry
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nitrogen gas cushion. The mechanical strength of
the shell and flanges are carefully matched.
Coupling capacitors are designed for outdoors
use and withstand normal atmospheric
phenomenon such as temperature and humidity
rain, show etc. The capacitors used in modern PLCC
systems have a capacity between 2000 and 8000
ft. The usual value is between 3000 and 5000 ft. The units are designed to have a very low loss
(
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WT = wave trap. LMU = line matching unit. TR =
transmission and receiving equipments. CC =
coupling capacitor
As can be seen from the figure, the wave traps
and coupling capacitors are all connected to oneconductor of the power line. The remaining two
conductor, through not directly connected to the
line carry a portion of the returning carrier current
because these two conductors do not have wave
traps, a portion of the carrier energy is 1 lost. Also
radiation losses are goes high as earth forms a part
of the circuit and the noise pickup is
correspondingly higher. The method of connecting
is inefficient and the connection at the receiving
and can not be made to match the line perfectly.
This is because the impendence of the line can not
be calculated correctly as it depends partly on the
soil conductivity enrote the line which varies from
place to place and time to time and partly on
station switching condition.
(b) PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING
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This type of coupling was formally being used
to improve the reliability of communication case of
breakage of one of the coupled conductors. The
system used double the number of wave traps and
coupling capacitors used in phase to ground and
hence is costlier. This coupling capacitor at each
and have the line are connected in parallel to the
LMUs as shown in this sketch figure
Through this type coupling increase the
reliability of communication, the attenuation,
therefore from radio transmission and monitoring
possibilities are all higher than those of phase to
ground coupling. Hence this type of coupling has
been discontinued and super sided by the phase -to - phase coupling system.
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(c) PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING
This type of coupling uses the same number of
wave traps and the capacitor as two phase coupling
but the capacitance are not connected in parallel as
in the case of that type of coupling. The two power
conductors used in this case may be considered as
metallic go and return lines for the carrier currents.
The conductor has no appreciable influence on the
carrier currents. The third conductor has no
appreciable influence on the carrier current
transmission. Hence the switching conditions
attention is less because two conductors are used
instead of one conductor and earth. This type ofcoupling is more reliable over longer distance and is
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generally used load dispatch work, though it is
lightly costlier than the two - phase system.
(d) INTERLINE OR INTER CIRCUIT COUPLING
This is the same as phase to phase coupling
but with the difference that the two conductors
used for communication belong to two difference
power circuits carrier on common towers. This type
of coupling is not employed where the two circuitsare carrier on two separate sets of towers as it then
behaves more like a double phase to ground
coupling and is found to be impracticable.
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This type of coupling is even more reliable than
phase to phase coupling on the same circuit in
that it permits operation with one of the two circuits
opened out and founded for maintenance purpose.
Inter-phase or inter systems coupling are
always employed on 220 KV and 400 KV lines where
the interference levels are therefore also used on
very long 100 KV lines where attenuation become aproblem. This type of coupling permit higher
reliability of operation under breaker conductor
conditions and are always employed where carrier
line protection systems are employed.
COMPARISON OF PHASE TO PHASE AND
PHASE TO GOUND COUPLING
The phase to ground coupling has the
advantage of requiring only half the number of
wave traps and coupling capacitors in comparison
to phase to phase coupling. But it is inferior to
many as would be evident from the following points.
1. The phase - to - ground coupling has higher
attenuation and unlike phase - to - phase
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coupling, the attenuation varies with station
switching conditions.
2.The variation of attenuation function with
changes in
weather condition is greater in phase to -
grounds
coupling.
3. Reflection and echoes due to mismatchdifficulties
are much greater in phase - to - grounds
coupling.
4. Signal to noise ratio is poorer due to
longitudinal
noise voltages induced in the line. In phase
to
phase coupling the noise voltages tend to
cancel
themselves as equal voltages are induced in
the
coupled conductors, which oppose each
other in the
circuit.
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5.Radiation from phase to ground case is
about
double than that in the other case.
6. A break or fault of some other kind will
hamper the
transmission in phase to ground coupling
much
more seriously than in phase to phasecoupling.
Hence, phase to ground coupling is used
due to its cheapness, especially when frequency
used and distances to be covered are suitable, and
radiation not particularly objectionable, as may be
the situation in sparsely populated areas.
(2) WAVE TRAPS
Wave traps (WTs) are used between the
transmission line and the power stations to avoid
carrier power dislocation in the power plant and
cross talk with other power line carrier circuits
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connected to the same power station. WTs also
ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels
at the PLCC transmit receive equipment irrespective
of switching conditions of the power circuits and
equipment in the station.
A wave trap must satisfy the following
requirements :
(1) It must block the carrier currents. By
blocking, we mean that the track should
attenuate the H.F. signals by at least 8 to
10 dB.
(2) It must carry the power frequency current
safely during normal operation as well as
short circuit fault conditions.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF WAVE TRAPS
All wave traps have a choke as a main part.
This choke may be a single layer or a multi-layer
coils made of special aluminum alloy and is
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designed to carry the full load current the power
circuit continuously and also to withstand normal
short circuit currents in the event of a fault on that
line for a short time until the current in the event of
a fault on circuit breakers clears the fault without
suffering any mechanical or thermal damages. The
inductance of the choke varies from 100 Micro
Henrys to 2 milli Henrys depending on the pass
band required. The 100 or 200 Micro Henry wavetrap will in conjunction with a suitable tuning
capacitor block a band of a few tens of KHz, the
blocked land width being dependent on the carry
frequency. The one milli Henry traps will clock
periodically the whole range of carrier frequency
employed in PLCC a 2.o mH traps can be used
without a tuning capacitor across it. It will still
blocked almost all carrier frequency in use
effectively, but its inherent capacitance of about
100PF, will cause it to resonate at the high end of
the PLCC band (250 to 500 KHZ).
The low inductance respant types of traps are
usually wound as a narrow cylindrical single layer,
whereas the high inductance broadband traps are
invariably wound as large diameter discoshed coils.
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The cost of the wave trap increased with the
rated power current to be carrier by it as well as
with the inductance required. A trap with a nominal
rated current of 1600n Amp. Designed to withstand
a short circuit current of look. A may cost 10 times
as much as trap rated for a nominal current of 400
Amp and a short circuit current of 50 KA. Similarly a
2.0 mH trap may cost several times as much as 100
micro Henry traps for the same nominal powercurrent. Therefore, wherever the nominal load
currents and expected short circuit currents are
high smaller inductances are used with tuning
arrangement to obtain broadband trap.
Suspension mounting of wave trap is preferred
to rigid mounting on coupling capacitors as this
arrangement enables it to withstand the dynamic
stresses created by short circuits better and
because it is more economical but high current,
high inductance traps, which are very heavy may
have to be mounted on pedestals insulators or
coupling capacitors. Wave traps are made in various
is a standard sizes and rating and to various
specifications.
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Standard inductances for wave trap
recommended by IEC are 0.2, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0 and
2.0 mH.
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
Lightning is one of the most serious causes of
over voltage. It the power equipment especially atout doors is not protected, the over voltage will
cause burning of insulations.
The ground wires running over the towers
provides an adequate protection against lighting
and also reduced the induced electrostatic or
electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is
inadequate to protect any travelling which reaches
terminals of electrical equipment and such waves
can cause internal flash over between inter-turns of
transformers and the high peak voltage of surge
may cause external flash over between terminals of
the electrical equipment which results in damage of
insulators.
A good light arrester must pass the following
properties:
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It should not absorb any current during normal
operation, but during over voltage surge it must
provided an easy way to the earth. After the first
discharge of current has taken place through then
must be capable of carrying the discharge current
for same interval of time without any damage to
them. After the over voltage discharge, it must be
capable of interrupting the normal frequency ofcurrent from flowing to ground as soon as voltages
reaches below break down value.
In addition to tuning devices, which usually
consist of a capacitor or capacitor, a lightning
arrester is invariably connected across the choke
coils of the wave traps.
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The lightning arrester used may be vacuum
type arrester whose are over voltage lies below the
rated voltage of the tuning capacitors, but about
the voltage produced across the coils during a short
circuit current surge. The lightning arrester
therefore protects the turning capacitors against
momentary over voltage caused by travelling
waves. Sustained over voltage resulting from short
circuits currents are not high enough to case thelightning arrester to be over. Hence, a sustained are
and consequent destruction of the arrester are
avoided.
THE TUNING CAPACITORS
Used are high voltage, high stability mica
capacitors with low losses. For lower voltage class
of tuning units (with impulse test voltage rating
upto 40 KV) polystyrene capacitors are used by
some manufactures. For higher voltage class of
tuning units with impulse test voltage rating upto
150 KV), capacitors with mineral oil impregnated
paper dies electric are used which are similar in
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construction to coupling capacitors. All types are
moulded in epoxy resin. Single frequency traps
have a single and double frequency traps have a
double tuned parallel reasonant circuit. All the
elements belonging to the tuning circuit are usually
mounted in a common housing, which can be
revolved and substituted with another similar tuning
device to reasonate trap to a different frequency.
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1.WAVE TRAP2.COUPLING CAPACITOR
3.DRAINAGE COIL
4.VOLTAGE ARRESTER
5.GROUNDING SWITCH
6.MATCHING TRANSFORMERS
7.TUNING CAPACITOR
8.VACCUM ARRESTER
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66
10.BATTERY CHARGER :
PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication)works on rectified AC or main, when make
supply goes off. We use of a device for proper
functioning of PLCC, called BATTERY
CHARGER. This is the device that provides
supply to the PLCC equipment for
uninterrupted working. It provides DC to the
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panel by battery of 48 V. In this type 24
batteries are connected in series and
individually per battery has approximately 2 V
capacities.
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Battery charges mainly consists of 4
sections :-
1. Float charges
2. Boost charges section
3. Control section
4. Alarm section
All the four sections are situated in
mounted sheet steel. The sides and tops of
the frame are provided with removable panelsuitable recess has been provided in front
panel to prevent the component from
projection out. All meters indicating lamps,
push buttons have been counted on from
panel.
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2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
- Normal input - 415 V AC 3 phase
- Input variation - +/- 20% of voltage
FLOAT CHARGES
DC Output - 50 v+/- 1 %
Output current - 20 to 40
ampere
Line regulation & load regulation - +/-1%
Individual
Ripple - 0.6 Vpp (peak
to
peak )
Efficiency - > 70 %
BOOST CHARGES
68DC Output - 43.2 TO 67.2
V
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Output current - 25 70
Amps
Over load - 10 %
Efficiency - > 80 %
1.FLOAT CHARGER
The float charges is basically static type 3
phase charger with stabilized output DC
voltage. The charges output DC voltage is
constantly compared with standard DC
reference voltage and error voltage is again
amplified. This amplified voltage control the
triggering signals of all the 3 thyristors of 3
phase bridge control rectifier, as the output
voltage tends to decrease than its selected
value, it makes the triggering signals of each
thyristor of all 3 phase, to advance for firing
them, so that the output voltage remains
within the specified accuracy. If the output
voltage tends to increase more than theselected value, the triggering pulses of these
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thyristors of all 3 phase are delayed in firing
operations in such a way so that the output
DC voltage is again brought back to its
stabilized voltage.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
The 3 phase AC input is applied through
the 3 poles 2 way switch (RS-1) and fuse F-18
to F-20 to the float input contractor (CON-1)
Resistance R-3, capacitor C-2 and also
resistance R-2, capacitor C-1 are incorporatedto remove the instabilities like hunting.
Operational amplifier IC-2 I liner amplifier the
mv drop across shunt. The ratio of R-14/R-15
determine the gain of the amplifier and RV-2
on sub assembly sets the charging current.
When charging current increases the mv drop
across pin No. 2 & 3 of IC 2 will increased.
This voltage is applied to the base of TR-4
through R-11. Transistor TR-4 will be the base
current of TR-3 and TR-3 will increase the
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voltage from D-2 will control the voltage
correcting operational amplifier IC-1.
This will result in decrease in DC output
voltage to keep the battery current at set
level, which can be adjusted by potentiometer
RV-2.
It is desired that output of the rectifierattain its steady state value slowly rather than
by step.
Fuse Fail Alarm :
Fuse fail alarm is also available in float
charges. In the event of any HRC fuse failure.
Corresponding types fuse blows and trip the
corresponding relay.
2.BOOST CHARGES SECTION
Description of Circuit
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Boost charges is used to charge the
batteries after power resumption. The input
supply is switched on mains of rotatory switch
RS 1, three numbers HRC fuses. F-21 to F-23
has been provided for over current protection
AC contractor CON-2 has also been provided.
Transformer 6 steps down the input AC
voltage to suitable level. Necessary taps areprovided in the primary of transformer to
cater for varying input voltage that may
prevail at sub-station. The secondary voltage
of transformer-6 is applied to a bridge
rectifier, which consists of 6 silicon diodes D-6
to D-11, for rectification of AC to DC. These
diodes are mounted on individual heat sinks
for cooling so that junction temperature of the
device is within specified limit. The diodes are
protected by capacitors and resistances
against have storage effects and transit over
voltage in also by HRC fuses F-10 to F-15.
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The battery can be charged by using the
two rotatory switches provided on front panel
for coarse and fine control and that charging
current can be read by ammeter A-3 provided
on the front panel. The operator must ensure
that the rotatory switches are in minimum
position before switching on the boost
charges.
3. OPERATION OF CHARGER
The float or boost charges can be
switches ON by means of selector switch RS-
1. Thus at a time only one charger either float
or boost can be operated.
When the charges is operated in float
mode the battery is on float charge and all the
VDDs are by passed through the contracts of
DC contractor. This enables complete voltage
appearing on the load. In case of mains fallalso the entire battery voltage is available on
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load through contracts of DC contractor.
When the charger is operated on boost mode,
the contracts of DC contractor opens. Load
voltage can be adjusted by VDD switch RS-8
as per the requirement main switch RS-9 have
been provided to isolate the charger from load
and battery. When the selector switch RS-9 is
in charger mode then it will supplying load aswell as trickle charger. The batteries in float
and boost charger, the batteries mode when
the switch RS-9 is in main mode, then the load
will be supplied by the battery and the
charges is totally isolated from battery for
charger main purpose.
3. MAINTENANCE AND FAULTTRACING
PROCEDURE
1.All connections should be thoroughly
checked. The control circuit boards
should be inserted far firmly in their
respective sockets before energizing the
battery charger.
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2. All mounting bolt/screws should be
checked before energizing as loose
mounting will cause vibrations.
3.The charger should be switched off once
in every month and the connections and
mounting should be checked.
4.The battery terminals should be
connected first and the AC input after
that.
11. ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES OF
PLCC
1. ADVANTAGES
1. No separate wires are needed for
communication purpose, as the power lines
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themselves carry power as well as
communication signals. Hence the cost of
constructing separate telephone lines is
saved.
2. When compared with ordinary lines the
power lines have appreciably higher
mechanical strength. They would normally
remain unaffected under the conditions,which might seriously damage telephone
lines.
3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route
between the power stations.
4. Power lines have large cross-sectional areas
resulting in very low resistance per unit
length. Consequently the carrier signals
suffer much less attenuation than when they
travel on usual telephone lines of equal
lengths.
5. Power lines are well insulated to provide only
negligible leakage between conductors and
ground even in adverse weather conditions.
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6. Largest spacing between conductors reduces
capacitance, which results in smaller
attenuation at high frequencies. The large
spacing also reduces the cross talk to a
considerable extent.
2. DISADVANTAGES
1.Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier
equipment and persons using them against
high voltages and currents on the lines.
2. Reflections are produced on spur lines
connected to high voltage lines. This
increases attenuation and creates other
problems.
3. High voltage lines have transformer
connections, attenuate carrier currents. Sub
station equipments adversely affect the
carrier currents.
4.Noise introduced by power lines is far more
than in case of telephone lines. This is due to
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the noise generated by discharge across
insulators, corona and switching processes.
It is obvious that an effective power lines
carrier system must overcome these and many
other difficulties.
REFERENCES
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1. PRINCIPLE OF CARRIERCOMMUNICATION
- N.N. BISWAS
2. MANUAL OF ETI EQUIPMENTS
- ABB (ASEA BROWN BOVERI)
3. MANNUAL OF BATTERY CHARGES
- R.S.E.B.