Raisin open-gable canopy management 2014
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Transcript of Raisin open-gable canopy management 2014
Canopy Management in Dry on Vine ‐ ‐(DOV) Raisin Vineyards
Matt FidelibusViticulture and Enology, UC Davis
Presentation outline
• Yield components & reproductive cycle• Environmental factors that affect productivity• Node position and pruning• Trellis & training• Irrigation and nutrition
Yield Components
• Clusters per vine• Berries per cluster• Berry weight• Sugar per berry
Reproductive cycle
• Two-year process• Year 1: Flower clusters are initiated and partially developed on microscopic shoots within buds on green growing shoots.
• Year 2: The pre-formed microscopic shoots emerge from dormant buds, flowers fully develop, and bloom, fruit set, berry growth and maturation occur.
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
- in the developing primary bud
- on the shoot
Clusterinitiation
Rachiselongation,
flowerinitiation
Flower partdifferentiation
Bloom
Pollination&
fertilizationBerry
set
Berry softening
Harvest
YEAR 1
Compound Bud
Lateral (prompt) buds grow out theyear they are formed, resulting inlateral shoots
The dormant bud arises from the most basal node of a lateral shoot. Within the dormant node, anlage develops into shoot, tendril or cluster primordia in the spring.
Anlage Apex Leaf primordia
Earliest indication of a cluster
Compound Bud
By winter, the number of clusters eachshoot will bear in the spring has been set
Fall or winter bud dissections
Sunlight promotes cluster initiation and development and bud survival
• The number and potential size of clusters on preformed shoots is positively correlated with temperature, light, and carbohydrate availability in early summer, when clusters are initiated.
• Shading reduces cluster number and potential size, and promotes bud necrosis (death).
• Pruning: sun canes vs shade canes
IKI stainingcourtesy Jason Smith
NSW Australia
Bu
d f
ruit
fuln
ess
(%)
Time
Bloom
Berry set
Veraison
YEAR 2
Clusters initiated last spring will complete their growth this spring, as the preformed shoots emerge from the dormant nodes and growth to full size.
During this time cluster development can be directly affected by weather, insects, nutrition, and other factors.
Zn application suggested2 weeks prior to bloom
Pollination
The number of berries/cluster and berry size will depend in part on pollination success. Grapes do not require insect pollination, but poor weather and nutrition can substantially affect set.
Node position and pruning
Node position
5 10 15 20
No
de
s w
ith s
hoo
ts (
%)
20
40
60
80
100
15 node canes20 node canes
A Node position
5 10 15 20
No
de
s w
ith s
hoo
ts (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-node canes20-node canes
B
Node position
5 10 15 20
No
de
s w
ith s
hoo
ts (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-node canes20-node canes
C Node position
5 10 15 20
No
de
s w
ith s
hoo
ts (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-node canes20-node canes
D
% Nodes with shoots
Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
rs p
er
nod
e (
no)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
15-node canes20-node canes
A Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
rs p
er
nod
e (
no.)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
15-node canes20-node canes
B
Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
rs p
er
nod
e (
no.)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
15-node canes20-node canes
C Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
rs p
er
nod
e (
%)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
15-node canes20-node canes
D
Number of clusters per node
Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
r w
eig
ht (
kg)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
15-node canes20-node canes
A Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
r w
eig
ht (
kg)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
15-node canes20-node canes
B
Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
r w
eig
ht (
kg)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
15-node canes20-node canes
C Node position
5 10 15 20
Clu
ste
r w
eig
ht (
kg)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
15-node canes20-node canes
D
Cluster weight (kg)
Node position
5 10 15 20
So
lub
le s
olid
s (B
rix)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
15-node cane20-node cane
A Node position
5 10 15 20
So
lub
le s
olid
s (B
rix)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
15-node canes20-node canes
B
Node position
5 10 15 20
So
lub
le s
olid
s (B
rix)
16
18
20
22
24
26
15-node canesCol 3 vs Col 4
C Node position
5 10 15 20
So
lub
le s
olid
s (B
rix)
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
15-node canes20-node canes
D
Brix
Average length of 15-node canes
DOVine
Thompson Seedless
Fiesta
Selma Pete
Feet
Open gable trellis
“These vigorous Thompson SeedlessVines are crowned too low—30 to 36 inches below the cross arm.Much of the next year’s fruiting woodWas totally or partially shaded duringFruit bud initiation”. L.P. Christensen, 1979.
Light levels at cordon diminishas distance between trellis top and
cordon increases
Distance between cordon and top of trellis
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Pe
rcent full sun
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Light levels at nodes 4 to 6 diminish as distance between
trellis top and cordon increases
Distance from trellis top to cordon (inches)
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Pe
rcent o
f full sun
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Light levels at nodes 8 to 10 diminish as distance between
trellis top and cordon increases
Distance from trellis top to cordon (inches)
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Pe
rcent full sun
0
10
20
30
40
50
Conclusions
• Renewal shoots need good light exposure in spring and summer to optimize fruitfulness in the following season.
• Pruning is very important, but trellis design and other canopy management practices can significantly affect light levels in renewal zone
• Nutrition and irrigation can directly and indirectly affect production
• Funding from the California Raisin Marketing Board
• L. Peter Christensen, Mike Moriyama, Steve Vasquez, several private growers
Acknowledgements