Rainwater harvesting ccrt dr. reddy_2

Centre for Cultural Resources and TrainingMinistry of Culture Govt. of India

Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources 14th Sep. ‘10

Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar ReddyCEO, GEO [email protected]://e-geo.org

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesThe Barefoot College, Tilonia

WASTED WATER

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STRUGGLE FOR WATER

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POLLUTED WATER

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources

RECHARGE WELLS

The Barefoot College, Tilonia

While it would normally take between 20-30 years for water to percolate 100 feet from an

open tank, it has been noticed in an open well

300,000 litres can percolate to the same depth

within a week.

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesEvery drop counts

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resourcesuk-energy-saving.com

• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of population, and 10% of its cattle.

• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri use, 23% waste.

• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha, could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.

INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION AND FOOD

PRODUCTION

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Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces 55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 M t of food.

In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50 producing 75:25 of 500 M t of required food.

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Freshwater management in India

Anupma Sharma

Water Conservation

Watershed management

Water quality conservation

Inter basin water transfer

GW management

Recycle and reuse of water

Public involvement and capacity building

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (11)

What Is Rainwater Harvesting?

RWH technology consists of simple systems to collect, convey, and store rainwater. Rainwater capture is accomplished primarily from roof-top, surface runoff, and other surfaces.

RWH either captures stored rainwater for direct use (irrigation, production, washing, drinking water, etc.) or is recharged into the local ground water and is call artificial recharge.

In many cases, RWH systems are used in conjunction with Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR). ASR is the introduction of RWH collected rainwater to the groundwater / aquifer through various structures in excess of what would naturally infiltrate then recovered for use

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Why Rainwater Harvesting?

Conserve and supplement existing water resources

Available for capture and storage in most global locations

Potentially provide improved quality of water

Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a supplemental supply source.

Capturing and directing storm water (run-off) and beneficially use it

Commitment as a corporate citizen - showcasing environmental concerns

Public Mandate (India)

Replenishing local ground water aquifers where lowering of water tables has occured

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Why Not RWH?

Not applicable in all climate conditions over the world

Performance seriously affected by climate fluctuations that sometimes are hard to predict

Increasingly sophisticated RWH systems (ASR) necessarily increases complexities in cost, design, operation, maintenance, size and regulatory permitting

Collected rainwater can be degraded with the inclusion of storm water runoff

Collected water quality might be affected by external factors

Collection systems require monitoring and continuous maintenance and improvement to maintain desired water quality characteristics for water end-use

Certain areas will have high initial capital cost

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Condensation

Precipitation

Evaporation

Surface Water

Infiltration

Evapotranspiration

Let’s take a look atThe Water

Cycle

Consumption

Surface Runoff

Groundwater

Sea water intrusion

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Design and Feasibility Criteria

Collection Area

Rainfall

Demand

Primary Use (Direct Use, Artificial Recharge (AR) or Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR))

Storage capacity

Level of Security - risk of the storage tank running dry

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Collection Area and Characteristics

Measure Area

Runoff Characteristics• Roof top 0.75 – 0.95• Paved area 0.50 – 0.85 • Bare ground 0.10 – 0.20 • “Green area” 0.05 – 0.10

Water harvesting potential(m3) = Area (m2) X Rainfall (m) X Collection Efficiency

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Quality Issues

Roofs contain: bird droppings, atmospheric dust,

industrial and urban air pollution

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Operational Procedures and Design Considerations

Screen to prevent birds,

animal and insects;

Lead based paint must not be used on the

roof;

Tar based roof coatings and materials should

not be used – Phenolics and other organics can leach from materials

If roofs painted with acrylic paints, new concrete or metal roofing - first few rainfalls should not be

collected to avoid metals, detergents, and other

chemicals

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Operational Procedures and Design Considerations

Storage tank – dark materials to exclude light and algae formation

Corrosion resistant materials

Tank in protected shaded area –

lower temperature

For multiple storage tanks –

design for frequent turnover

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A news article says that ground water levels in New Delhi are falling and RWH will become mandatory.

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Storage

1. Ponds and Reservoirs

2. Artificial recharge of Groundwater

3. Water Tanks

4. Rainwater runoff in surface water

5. Rainwater runoff in groundwater

6. Rainwater runoff in tanks

7. Effluent in surface water

8. Effluent in ground water

Every drop counts

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesEvery drop counts

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Jn nurm – URBAN RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Tackle water shortage during summers

Recharge aquifers

Reduced power consumption in pumping water

Reduced water logging and flooding in low lying areas

Reduced erosion

Improved Groundwater quality through dilution. Eg: Coastal areas

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Means of water conservation

Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,

New dams - inter-basin

transfer

Groundwater - underdevelop

ed

Demand Management

Water savings - increase in

efficiency, reduce evaporation.

Water productivity - increases in crop per drop

Virtual water – Food

production

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Watershed Development & Modelling


Limited water resources,-

more demand.

Watershed is the basic

scientific unit.

Need for proper planning and

management.

Integrated watershed

development approach

Digital revolution

Recent advances in watershed modelling - use of computer

models, remote sensing and GIS.

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WATERSHED Development

Watershed (ha) Classification

50,000-2,00,00010,000-50,0001,000-10,000100-1,00010-100

WatershedSub-watershedMilli- watershedMicro-watershedMini-watershed


Watershed Characteri

stics.

Hydrology of

watershed.

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Precipitation

Interception Storage

Surface Runoff

Groundwater Storage

Channel Processes

InterflowDirect Runoff

Surface Storage

BaseflowPercolation

Infiltration

ET

ET

Flowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989)

WATERSHED MODELLING …

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Integrated Watershed ApproachIWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects.

Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority.

Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts.

1970 1980 1990 2000

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Project success


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Water Conservation & Harvesting

Total water management for sustainable

development?. Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,

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Water Conservation


Important step for solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits

Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.

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Water Conservation…


Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants.

At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it over some plants.

Re-use water as much as possible

Change in attitude & habits for water conservation

Every drop counts!

!!

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Water Conservation

Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully

plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks.

Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.

45%

30%

25%

Private land Fallow land Forest land

28%

65%

2% 5%

Contour bunding Gully pluggingStaggered trenching Level terraces

Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation

measures

Techniques of soil and water conservation measures Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,

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Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesTHANK YOU

Rainwater harvesting ccrt dr. reddy_2

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