Rainfall Pattern at Chakwal 1 Over 70% rain occurs during monsoon (July-August) Rabi (winter) crops...
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Transcript of Rainfall Pattern at Chakwal 1 Over 70% rain occurs during monsoon (July-August) Rabi (winter) crops...
Rainfall Pattern at Chakwal
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Agu Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rain
fall (
mm
)
2008 2009 2010 1977-2010 Evaporation (2000-2010)
Over 70% rain occurs during monsoon (July-August)Rabi (winter) crops are sown on stored soil moisture of rains during monsoon
BARI, Chakwal:Established 1979 Longitude 72O
Latitude 32O
Altitude 575 mTOTAL AREA 89 haRESEARCH AREA 65 ha
Dr. Abid [email protected]
Role of Soil Moisture in Fertilizer Use Efficiency for Rainfed Areas-A Review
Introduction
Green water (water contained in the soil)is a key factor in rainfed agriculture
Rainfed agriculture covers 80 per cent of the world’s agricultural area and contributes two-third of global food production
Adequate soil moisture leads to higher yields Unreliable/insufficient rainfall is a major limiting
factor for agricultural productivity in rainfed areas Soil moisture plays a significant role in nutrient
absorption/uptake by the plant
•Major constraints of low Agric. Productivity in Rainfed areas: (i) low and erratic rainfall(ii) soil erosion (loss of top fertile soil and moisture) (iii) small and fragmented land holdings (iv) low agricultural inputs
•Possible approaches to increase the agric. Production
1. By bringing more area under cultivation (horizontal expansion) 2. Increasing the yield per hectare (vertical expansion).
There is vast scope for horizontal and vertical expansions by increasing the water productivity and FUE.
Rainfed Areas of Punjab Province
4
3.1
8.7
Cultivated Area (Mha)
Rainfed Irrigated
Districts:
Attock Rawalpindi
JhelumChakwal
Parts of:
Sialkot Narowal Gujrat
Khushab Mianwali JhangBhakkar Layyah
D.G.Khan Rajanpur
Cultivated Area of Punjab 11.8 MhaIrrigated cultivated Area 8.7 MhaRainfed cultivated area 3.1 Mha
Rainfall in rainfed areas
> 1000mmMurree,KotliSattianTeh.
500 to 1000mmRawalpindi, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal
300-500mmAttock, Chakwal, Khushab
150-300mmMianwali, Jhang, Bhakkar, Layyah, M’Garh, DGKhan,
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec0
50
100
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250 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Rainfall Pattern at ChakwalRainfall (mm)
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Almost 70% rain occur during Monsoon; Rabi crops are sown on stored soil moisture of rains received during Monsoon
Monthly rainfall during Rabi (2007-2011) at Chakwal
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
5.4 4.39.3 11.4
43.1
26.59.4 7.6
16.3
20
75.4
46.4
Av. %age
Size of farms in Punjab rainfed tract
LESS THAN 1
01 – 05 06 – 10 11 – 20 21 – 60 OVER 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
19.1
52.8
17.5
7.7
2.60.3
2
29.8
24.7
20.6
15.8
7.1
FARM NUMBER (%)
AREA (%)
Farm Size (Hectares)
Pe
rce
nt
Contribution of Punjab Barani tract (Area wise: 2009-10)
CROP PUNJAB AREA
(000 ha)
BARANI AREA
(000 ha)
BARANI AREA CONTRIBUTION
(%)
WHEAT 6483.4 652.4 10.1
CHICKPEA 900.1 818.5 90.9
LENTIL 20.7 16.2 78.3
RAPSEED & MUSTARD 127.6 32.3 25.3
GROUNDNUT 81.8 76.3 93.3
MUNG 189.3 8.5 4.5
MASH 30.4 26.3 86.5
SORGHUM 147.1 86.3 58.7
PEARL MILLETS 361.8 143.8 40.0
Contribution of Punjab Barani tract (Production wise: 2009-10)
CROP PUNJAB Production (000 tons)
BARANI Production (000 tons)
BARANI AREA CONTRIBUTION
(%)
WHEAT 16776 883 6.3
CHICKPEA 382.5 324 84.7
LENTIL 10.1 6.9 68.3
RAPSEED & MUSTARD 108.6 20.7 19.1
GROUNDNUT 49.9 41.6 83.4
MUNG 101.8 2.5 2.5
MASH 13.6 10.9 80.1
SORGHUM 76.0 32.7 43.0
PEARL MILLETS 205.0 43.7 21.3
TOTAL 17724 1366 7.7
Use of NPK (kg/ha) in different areas of Punjab and NWFP during 2000-01
Source: Nisar and Rashid, 2003
PARTICULARS N P2O5 K2O
PUNJAB (IRRIGATED)
Cotton-Wheat (region) 116 24 1
Mixed crops (region) 99 20 2
Rainfed-Punjab
Pulses-wheat (region) 31 7 -
Maize-wheat (region) 19 4 -
NWFP (IRRIGATED)
Mixed crops (region) 123 27 0.5
Rainfed-NWFP
Pulses-wheat (region) 19 4 -
Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE)
FUE: The amount of produce increased by application of one unit of nutrient /fertilizer (Agronomist)
FUE: Is the percent recovery of the applied nutrient in the harvested portion of crop (Soil Scientist)
FUE: Rupees returned for each rupee spent on fertilizer (Economist)
Source: Nisar and Rashid, 2003
Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE)/%Recovery
Nitrogen: Utilization of applied N ranges from 40% in flooded (lowland) rice to about 50-60% in irrigated upland crops.
Phosphorus: Only about 10-25% of the applied P is utilized by the first crop, with residual P being partly available over a period of time to succeeding crops.
Potassium: Utilization efficiency of applied K is reported fairly high, about 70%.
Source: Nisar and Rashid, 2003
Role of water in the use of fertilizers
• Availability of soil moisture is an important determinant of fertilizer use in the semi-arid areas
• Availability of soil moisture is essential for fertilizer breakup in ionic forms, their movement in the soil and nutrient absorption/uptake & use
• Efficient use of nutrients after uptake depends on continuous supply of moisture • It provide substrate for different physiological reactions/functions in plant cell like photosynthesis.
• Water serves as transport agent for nutrients and products of plant metabolism
Factors Affecting Fertilizer Efficiency
Sources of
Reduction in fertilizer efficiency
5-10* Improper Fertilizer Placement
10-20* Inadequate Irrigation/moisture
15-50* Weed Infestation
5-50* Insect
Attack
20-50* Imbalanced fertilizer application
10-25* Poor Seedbed preparation
5-20* Improper Seeding
20-40* Delay in Sowing
20-40* Inappropriate Crop Variety
10-25* Inadequate Plant Population
*Reduction in %
Source: FAO Fertilizer Plant Nutr. Bulletin 2, 1981
1 2 3 4 5 60
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5RF Irri
Fertilizer response of irrigated and rainfed wheat in Pakistan
From: Nisar and Rashid, 2003
Fertilizer rates (kg/ha)
Fertilizer Rates kg/ha IRRIGATED RAINFED 1. 0 - 0 - 0 0 -0- 0 2. 56 - 56 - 0 30-0-0 3. 112- 62- 0 30-30-0 4. 112-112-0 60-30-0 5. 168-112 -0 60-60-0 6. 168-112-62 60-60-30
Grain Yield of Wheat After Kharif Crops (2004-09) at BARI, Chakwal
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-090
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Mung Mash Millet Sorghum Fallow(WR) Fallow (WNR) Deep plowing
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
393 mm
257 mm
104 mm 158 mm
Low yields are
due to poor
germination & frost damage
255 mm
0 40 80 1200
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
M1=19cm M2=26cm M3=32cm
Nitrogen applied (kg/ha)
Wheat yield kg/ha
M2= 26cm
Response of rainfed wheat to nitrogen on soils having different stored moisture (M1, M2, M3)
Source: Meelu et al., 1976
M1= 19cm
M3= 32cm
S. No Treatment Moisture level in soil profile (mm/90cm)
Yield as average of two years (kg/ha)
1 Farmers practice 147 1500
2 Minor leveling & bundling
168 1780
Effect of moisture conservation practices on wheat yield
Source: Fertilizer Use in Dryland Farming, Booklet No. 43, Manures & Fertilizers: MFS - 13
A Study CaseTitle: Optimal Fertilizer Requirement of Rainfed sunflower Based on Varying Soil
Moisture stress indices on semi-arid Vertisols of india
Methodology: (1999-2004)Dates of Sowing (DOS):
D1=28th Standard meteorological week (SMW) (9-15 July)
D2= 30th SMW (23-29 July); D3= 32nd SMW (6-12 Aug.)
D4= 34th SMW (21-26 Aug.)
Moisture Conservation Methods (MC):M1= Ridges and furrowsM2= Skip row with furrowM3= Flat bed
Levels of N & P Fertilizers: F1= 40-20; F2= 50-25; F3= 60-30 kg NP/ha
MSI= Crop soil Moisture Stress IndexBased on daily rainfall (RF), daily runoff MSI were measured for each combination of DOS and MC method in each season
(ranged 0.15 to 0.75)
Source: Maruthi Sankar, G. R. et al. 2008 (Helia: 31: 137-154)
Ready reckon of optimum “N” fertilizer doses (Kg/ha) at varying levels of soil moisture stress index
MSI D1 D2 D3 D4M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3
0.15 53 # 200 # 66 # 158 73 # 103 74 #0.20 53 # 196 # 64 # 144 71 # 98 72 #0.25 53 # 192 # 61 # 131 68 # 94 70 #0.30 53 # 189 # 59 # 117 66 # 89 67 #0.35 53 # 185 # 57 # 104 63 # 84 65 #0.40 52 # 181 # 54 # 90 61 # 80 63 #0.45 52 # 177 # 52 # 77 59 # 75 61 #0.50 52 # 174 # 50 # 64 56 # 70 59 #0.55 52 # 170 # 47 # 50 54 # 65 56 #0.60 52 # 166 # 45 # 37 51 # 61 54 #0.65 52 # 163 # 42 # 23 49 # 56 52 #0.70 52 # 159 # 40 # 10 46 # 51 50 #0.75 51 # 155 # 38 # 0 44 # 46 47 #
# indicates calibration not possible due to non-diminishing response of nutrient
Ready reckon of optimum “P” fertilizer doses (Kg/ha) at varying levels of soil moisture stress index
MSI D1 D2 D3 D4M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3
0.15 27 # 99 # 33 # 79 36 # 52 37 #0.20 26 # 98 # 32 # 72 35 # 49 36 #0.25 26 # 96 # 31 # 65 34 # 47 35 #0.30 26 # 94 # 29 # 59 33 # 45 34 #0.35 26 # 92 # 28 # 52 32 # 42 32 #0.40 26 # 90 # 27 # 45 30 # 40 31 #0.45 26 # 88 # 26 # 39 29 # 38 30 #0.50 26 # 86 # 25 # 32 28 # 35 29 #0.55 26 # 85 # 24 # 25 27 # 33 28 #0.60 26 # 83 # 22 # 18 26 # 30 27 #0.65 26 # 81 # 21 # 12 24 # 28 26 #0.70 26 # 79 # 20 # 5 23 # 26 25 #0.75 26 # 77 # 19 # 0 22 # 23 24 #
# indicates calibration not possible due to non-diminishing response of nutrient
Fertilizer adjustment equations via crop season moisture stress index
DOS Nutrient Ridge & furrow Skip row with furrow Flat bed
D1N FN=53.7-3.08 MSI # FN=211.0-74.50 MSI
P FP=26.8-1.54 MSI # FP=105.0- 37.20 MSI
D2N # FN=73.3-47.47 MSI #
P # FP=36.6-23.74 MSI #
D3N FN=198.0- 268.90 MSI FN = 80.3-48.31 MSI #
P FP=99.0-134.40 MSI FP=40.1-24.15 MSI #
D4N FN=117.3-94.45 MSI FN = 80.8-44.56 MSI #
P FP=58.6- 47.22 MSI FP=40.4-22.28 MSI #
# indicates calibration not possible due to non-diminishing response of a nutrient
FN= Fertilizer nitrogenFP= Fertilizer phosphorus
Optimal fertilizer doses for varying levels of available soil moisture
Based on multiple regression models, fertilizer adjustment equations of N and P were derived under different models having a +ive linear coefficient, a –ive quadratic coefficient for a fertilizer variable along with a negative interaction coefficient for fertilizer X soil moisture stress index.
An increasing response at the initial level and diminishing returns at higher levels of fertilizer application was indicated
The negative interaction was predicted for a higher fertilizer dose at low soil moisture stress index and vice versa for better response of the crop.
Current constraints on yield and on the use of fertilizer
• Availability of soil moisture is an important determinant of fertilizer use in the semi-arid areas•Lack of proper extension in the popularization of fertilizer use and the knowledge of the farmer is a major constraint•Fertilizer price and credit are important institutional factors•Regional and temporal differences in seasonal conditions, occurrence of pests and diseases, availability of fertilizer, market and fertilizer distribution network, etc., are important determinants of differences in fertilizer use •Lack of suitable management practices that make the best use of applied fertilizer
Improvement of Fertilizer Use Efficiency
The objective behind the use of fertilizer in dryland condition should be to make maximum amount of fertilizer nutrient available to the plant within the existing low levels of soil moisture. Certain points must be kept in mind in order to achieve this objective:
•Use of organic matter•Placement of fertilizers•Spray applications•Balanced use of fertilizers•Use of P mixed with FYM•Use of amendments (like gypsum in alkali soil)•Alteration in time of fertilizer application (based on moisture availability)•Water conservation practices•Other farming practices (e.g. Split N in rainy season; proper crop rotation)•Mulching
Suggestions for Improvement in Model
•Commendable job has been done to design a model to predict fertilizer doses for all districts of Punjab with the help of some basic soil fertility status (O.M, available P, desired yield target) knowledge by scientists of U. A. F
•The areas where proper irrigation practices are available, the moisture level differences are minimum, the prediction of fertilizer is simple and dependent soil type and availability of different nutrients and organic matter in the soil which helps to estimate nutrient deficiencies to be supplemented by different fertilizers with optimum dose to achieve desired yield target.
•This ideal situation does not exist under rainfed agriculture especially during winter/rabi season as fertilizer efficiency is directly related to moisture availability in the soil.
•It is needed to study the role/effect of soil moisture on fertilizer use efficiency under different rainfall (low, medium, high) areas to predict fertilizer doses.
• Therefore, it is suggested that a collaborative study/Project may be designed between main stakeholders like UAF; Soil Fertility Directorate; SAWCRI, Chakwal; UAAR and BARI, Chakwal etc. to reach at any consolidated conclusions
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