RainWaterHarvestingAuthors:

OwenManningDanielKiley

HannahDemetryAlishaSchroederJennaVonnahmeDavidBruewerCarolineCollins

TheOhioStateUniversity

ENGR4692.01May8,2017

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Abstract

Lackofsafedrinkingwaterindevelopingcountriesisoneoftheworld’smostsignificanthealthissues.Thisproblemiscausedbycontaminatedsourcesofwater,lackofhealtheducationincommunities,andshortageofresourcestothoseinneed.Thesolutiontothisproblemmustbeonethatlastsandisnotonlyeffectivebutalsosustainable.InworkingwithMayanFamilies,thekeytomovingtowardsthebestsolutionwillbeinestablishingastrongrelationshipfocusedonteamworkandcommunication.AsignificantgoalfortheservicelearningtripistoleavetheorganizationandcommunityinPanajachel,Guatemalawiththeproperresourcesandknowledgesothattheycanrecreateaworkingrainwatercollectionsystem.

Thedesignprocessfortherainwatercollectionsystemdiscussedinthisreportincludesdefiningtheproblem,gatheringinformation,experimenting,choosingthebestidea,andtesting.ThegroupcycledthroughthisprocessinordertoarrivetoaconclusionforMayanfamilies.TherecommendationforarainwatercollectionsysteminPanajachel,Guatemalaisaflushsystem.ThissystemusesmultiplePVCflushpipestodiscardofthedirtywaterthatisfirstcollectedwhenrainbeginstofallonadirtyroof.Thenumberofflushpipesrequireddependsontheareaoftheroof.Thedesignisfurtherdetailedinthereportalongwiththeprocessofarrivingtotheflushsystemastheconclusion.Incountry,theobjectiveistoimplementaprototypedesignoftheflushsystemandevaluateitsperformancewhilegaininguserfeedback.Benefitsofthisdesignincludeeaseofuse,costofmaterial,andabilitytointegratethedesignwithexistingfiltersusedbyMayanfamilies.Overall,theflushsystemprovestobeastrongcandidateforthesolutiontothelackofcleanandaccessiblewaterinGuatemala.

TableofContentsBackgroundandIntroduction……………………………………………………………………1InfluencingFactors……………………………………………………………………………..…….4MethodologyandResults……………………………………………………………………....…7Implementation………………………………………………………………………………..……...20Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………….…..22ReferencesandAppendix………………………………………………………………………….23

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BackgroundandIntroductionProjectMotivation

ThemotivationbehinddesigningarainwaterharvestingsystemistocollectcleanwaterthatisunavailabletoresidentsofGuatemalabecauseofpollutioninbodiesoffreshwater.Thesebodiesofwaterwereoncethesourceofcleanwaterbuttherearenownogovernmentregulatedsourcesoffreshwater.Rainwaterisapossiblesourceofcleanwaterbecausethesourcedoesnotinvolveacostforthepeopleusingit.

Rainwatercollectionsystemsareviablemethodsforstoringwaterthatcanbeusedinvariouswaysandhavebeenimplementedworldwide.Therainwaterisoftenusedtowatergardensindryseasons,bathe,washdishes,andinsomecasesitisusedfordrinkingwater.ManycommunitiesinGuatemalarelyondirtystreamsastheirsourceofwatertoaccomplishthesetasks.Itiscommonformanyofthesestreamstodryupaftertherainyseason,leavingmanyyoungchildrenandwomentowalkseveralkilometerstoaccesswater.Uganda’sPrimeMinisterAmamaMbabazisays,“Lackofaccesstosafewaterandsanitationfacilitieshasadetrimentalimpactonthehealth,productivityandgeneralsocio-economicprogressofourpeople,especiallythechildren”(Baguma).TheseconcernsapplytotheGuatemalanpeopleaswell.Childrencanbepulledoutofschoolorotherresponsibilitiesbecausetheyhavetoretrievewaterfortheirfamilies.Rainwatercollectionsystemshavethepotentialtobeareliablesourceofwater,evenindryseasons,thatcanbeusedbyindividualfamiliestoalleviatetheproblemofaccesstowater.

Thisprojectwillbecompletedinordertoprovidefamilieswiththecleanwaternecessarytoperformdailytasks.ThecustomerofthisprojectwillbetheMayanFamiliesorganizationwhowillthendeterminewheretodistributethesolutions.Thestakeholdersinthisprojectarethedesigners,MayanFamiliesaswellasthefamilieswhowillbeusingtherainwatercollectionsystem.BackgroundInformation

WateraccessibilityinGuatemaladiffersgreatlybyregionandpopulationdensity.AccordingtoUNICEF,asof2015,97%ofurbanGuatemalahasaccesstowaterpumpeddirectlytoareaseasilyaccessibletoresidents.Inruralareas,however,only71%ofthepopulationhasaccesstopumpedwater,with22%percentofthepopulationdependingonanotherwatersource,and6%dependingonsurfacewatercollection.Surfacewater,collectedfromsuperficialstreams,ponds,andrivers,istypicallymuchlesssafethanwaterofothersources,asitisexposedtopollutionfromsewage,animals,andfarmrunoff.ThisleavesalargenumberofGuatemalansvulnerabletounsafewaterfordailyuseandconsumption.

MuchoftheareasurroundingLakeAtitlanisconsideredrural.Inthepast,LakeAtitlansuppliedcleandrinkingwatertoresidentsoftheregion.However,in2009,researchersconfirmedthepresenceoftoxicstrainsofcyanobacteriainthewaterofLakeAtitlan.Thesetoxins,resultingfromsewagedrainageandphosphorus-basedfertilizerscancauseillnessinhumans.Manyresidentsoftheareanowdependonothersuperficialsourcesofwatersuchastreamsandpondsforfreshwater.However,most

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ofthesesourcesalsocontaindangerouspollutants,leavingmanydependentuponrainwatercollectionforwaterconsumption.

Guatemalahastwodefiningseasonsforrainfall,dryandrainyseasons.DryseasonisfromNovemberthroughAprilandtherainyseasonisfromMaytoOctober.AccordingtodatacollectedbyTheWorldBankGroupbetween1990and2012,theaveragerainfallduringthedryseasonis3.09inchespermonthandtheaveragerainfallduringtherainyseasonis13.53inchespermonth.Usinga500squarefootcatchmentsurface,ifeverydropiscollected,963gallonscanbecollectedpermonthduringthedryseasonand4,214gallonspermonthcanbecollectedduringtherainyseason.Generously,theaveragefamilyinaruralthirdworldcountryusesabout10gallonsofwaterperday.Giventhis,arainwatercollectionsystemthatcancollectjustonethirdoftherainfallduringdryseasoncansupportanentirefamily'smonthlywateruse.GeneralRainwaterHarvestingSystems

Rainwatercollectionmaynotseemlikeanentirelycomplextask,buttherearemanydifferentcomponentsinvolved.Additionally,ittakesallcomponentsworkinginharmonyforasystemtobeeffective.Ifasystemlacksstrengthinonecomponent,itismorelikelytofail.Theuniversalcomponentsofrainwaterharvestingincludethecatchmentarea,storagearea,andconveyancebetweencatchmentandstorage.

Thecatchmentareaistheareathatfirstcomesincontactwiththerainwater.Thishastraditionallybeenrooftops,butmanyothermethodshavebeendevelopedaswell.Importantfactorsofthecatchmentareaincludematerialandslope.Thematerialofthecatchmentarea,andtheentiresystem,needstobeonethatdoesnotabsorbimpuritiesorcollectedwater.Ifthecatchmentareabecomescontaminated,theentirecollectedwatersupplyisatriskofcontamination.

Theconveyancesystemisresponsibleformovingtherainwaterfromthecatchmentareatothestoragearea.Itiscommonforthecatchmentareaandthestorageareatobeseparatedbysomedistanceforpracticalityreasons,therefore,itisnecessaryfortheintermediateconveyancesystem.Mostcommonlyisagutterstylesetupandoraclosedtubingsystem.Importantfactorsoftheconveyancesystem,similartothecatchmentarea,includethematerialandslope.Ifthematerialabsorbedimpuritiesortheslopeisnotsteepenoughthenbacteriacangrowandruinthesample.

Thethirdandfinalcomponentisthestorageunit,oftenreferredtoasacistern.Therearemultiplewaystostorecollectedwater.Storagecanbeaboveorbelowground,madeoutofmanydifferentmaterials,comeinvariousshapesandsizes,andincludedifferentadditionalaspects.Somesubcomponentsofastorageunitincludeventilation,inletandoutletports,overflow,andcoverage.Storageunitsareanintegralpartoftherainwaterharvestingsystem.

Themostcommonsystemusedtodayistherooftopguttersystem,whichisseenonmosthomesandbuildings.Wateriscollectedbytherooftopsintwoways:byslopingtheroofstowardstheouteredgesintoexternalguttersorbyslopingroofsinwardstowardstheinternalguttersoroutletswithinthemainroofarea.Theseoutletsthenleadtopipesthatcarrythewatertothegroundorastoragecontainer.Thissystemoperatesviagravityanddoesnotusepumps.Theslopesoftheroofinfluencethewatertorundownspecificallybeingpusheddownbygravity.Theguttersaretypicallymadeofmetal,butcanbemadeofwoodorPVC.However,woodenguttersrequirealotofmaintenanceandarenotverydurable.

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Anotherrainwatercollectionsystemistheinvertedrooftop.Inthissystem,aportionoralloftheroofisangledinwardtocreateaV-shape.Thebottomvertexofthe‘V’isangleddownwardastoenablegravitytobethemechanismthatdrivesthewaterdownwardandthroughthepipe.Thispipethenleadstoacisternorbarreltokeepforstorage.Thistypeofsystemcanbemadeusingcurrentdesignsofroofsoritcanbemadeasitsownstandingstructure.Thiscanbedoneusingmetalorwoodenpolestoholdupaplasticsheetthatisinverteddownwardstocollectwater.Theplasticmustbesolarresistantinordertoslowthedeteriorationofthesheet.

Hillsidecollectioninvolvesharnessingthelandscapetocollectwaterbyplacingpipesorastoragecontaineratthebottomofahillandallowingtherainwatertofallintoit.Thiswaterisnotverysanitaryhoweverbecauseitcontainssedimentsformthedirtandgrass.FiltrationandPVCpipesmustbeusedinordertomakethewaterbetterqualityandremovesomeofthesediment.Nopumpsareusedinthissystemandthematerialusedismetalforthepipesandfiltration.

RainwaterHarvestinginAmericaandGuatemala

Americaisaverydevelopedcountrywitharegulatedwatersystemavailableinthevastmajorityofthecountry,ruralareasincluded.Thereforerainwaterharvestingiscommonlyusedindividuallyinhomes.TheharvestingofwaterintheU.S.normallytypicallyusesgravitytofeedthewaterintothestoragecontainerusingmechanismslistedindetailabove.Theprocessofgettingthewateroutofthestoragecontainercaneitherbethroughgravityorbypumps.Gravitycanallowforwatertoflowoutofaspouteasily.Pumpscanpushthewateroutofthestoragecontainerandupintopipelinesthatleadtosinksandbathrooms.Pumpsaremoreexpensive,buttheytakeawaythemanualneedtotransportwater,makingitreadilyavailablewhenneeded.Americahasavarietyofwaysthatrainwatercanbeharvestedandtransported.ManyofthesemechanismsandstylescanbeusedtoinfluenceideasinGuatemala.

OnemethodofrainwatercollectionimplementedinGuatemalaisasemi-undergroundstoragetank.Materialsneededincludecement,sand,wiremesh,andsteelbars.Suchatankistypicallycapableofholdingover2000gallonsofwaterthatisdirectedtothetankfromguttersonnearbyhouses.Despiteitslargestoragecapacity,thismethodisverycostly.Othercollectionsystemsmightincludeseveral50gallonplasticstoragetanksconnectedtoguttersonslantedroofs.Holesofabout1inchindiametercanbecutoutofaflowerpottobeusedasafiltersothatlargerdebrisortwigsdonotgetintothestoragesupply.Ifthewateristobemadepotable,manyadditionalstepsmustbeconsideredandtestedinordertosanitizethewaterofalgaeorbacteria.Lastly,freestandingsystemscanbemadetocatchtherainwaterinsteadofusingtheroofandgutters.Thesesystemsoftenprovetobelesseffectivebutmightbethebestoptionforsomecommunitiesdependingongeographyandhousestyleinthatarea.Itisimportantfortheengineeringteamtoconsiderallfactorsandtoworkcloselywiththeresidentssothatthecorrectproblemisbeingsolved.Theteamhopestocomparethevariousmethodsdescribedaboveandprovideextensiveresearchanddeepthoughtintowhichmethodismosteffective.

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InfluencingFactorsDesignConstraints

Therearenumerousfactorsthatwillconstraintherainwatercollectionsystemanddefinehowthesystemneedstobedesignedandimplemented.Thecollectionandstoragemechanismsmustbecleanandmustbeabletobecleanedinorderforthewatercollectedtobeusefulforthefamilies.Thecleanlinessofthestoragemechanismisespeciallyimportantbecausestoringstagnantwaterforextendedperiodsoftimecouldbecomeahealthrisktothepeopleinthecommunitiesiftheproperprecautionsarenottaken.Thecostofthecollectionsystemisanimportantaspecttoconsider.Iftheunitistooexpensivetojustifybuildingandinstalling,thenitisessentiallyandfunctionallyuseless.Therainwatercollectionmustbeaffordableinordertojustifyusingit.ThetimespentinGuatemalaisanotherconstraintonthedesign.TherewillnotbeenoughtimewhilethegroupispresentinGuatemalatoinstallthesystem,sotheteammustensurethattheinstructionsareclearenoughforotherstocompletetheinstallationthemselves.Thedesignalsomustbeintuitiveenoughthattheteamwillnotneedtoassisttheusers.ThedesignalsoneedstobeabletobebuiltwithmaterialsreadilyavailableinGuatemala.Thisisimportantnotonlyforkeepingtheinitialinstallationcostslowbutalsoforloweringtherepaircosts.Italsoensuresthatifapartneedsreplacing,theuserswillnotneedtowaitforittobeshippedfromfaraway.Additionally,therainwatercollectionsystemneedstodesignedtobeusedforasinglehome.Thismeansthattheunitmustnotbetoobig.Italsoneedstorequirerelativelyfewpeopletooperate,asindividualhouseswouldnotbeabletosupportdesignsthatrequiremultiplepeopletooperate.ThedesignalsomustnotrequireexcessivemodificationstothecurrenthouseholdsinGuatemala.Alltheseconstraintswereconsideredintheprocessofdesigningtherainwatercollectionunit.

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Table1:DesignRequirements

UserNeed Whatareyougoingtomeasure

Howtomeasureit(units)

GoodValue BetterValue

Affordable Initialcost Quetzal <1428.57 <714.29

Operating/maintenancecosts

Quetzalperyear <142.89 <71.43

Easeofuse Timetobuild Hours <12 <6

Stepsrequiredforuse

Number 2 1

Lowmaintenance Timetomaintain Hours/week <1 <.5

Powerless Powerrequired Watts 0 0

Healthandsafety Closedcollectionsystem

Yesorno Yes Yes

Sharpedges Number 0 0

Effectiveness Amountofwatercollected

Percentageofrainfall

60% 75%

Particlesinwater(sticks,leaves,etc.)

Particles <5 0

Durability Timeinuse Years 3 5

Oneofthemostcriticalcomponentsoftherainwaterapparatusisthatitcanbeaffordedby

families.Withoutcompromisingqualityanddurabilityoftheproductandincomparingtoprevioustechnologies,itwasdeterminedthat$200wouldbeareasonablepriceforthecostofthematerialsandinstallation.$100wouldbeanevenbettervaluethatwouldstillallowforqualityproduct.Productscanbedesignedtobesimpleyetdurable,andwiththismaintenancecostsshouldnothavetoexceed$10-$20peryear.Themaintenanceprocessesrequiredwouldincludesurfacecleaningandroutinechecksonparts,neitherofwhichwouldhavemuchadditionalcost. Asmentionedabove,simplicitywasamainconsiderationinthedesignrequirements.Inordertoattractusers,theproductmustbeeasytosetupandeasytouse.Setupshouldbeaccomplishableoverthecourseofafewdayswhentakingintoaccounthoursdevotedtojobs.Atargetinstallationtimewouldbebetween6-12hours,atimespanthatwouldallowforuserstobuildtheapparatusoverthecourseofoneweekeveniftheyworkedduringtheday.Theproductshouldrequireseveralhoursofsetup,however,toensuredurability.Additionally,userswillbemoreattractediftheapparatusdoesnot

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involvefurtherstepsthantypicalwatercollectionfromastreamorlocalsource.Forthisreason,thenumberofstepsinvolvedinthewatercollectionprocess,suchasapumpingmotionortransferringfromonevesseltoanother,oughttonotexceedtwoandwouldbebestifitwereaone-stepprocess. Withpeopleleadingverybusylives,itisessentialthattimeduringtheweekisnotwastedonmaintenance.Asmentionedabove,awell-builtproductwillminimizethetimerequiredformaintenancedowntheroad.Theonlyforeseeableprocessesformaintenancewouldbecleaningtheapparatusandensuringallcomponentsareproperlyinplace.Thesetwoprocessesshouldnotexceedonehourperweek,andabettermodelwouldbeanapparatusrequiringlessthanonehalfhourofmaintenanceperweek.Awell-designedapparatusoughttonotrequireanyexternalpowerinput.Theproductshouldbefueledbygravitationalforcesandusenaturalelementstoaccomplishthetaskofraincollection. Theapparatusmustbeefficientincapturingwaterthatisreadyforuse.Inresearchingaveragerainfallandamountofwaterrequiredbyfamilies,itwasdeterminedthatbetween60-75%ofrainfallsurroundingalocalhomemustbeeffectivelycapturedbytheapparatustosupportthisneed.Thesystemmustpromoteahighqualityofrainwaterbeingcollectedtoothatisfreeofdebris.Afiltrationsystemshouldbeabletosiftoutlargerobjectsliketwigsandleaves,leavingwatermostlyfreeoftheseparticles.Ifonlyfiveparticlesentertheraincatchment,notmuchtimeneedstobedevotedtoremovingthem.Inanidealsystem,nodebrisofthisnaturewouldmakeitallthewaythroughthesystemtothecatchmentvessel. Thisproductcertainlyneedstolast.Withanyinvestment,peoplewanttoseelongevityoftheproductspurchased.Consideringtheextremepovertyandsignificantpercentageofwagesgoingtowardthisproduct,itmustbeabletolastfor3-5years.

Notonlyshouldthesystembecost-effectiveandwell-constructed,butthesystemshouldalsobesafe.Nosharpedgesshouldbeinvolvedinthedesignsoastonotcutusersoftheproduct.Furthermore,thefeedintothevesselcapturingthewaterandthevesselitselfshouldnotbeexposedtotheair.Thiswillminimizehealthrisksassociatedwithnaturalelementsandanimals,namelymosquitos.

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MethodologyandResultsProblemFrame

TheproblemfacedbytheteamwastocomparerainwatercollectionsystemsanddesignanappropriaterainwatercollectionsystemtobeusedbyfamiliesinGuatemala.Thesystemhadtobedesignedforindividualfamilyuseandthushadtobeaffordableforasinglefamily.Italsohadtobeascompactaspossibleandbedurableenoughtowithstandseveralyearsofuse.Additionally,allcomponentsneededtobepermanent.Itcouldnotincludepartsthatneedtobereplacedeveryfewmonths,asmanyfamilieswouldnotbeabletoaffordthem.

ExplanationofIdeationPhase

Inordertocreateaneffectivedesignsolution,theteamspentalotoftimeundertheideationphase.Thisphaseincludesbrainstorming,analysis,andexperimentation.Tocompletethebrainstormingportion,theteamcompletedextensiveindividualandgroupbrainstormingusingvarioustechniquessuchasbisociationtopicsandcreativeconstraints.Afterbrainstorming,theteamfocusedonanalysisandexperimentationofthepopularideascreatedduringbrainstorming.Theseideaswereanalyzedforprosandcons,usingaPughchartwhenapplicabletocomparemultipleideas.Fortheexperimentationportionoftheideationphasetheteamusedtheexperimentationofothers,beingthatexperimentationoptionswerelimited.Finally,theteamplannedwhichideaswouldmoveontothenextimplementationphasebasedonaboveresults.

Theteambeganthedesignprocesswithindividualbrainstorming.Todothis,theteamfollowedthesuggestionsoftheprovidedcreativecapacitybuildingdesignworkbook(CreativeCapacityBuilding,D-Lab,MIT,2009).Theworkbooksuggestedstartingwithcreativeideagenerationindividually,usingtechniquessuchasbisociationtopicsandcreativeconstraints.Bisociationtopicstakeaseeminglyunrelatedtopicandforcesittoberelatedinsomewaytothedesigninmind.Theobjectiveofusingbisociationtopicsistoshedlightonafactorthatmaynothavebeenmadeawaretoyouinthefirstplace.Forexample,oneteammemberrelatedacoffeecuptotherainwaterharvestingsystem.Indoingso,theteammemberrealizedthatitispossibleforarainwaterharvestingsystemtobestandalone,anideapreviouslyunconsidered.Thesecondtechniqueforideagenerationusedwascreativeconstraints.Thistechniqueprovideduniqueconstraintsforteammemberstocreateadesignunder.Forexample,onecreativeconstraintgivenwas,“Makethesystemportable”.Similartobisociationtopics,creativeconstraintsexpandedthethinkingofeachmember,exposingadifferentsetofideasthroughwildcreativity.

Afterindividualbrainstorming,theteamcametogethertobrainstormasagroup.Sinceeachmemberhadindividuallyresearchedandcreatedasetofideasalone,theteamdecidedtousePost-Itnotestovisuallydisplaythemostprominentideas.Eachmemberwasinstructedtowritethekeyaspectsanddesignsofrainwaterharvestingcollectionsystemstheyhaddiscovered,thenstickthemonthewall.Thenallthepost-itnoteswerecollectedintosimilarcategoriesbasedonthesefactors.Thisprojecthighlightedwhichideasandmodelsweremostpopular,Figure1belowforreference.

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Figure1:GroupBrainstorming

Afterthepost-itnoteswerecategorized,thegrouphadtheideaofdividingintosubteamsin

ordertobetterfocusonspecificsectionsofthesystem.Intheimageyoucanseethatthemaincategorieswerecatchment,storage,andsanitation.Theteamthendecidedtoresearchagaincollectivelyinthesubgroups,narrowingthefocustotheabovepopularideas.Thesepopularideaswereanalyzedandsomeexperimentedinordertotobetterunderstandeachwithhopesofcomingtoaconclusiononwhichisthebestsolution.

Catchment

Therainwaterwillbecollectedasrunofffromtheroofofthehouseinaguttersystem.Becausemanyofthehousesintheareadonothaveguttersalreadyinstalled,theteamneededtodesignaguttersystemforimplementation.Thetwochoicesthegrouphadwereinstallingapre-madeguttertothehousehold,orbuildingonewithPVC.Thebenefitsofusingapre-madegutterwouldbethatitwouldultimatelyrequirelessworktoinstallontothehousehold.Unfortunatelyguttersmaynotbereadilyavailableinthearea,andapre-madegutterwouldrequiremoreworkthanaPVCguttertoinstalltheflushsystemonto.Thisiswhythegroupdecidedtouseapieceof3-inchPVCpipecutlengthwisetomakethegutter,asitwouldrequirefewerspecializedpartsthanthepremadegutter.BecausethegutterwillbemadefromPVC,onlypre-madePVCconnectorsarenecessarytoconnecttotheGuttertotheflushsystem.

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Table1:PughChartcomparingtwogutterdesigns

Criteria PVCGutter StandardGutter

Specific Amountofwater 0 0

Easeofconnection 0 -

Builddifficulty 0 +

General Cost 0 -

Availability(x2) 0 -

Total 0 -3

Thegroupdidnotconductphysicalexperimentstodeterminewhichdesigntouse.Insteadwe

cametoourconclusionsbycontactingRogerDzwonczyk,AprofessoratOSUandahumanitarianengineerwhohadbuiltarainwatercollectionsystembefore.Thegroupwenttohishouseandinspectedhisprototypeandaskedhimquestions.Hisrecommendationwasthatifnopre-madegutterisavailable,buildingoneoutofPVCisanacceptablesubstitute. Themaindesignofthegutterwillbea3-inchdiameterPVCpipecutlengthwise.Thegutterwillbethelengthofthehouseandwillbetilteddownslightlytomakethewaterflow.OneitherendwillbePVCcapsthatwillbegluedonforsecurity.Attheendthatistilteddowntobeclosesttotheground,therewillbeaPVCteethatemptiesintotheflushsystem.TherewillbeaholecutinthePVCpiletoallowthewatertoflowintotheflushsystem.Theguttercanbeconnectedtothehosebythesamepoststhataresupportingtheflushsystemtubes.Theguttercanbescrewedontothosepostsinasimilarmattertohowtheflushtubesarebeingconnectedtothem.

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Figure2:Basicsketchofgutterdesignconcepts

Therainwaterwillbecollectedviaa“flush”system.Thissystemfiltersoutthewaterproduced

inthefirst20minutesofrainfallthatcontainsanysedimentthatiswashedoffoftheroof.OncetherainwaterfallsandistakenthroughtheguttersystemitencountersasystemofPVCpipes.Everypipebesidesthelastoneservestocollectwaterthatcontainssediment.AseachPVCpipefillswithwater,atennisballrisesandcapsthepipe,blockingmorewaterfromenteringthatparticularpipe.Onceeachpipehasbeenfilled,thesedimentthatwaspresentontheroofisexpectedtobeinthefirstpipesleavingcleanwatertoenterthestoragetank.

ThismethodwasintroducedtoourteambecauseithadbeenimplementedbyRogerDzwonczyk,anOhioStateprofessorwhoworkedonrainwatercollectioninHonduras.Hisgroupledaprojectthereverysimilartotheonebeingpresentedcurrently.Histeamcompletedextensiveresearchandduetothesocioeconomicsimilarities,theteamisconfidenthisdesignwouldalsoworkbestinGuatemala.Priortodecidingtomoveforwardwiththisdesign,theteamdidnotconsidertheneedforextractingthesedimentfromtheinitialrainfallandinsteadtheteamwasconsideringasystemwithasinglepathwayofwaterfromthecatchmentareatothestoragetank.Onebenefitofthisinitialconceptisthattherearefewerpartstomaintain;however,theflushsystemproductivelyusestheadditionalpartstoprovidecleanerwatertothefamilyforwhichthissystemwillbeimplemented.Again,nophysicalexperimentsweremadetoexplorethisoptionbutrathertheteamvisitedRogerDzwonczykandlearnedmoreabouthissetbackswhenimplementingtheflushsystem.Inordertodeterminehowmanydivergentpipesareneeded,thesurfaceareaoftheroofincludinganyadditionalareaaddedbycurvaturemustbecalculated.Theequivalentvolumeistheminimumamountofwaterthatshouldbecollectedpriortowaterbeingcollectedinthestoragetank.

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Storage

Oneofthefactorsthatwasdebatedforthedesignoftherainwatercollectionsystemwaswhetheronelargestoragecontainerormultiplesmallercontainersweretobeused.Welackedtheresourcesforconductingourownexperiments,sotheexperimentaldataourteamcollectedinvolvedlookingupotherpeople’sexperimentsandanalyzingtheirdata.Onemanbuiltalargesingularcisternoutofanoldroadculvert.Basedonhisresults,itwasdeterminedthatanaveragelargecisterncanholdupto11,000gallons.However,dependingontheirsize,theycanholdupto10gallonsto100,000gallons.An8ft.by5ftcylindricalpieceofmetalisbeneficialbecauseitcaneasilybehandledbyafewpeopleandholdsalargeamountofwater.Forqualitywater,ascreenorstrainershouldbeusedupontheinputofthewaterintothecisterninordertopreventdebrisfromstayinginthewaterandsmallanimalsandmosquitoesfromenteringtheinside.Thelidneedstobeheavyorhaveweightsappliedtoitsothatitcanwithstandheavywinds.Acounterbalancecanbehookeduptotheoutsideofthecisternsothatthewaterlevelontheinsidecanbemeasuredaswellasatrapdoortoseetheinsideofthecistern.Anoverflowpipeneedstobeinstalledtopreventthecisternfrombursting.Theoutletoftheoverflowneedstobeacoupleoffeetawayfromthecisternsoasnottodisruptthesoilatwhichthecisternisrestingupon.Theoutletthatpeoplecancollectthewaterfromisgravityfed.Italsotakeswaterfromthetopofthewaterlineastonothaveanysedimentatthebottomofthetankcomeout.

Thematerialofthecisterncanbeeithermetal,plastic,orconcrete.Concreteandmetalarethemostdurable,butplasticisthecheapest.Concreteandmetalarethemostefficientinkeepingtheinsidedarksonoalgaecangrow.ConcretecontainslimewhichcanraisethepHinrain,whichisnaturallyacidic,makingitmoresafetouse.Metalcaneasilybereplacedandbeusedoutofrecycledmaterials.Thus,metaliseasiertouseinthemakingofalargecisternbecauseitischeaperthanconcreteandmoreavailable.Thebenefitsofalargecisternarethatitstoresalotofwaterinasmallarea.Itisverydurablebecauseitislargeandsturdyenoughtowithstandweatherconditionsofmassiverainstormsandwind.Itisverylowmaintenancesonotalotofefforthastogointocleaningitandthewaterqualityisveryclean.Theconsofthecisternarethatitisexpensivecomparedtootherformsofwaterstorageandithasafairlycomplexdesign.

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Table2:MaterialOfCisternPughChart

Criteria Datum:ExistingSysteminGuatemala(TileTub)

Option1:Metal/Steel

Option2:Concrete

Option3:Plastic

Opaque 0 + + 0

Weight 0 0 0 -

Deterioration 0 0 + -

Weather-Proof 0 0 + -

CleanlinessofStoredH2O

0 + ++ +

EaseofRepairs 0 + - 0

Cost 0 0 - +

Durability 0 + + -

Total 0 4 4 -2

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Figure3:Design

Theothermaindesignlookedatforthestoragecontainerwastheuseofmultiplesmaller

containers.Thesmallercontainersaretypicallydrumbarrelsthatholdabout55gallonseach.Theguttergoesdownintoanentryholetooneofthestoragecontainers.Thisentryholehasastrainerorscreeninitinordertofilteroutsedimentandpreventmosquitoesorsmalleranimalsfromentering.ThebarrelsareconnectedtoeachotherthroughaPVCpipeandtieintoamanifoldsystem.Amanifoldsystemisoneinwhichthewaterflowsintothemainbarrelandthenisevenlydistributedintoeachbarrel.Thisenablesallthebarrelstobeconnectedandwatertoflowoutofacollectiveoutlet.Theoutletforallthewaterisinthemiddleofthemanifoldsystemandisoperatedbythetwistingofaknob.Thesystemneedstoincludeanoverflowoutlettopreventthesystemfrombursting.Theoutletisahoselocatedatthetopofoneofthebarrelsthatalsocontainsscreentopreventmosquitoesorotherbugsfromentering.Inadditionthetopsofthebarrelsshouldhaveholeswithscreensoverthemcutouttorelievepressureinthebarrel.ThebarrelssitatopcinderblockssothatthePVCpipesinthemanifoldsystemhaveaccesstothebottomofthebarrels.Thiswaythebarrelcanfillfromthebottomupandallowsforthewatertobeevenlydistributed.Thepipesenteringthebottomofthebarrelshavetobeprettylong

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andgohighintothebarrelsothatthewaterthatcomesoutdoesnothavethesedimentthatsettlesatthebottom.

Thematerialofthebarrelistypicallyplasticbecauseitisthecheapest.However,theplasticneedstobeopaquesothatnosunlightcanpenetrateandallowforalgaetogrow.Thebarrelscanbemadeofmetal,butthisismoreexpensivethanplasticandtheplasticcanbeadjustedmoreeasily.ThebenefitsofamultiplesmallercontainersarethatitholdsmorewaterthanthesystemalreadyinplaceinGuatemala.Thewaterqualityisalotmorepureandthereisnoenergyuseincollectingordistributingofthewater.Thesystemiseasytouseandrequireslowmaintenance.Thepartsthatmakeupthesystemareallrelativelycheapandthesystemitselfdoesnotrequirealotoftimetosetup.Theconsofthisdesignarethatitisacomplexdesignandthatitisnotverydurable.Sincethebarrelsaretypicallyplasticitmeanstheyarelightweight.Ifnotenoughwaterisinthebarrelstoholdthemdown,weatherconditionslikestrongwindinstormscouldknockthemovereasilyordeterioratetheplasticexterior.

Figure4:DesignwithMultipleGallonTanks

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ThisPughChartbelowcomparestheonelargecisterndesignandmultiplesmallerbarrelstothesystemcurrentlyimplementedinGuatemala.

Table3:PughChartforPrototypeDesign

Criteria Datum:ExistingsysteminGuatemala(VeryLittleCollectionanda

WaterFilter)

Option1:OneLargeCistern

Option2:MultipleSmallerBarrels

Volume 0 ++ +

FlowRate 0 + +

PurityofWater 0 ++ +

Power-Needed 0 + +

EaseofCleaning 0 + 0

Cost 0 -- -

Simplicity 0 - --

EaseofUse 0 ++ +

Durability 0 + 0

Safety 0 + +

Maintenance 0 ++ +

Total 0 10 4

Sanitation

Anotherimportantfactorinthedesignofarainwatercollectionsystemissanitation.Inparticular,thedesignmusthavetheabilitytosanitizewatersothatitispotable.ThisrequirementwassetbyMayanFamilies,thepartneringorganizationinGuatemalathatisworkingwiththeengineeringteam.Thetwomosteffectivesystemstosanitizewaterfordrinkingistheuseofceramicfiltersorchlorinetablets.

Filtrationusingaceramicfilterfunctionsaccordingtoasimpleprinciple.Smallporesinthesolidsurfaceallowwatertoseepthrough,butleaveanythinglargerthan0.5micronstoaccumulateonthesurface.Mostceramicfiltersarecapableofremovingbacteriaandhavecauseduptoa70%reductionindiarrhealdiseasesincountrieslikeGuatemala(CDC2012).Additionally,thesedevicesaresimpletouseandareaonetimecost.ThePottersforPeacedesignshownbelowiscurrentlythemostwidelyusedceramicfilterandholds8-10Lofwater.

16

Figure5:PottersforPeaceCeramicFilter

Notabledrawbacksintheimplementationofceramicfiltersincludemaintenance,

ineffectivenesstowardviruses,andlackofchlorineresidualprotection.Thismeansthatthewaterhaspotentialtobecomerecontaminated.However,thisisaviableoptionforcleanwaterandshouldbeconsideredwhenresearchingrainwatercollectionsystems. Anotherhighlyeffectivemeasureusedinthepurificationofdrinkingwateristheuseofchlorinetablets.Chlorinetabletsactaspurifiersbydissolvingovertimeintothewater,killingoffharmfuldisease-causingorganisms,andpreventingagainstfuturecontamination.Chlorineinteractswithwatermoleculesandmicroorganisms,andtheotherchlorinemoleculesthatremainunboundareleftasresidualtoprovidecontinuousdisinfection(Oram2014). Therearemanypositivestochlorinesolutions.Chlorinetabletsarehighlyeffectiveinneutralizingmostpathogenicbacteriaandviruses,solutionsareverysmallandaffordable,andtheyhavetheabilitytocontinuedisinfectionlongafterinitialcontactwiththewater(CDC2014).Thispreventswaterfrombeingcontaminatedfromfactorssuchasdirtycontainersoranimals. However,therearealsomanydownsidesassociatedwiththechlorinetablets.Themostsignificantonesincludetheintroductionofaforeignodorandtasteintowater,limitedeffectivenessinneutralizingprotozoa,andintensequalitycontrolandregulationtoensureproperchlorinelevels(CDC2014).Overall,chlorinesolutionsareveryeffectiveinreducingproblematicissueslikediarrheaanddisease-causingbacteriaevenafterinitialintroductionthesolution,buttheireffectivenessisnottotalsincemanyprotozoaandsomevirusescanwithstandtheinjectionandtheyareassociatedwithnegativeimpactsonwatertaste.Akeytakeawayisthatthissolutionwouldbehighlyeffectivewhencoupledwithafiltrationdevicebutmaynotbecompletelydependableonitsown. Akeyexperimentthatwouldneedtobeconducted,asitcannotbequantified,istheimpactofchlorinetabletsonwatertaste.Anexperimentwouldbedevisedinwhichusersoftheproductwouldfirsttakeadrinkoftheirtypicalwatersourcewithoutthechlorinesolution.Theywouldthentakeadrinkofthewateraffectedbythechlorinetablet.Participantswouldthenbeaskedtorespondbydescribingthetasteofwaterbyusingoneofthefivefollowinganswers:“betterthancurrentwater,minimaldifferenceandwoulddrink,nodifference,minimaldifferencebutwouldnotdrink,worsethan

17

currentwater.”Thisdatawouldbecollectedinordertodeterminewhethertheuserswouldbeacceptingoftheadditionofchlorinetabletsintheirwater.

Figure6:TypicalChlorineTablet

ThefigurebelowisaPughChartthatcomparesthemethodsofsanitationofrainwaterinquestion.ThismethodallowstheteamtocomparethemethodsagainstthesamecriteriawithrelationshiptothecurrentmethodofsanitationinGuatemalanow.

Table4:SanitationPughChart

Criteria Datum: Generic

Filter Option 1: Chlorine

Tablet Option 2: Ceramic

Filter

Generic

Cost 0 - 0

Ease of Use 0 + 0

Size 0 0 0

Specific

Available 0 0 0

Taste of Water 0 - 0

Ease of Integration into

Design 0 0 +

Effective (measure turbidity of

water) 0 + +

TOTAL 0

0 2

18

Anotherfactorinneedofconsiderationisthemodeofimplementingsanitationdevices.Thesolutioncouldeitherbedirectlyintegratedintothewatercollectionsystemoritcouldbeacomponentthatrequiresadditionalstepstoperformpurification.Consideringthetwosanitationoptionsprovidedabove,ceramicfiltersandchlorinetablets,therearefouroptionstoconsider.

Thefirsttwooptionswouldinvolvetheceramicfilter.Theceramicfiltercouldbeattachedtothedownspoutbeforethewaterentersthestorageunit.Theotheroptionistohaveasysteminwhichwaterfromthestoragebasinispouredthroughaceramicfilterpriortouse.Therearestrongincentivesforimplementingthefilterrightintothedesigntolimitstepsandtoreducetimepervolumeofwaterfiltered.However,thisoptionmostlikelywouldnotbefeasibleduetothetimerequiredforwatertopassthroughthemembrane.Thisholdupwouldcreateoverflowandbackflowwhererainfallwouldnotbeabletoenterthestoragetankanddisruptthesystemoverall.Forsafetyanddurabilitypurposes,theceramicfilterwouldneedtobeusedseparately.

Inconsideringthechlorinetablets,thetabletscouldeitherbeplaceddirectlyinthecollectionbasinortheycouldbeplacedinaseparatecontainerinwhichwaterfromthecollectionbasinistransferredto.Thepositiveinplacingthetabletsdirectlyinthecollectiontankisthatwaterisimmediatelysanitizedatthesourceandpreventscontaminationlaterintheprocess.Additionally,fewerstepsarerequired.However,thismaynotbefeasibleduetofluctuatingvolumesofwaterinthecollectionunit.Regulatingchlorinelevelsisimperativeforhumanhealth,andthiscanonlybeaccomplishedifwaterlevelsarepredictable.Sincethevolumeofwaterinthecollectionunitarevariableandatthewillofrainfall,thisisnotviable.Rather,chlorinetabletsoughttobeusedinaseparatecontainerinwhichwaterlevelscanbepredictedandmeasuredeffectivelyatalltimesindependentofrainfall.Inconclusion,regardlessofthefiltrationsolutionselected,itisnecessarytoimplementitseparatefromthecollectionsystem.Table2belowshowstheresultsofthesecomparisons.

19

Table5:SanitationIntegrationPughChart

Criteria Datum IntegratedCeramic

SeparateCeramic

IntegratedChlorine

SeparateChlorine

General EaseofUse

0 + + + +

NumberofSteps

0 + - + -

TimeRequired

0 - 0 + 0

Safety 0 - + -- +

Durability 0 - + 0 +

Specific Longevity 0 0 0 + +

%Purified

0 + + + +

Total 0 0 3 3 4

Uponfurtherresearch,MayanFamiliesinformedthegroupthatusersoftherainwatercollectionsystemareprovidedwithSawyerwaterfilters.Additionally,MayanFamiliessuggestedthatuserswouldnotfeelcomfortableusingchlorinetabletsorchemicalsanitationmethods.Withthisinformationaswellasthevariableeffectivenessanddurabilityqualitiesoftheceramicfiltersinmind,itisproposedthattheSawyerwaterfiltersbedirectlyimplementedintothedesignoftherainwatercollectionsystem.Thiscouldbeaccomplishedbyattachingthecomponenttothecollectionbucketasanoutletspout.MovingForward

Thegroupdecidedtousetheflushsystembecauseitprovidescleanerwatertothecisterns.ThePughchartdiscussingtheflushsystemshowsthis.ThoughMayanFamiliesprovideswaterfilterstothefamilies,thefiltersoftenbreakduetointakeofturbid,dirtywater.ThecostofrepeatedlyreplacingthesefiltersastheydeteriorateislargeenoughtojustifytheincreaseininitialcostthattheextraPVCneededfortheflushsystemcause.

ThegroupchosetocontinuewiththemultiplecisternsbecauseitismorefeasibletodoinGuatemalathanonelargecistern.ManyfamiliesinGuatemalaalreadyhavebarrelsforcollectingwater,sothegroupdecideditwasbettertomakeasystemtoconnectthebarrelsalreadytherethantocreateanewlargerbarrel.

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Implementation Catchment

Theteamdecidedtouseflushsystemastheformofcatchmentsystemfortherecommendeddesign.TheteamrecommendsusingaguttermadeofPVConesideofthehousetocollectwaterfromtheroof.ThewaterwillthenbeconveyedthroughaslantedPVCpipeintoverticalflushpipes.Theflushpipeswillbeattachedtowoodenboardsthroughtheuseofmetalclamps.Theboardswillthembenailedtothehouseforsupport.Waterfromtheinitialrainfallwillfallintothefirstpipeuntilitisfull.Itwillthenfallintothefollowingpipes,fillingeachinorder.Whenallofthepipesarefull,thewaterwillbeconveyedintothestoragecistern.ThenumberofflushpipesusedwillbedependentonthesizeoftheroofandthesizeofthePVCpipesused.ThePVCpipeswillbeconnectedtooneanotherthroughtheuseofPVCglueandPVCconnectors.

Thematerialsfortheflushsystemandguttersinclude:approximately120inchesof3”SCH40PVCtobeusedfortheguttersandtheflushpipes,PVCendcapstobeusedattheendsoftheguttersandpipes,2’’SCH40PVCpipetobeusedatthetopofeachflushpipetostopthetennisball,tennisballsfortheflushpipes,3to2inchPVCconnectors,90degree3”PVCconnectors,PVCYconnectors,2’’x4’’woodboardand4’’metalclampringstoconnecttheflushsystemtothehouse,andconcretescrewsandjackets.CommonequipmentusedwillincludeasawtocutthePVCpipes,adrilltoconnectthepipestothehome,screwdrivers,andPVCglue.ResultsfromFlushExperimentation

ThegroupperformedtestsatOhioStatetoensurethatitwasfeasibletobuildaworkingprototypeonceinGuatemala.ThegroupmemberspracticedcuttingPVC,bothlengthwiseandwidthwise,withdifferentsawstolearnwhichsawwouldbethebesttouse.Thegroupdecidedthatusingamiterboxsawwouldbethebestforcuttingthepvc,becauseitisrigidenoughtohelpensurestraightcuts.ThegroupalsodevelopedthetechniqueforcuttingthePVClengthwise.ThegroupdecidedthatonehalfofthePVCshouldbecutatatime.Also,afterthePVCstartstogetacutgoingdownthemiddle,thecutshouldbewedgedopentorelievestress.Fromtheseexperiments,thegroupdecidedthattitisperfectlyfeasibletobuildafunctioningprototypewhileinGuatemala.Storage

Forthestoragecomponentoftherecommendeddesign,theteamwentwithamultiplecisternstylestorage.Specifically,theteamrecommendsathreebarrelsystemusinggravitytotransportthewaterbetweenbarrels.Thebarrelsareverticallysupportedbytwobyfours,stackedontopofeachothertominimizespaceconsumption.Theflushsystemwilldepositthewaterintotheinitialbin,whichfeedsallthewaytothebottombarrelthroughconnectingpipes.Fromthere,variousfilterscanbeconnectedtoanyofthebarrels,specificallyMayanFamiliesrecommendsSawyerfilters,whichwillbediscussedfurtherbelow.

21

Figure:MultipleCisternStyleStorageSketch

Thematerialsneededforthismultiplecisternstoragesystemincludethreelargebarrelsofthe

samesize,multiplepiecesoftwobyfoursthatcanbeusedassupportstructures,screwstoconnectthesupportstructuretothebarrels,PVCprimerandglue,aswellastwoconnectionpipes,madeoutofcurvedPVCfittings.ThetoolsneededtobuildthisstructureincludeaPVCcuttingsaw,asaworbladetocutthebarrels,andascrewdriverorpowertool.Mostofthesetoolscoincidewiththetoolsneededtobuildtheflushsystem.Sanitation

Theteamwaslookingatincludingafilterwithintherainharvestingsystems.UponcommunicationwithMayanFamilies,theteamwasinformedthatSawyerFiltersareprovidedtoeachfamily.ThespecificproductMayanFamiliesuseisthe‘WaterPurifierBucketAdapterKit.’Thiskitincludesahole-cutter,SawyerPointZeroTwo0.02MicronAbsoluteInclineWaterPurifier,adapter,hose,filtercleaner,andfilterhanger.Thebenefitofthispurifieristhatitcanprovideupto170gallonsofcleanwaterperday.Thesetupofthiswaterfilterisveryeasy.Acleanbucketorplasticcontainerneedstobeobtainedandthentheuserusesthehole-cuttertodrillahole1.5inchesfromthebottomofthecontainer.Thehoseandfiltercanbeconnectedtothecontainerbyplacingtheconnectorontheinsidewhilethefilterandhoseareontheoutsideandscrewingthemtogether.Whenthecontainerisfilledwithwater,thefilterjusthastobebelowthewaterlineandgravitywillfeedthewaterthroughthefilterandoutthehoseforuse.Thisrequiresthecontainerofwatertobeonanelevatedsurfacesothatthefiltercanhang.Iftheuserdoesnotwanttoextractanywater,theysimplyhavetohangthefilterabovethewaterlinetopreventanywaterfromcomingout.Thisfiltercanbeimplementedintothemultiplecisternstoragebydrillingaholeintooneofthebarrelsusingtheholecutterprovided.Thehoseandfiltercanthenbeattachedandpurewatercanbeextractedfromthebarrelsafterrainwateriscollected.Thecombinationoftheflushsystemandthefilterwillensureforverycleanwaterthatissafeandsanitarytouseforactivitiessuchascleaninganddrinking.

22

Conclusion QuickSummaryofProcess

Overthecourseofthepastthreemonths,thegrouphasengagedinresearchonthecurrentsituationandsolutions,brainstormingpotentialideas,andevaluatingtheoptionsbasedontheircapacitiestomeetspecificneedsinordertoproposearecommendedsolutionforarainwatercollectionsystemtobeusedbyMayanFamiliesinGuatemala.Thegroupbroughtupsolutionsforcatchmentsystemsthatincludedusageofstandalone,regulargutter,andPVCpipingsystems.Storagesolutionsthatevaluatedtheusageofsingle-cisternversusmulti-cisternsystemsaswellasthematerialsforthecontainerswereconsidered.Lastly,sanitationsystemsintheformofceramicfilters,chlorinetablets,andSawyerwaterfiltersprovidedbyMayanFamilies.Completesystemideasweresynthesizedfromthesecomponentsafterindividualevaluation,andaflushsystemusingamulti-barrelstoragedevicewithanintegratedSawyerwaterfilterisproposed.ExplanationofFinalDecision

Multiplereasonsledtothedecisionoftheteamtousetheflushsystem.Theinitialrainfallcollectedbyarainwatercollectionsystemneedstobedivertedfromstoragebecauseitcontainsallofthepollutantsthataccumulateonthecollectionsurface.Theflushsystemisthemostsimpleandinexpensivewaytodivertrainfallwithoutmanuallabor.Thisleadstoimprovedwaterqualitywhencomparedtoaconveyancesystemwithoutflushes.Inaddition,theflushsystemstillusestheroofasthecatchmentarea.Thisfeatureisthemostreasonablewaytocollectwaterandbestimplementswhatisalreadypresentincountry.Lastly,theteamdecidedtomoveforwardwithmultiplecisternstylestorageformultiplereasons.Forone,itisaneffectivesolutiontotheproblemathand.Barrelsareareadilyavailableresourceincountry.Currently,thatiswhatisinusebythevillagersfortheirathomecollection.Theteamanalyzedthatthiswasamuchmorefeasibleoptioncomparedtobuildingalargesinglecistern.Additionally,thissystemcanactasanadditionalflushsystem.Thecleanestwaterwillbeattheuppermostbarrelwhiletheinitiallycollectedwater,aswellassediment,willsettletothebottombarrell.Thiswillallowtheusertochoosetousethebottombarrelasnondrinkingwaterandthetoptwoasfilterconnections,ifdesired.Thissystemiseasytobuildandusesinexpensiveyetdurablematerials.FutureworkneededtocompleteProject

Havingthedesigninmind,thenextstepistoimplementthesystemincountry.ItemswillbepurchasedintheUSpriortotraveling,andthenthesystemwillbereplicatedinGuatemalaafterdeterminingwhichproductsareavailableincountry.Measuringthedimensionsofthehomeroofsystemtobeusedforinstallationwillprovidethedatanecessaryindeterminingflushsystemspecifics.Inparticular,surfaceareaoftheroofwillprovidethemeansforcalculatingvolumerequiredthroughPVCpipeinstallationinordertosuccessfullyutilizetheflushfiltrationsystemoperations.Thesystemwillbeinstalledandevaluatedbasedonperformancecriteriasuchaspercentageofrainfallcollectedandcleanlinessofthewater.Thesystemwillalsobeevaluatedbasedonuserpreferences.

23

AppendixA:WorksCited

AllianzRiskConsulting.RoofDrainageSystems.Rep.Vol.9.N.p.:AllianzGlobalCorporate&Specialty,

2012.Print.

Baguma,David,SyedAljunid,JamalHashim,HelmutJung,andLoiskandlWillibald."Rainwaterand

HealthinDevelopingCountries:ACaseStudyonUganda."UnitedNationsUniversity.United

NationsUniversity,11Oct.2012.Web.28Feb.2017.

"CountryHistoricalClimate-Guatemala."ClimateChangeKnowledgePortal.TheWorldBankGroup,

n.d.Web.28Feb.2017.

EILIreland."RainwaterHarvestingGuatemala."YouTube.YouTube,01Nov.2011.Web.28Feb.2017

"GuatemalaRainHarvestandWaterDistributionProject-EngineersWithoutBorders."GoogleSites.

N.p.,n.d.Web.28Feb.2017

"LakeAtitlanIsinCrisis."LakeAtitlanHealthCyanobacteriaResource.N.p.,21Aug.2015.Web.28Feb.

2017.

Morgan,Peter.RainWaterHarvestingintheHomeStead.Rep.N.p.:Aquamor:Researchand

Development,2015.Print.

Oram,PGMr.Brian."ChlorinationofDrinkingWater."WaterResearchCenter.WaterResearchCenter,

2014.Web.29Mar.2017.

Pushard,Doug."RainwaterPumpsorPressureTanks."RainwaterPumpsorPressureTanks.

HarvestH2O,2016.Web.25Feb.2017.

24

"RoofDrainageSystems."TechTalk9(2012):n.pag.AllianzGlobalCorporate&Specialty,July

2012.Web.28Feb.2017.

"SafeWaterSystem."CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.CentersforDiseaseControland

Prevention,23Apr.2014.Web.29Mar.2017.

"WHO/UNICEFJointMonitoringProgramme:Documents."WHO/UNICEFJointMonitoring

Programme(JMP)forWaterSupplyandSanitation.N.p.,n.d.Web.28Feb.2017.

25

AppendixB:SampleCalculations

CatchmentArea(meters^2)ofroof:

VolumeofFirstFlush(Liters):

HarvestedWater(gallons)basedonrainfallandroofsize:

WaterCollected(gallons)=(CatchmentArea(ft^2))*(Rainfall(in))*(0.623)

26

AppendixC:TeamSchedule

PrototypeSchedule April

Day 4 5 6 7 8 9

1

0

1

1

1

2

1

3

1

4

1

5

1

6

1

7

1

8

1

9

CreatePartsList

Researchpartpricesatdifferent

hardwarestores

SubmitpartslisttoRachelandhave

approved

Gotohardwarestoreandbuyparts

Buildgutter

Buildflushpipes

Attachguttertoflushpipes

Attachflushpipestostoragetanks

Troubleshoot