RAILROADS

IN HISTORICAL

CONTEXT:

ANNE MCCANTSEDUARDO BEIRA

JOSÉ M. LOPES CORDEIROPAULO LOURENÇO

(eds.)

vol.I 2011

!"#$%&''(%#)*+,-.$%/".%01'*..-#)2$%'3%/".%41$/%

FOZTUA International Conference, organized by

FOZTUA project and sponsored by EDP.

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The book you hold in your hands is an eclectic one. It

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daunting, or perhaps tedious, or fear that the intellec-

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The FOZTUA project

FOZTUA Project is a joint interdisciplinary project

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Tua railroad. This project intends to challenge the

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in a peripheral country (Portugal, 19th%*.)/,16RB%/'%

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The project intends to bring together scholars of

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their research on other railroad projects, considering

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RAILROADS

IN HISTORICAL

CONTEXT:

ANNE MCCANTSEDUARDO BEIRA

JOSÉ M. LOPES CORDEIROPAULO LOURENÇO

(eds.)

vol.I 2011

ISBN: 978-989-97134-5-1

Graphic design and layout, and cover design, by Ana Prudente.Samantha Evaristo contributed with revision and editing of the texts from non english authors.

Edited and printed by Inovatec (Portugal) Lda. (V. N. Gaia, Portugal).Cover printing and book binding by Minerva – Artes Gráficas, Lda. (Vila do Conde, Portugal).

!"###

The book you hold in your hands is an eclectic one. It represents the work of schol-ars from a broad array of disciplines: from oral history to structural engineering, from economics to museum design, from digital geographic information systems to the !"#$%&'(%)(*+,-".(*%-".'/(.%&*%&0$1(2303.1/(2&4(403051413$/(036(135"311&"35(16+-.0$"%37(8%41(4"5!$(236(#+.!(,&106$!(60+3$"35/(%&(*1&!0*#($16"%+#/(%&()10&($!0$($!1(

intellectual value of any resulting product must be diminished for being so diffuse. But we hope to persuade you otherwise. For this volume was the outcome of a rather ex-traordinary academic meeting that brought together over thirty scholars from all these 21-6#(036('1$(%$!1&#/($%(619%$1($!&11(60'#($%(0(#+#$0"316/(.%--1.$"91/(036($&+-'("3$1&6"#-ciplinary conversation on the multiple aspects of a single phenomenon. Our object of focus was the historical (and indeed on-going contemporary) experience of what was "$#1-)(03(1:$&0%&6"30&'(135"311&"35(*&%;1.$("3("$#($"41<($!1(.%3#$&+.$"%3(%)($!1(2&#$()+--'(

=%&$+5+1#1>,+"-$(&0"-&%06("3(6")2.+-$(4%+3$0"3%+#($1&&0"3(0-%35($!1(,03?#(%)($!1(@+0(

&"91&(%91&($!1(-0$$1&(61.061#(%)($!1(3"31$113$!(.13$+&'(036("3$%($!1(2&#$(61.061#(%)(

$!1($A13$"1$!7(B+&($0#?(A0#($%(.%3#"61&($!1(.0*0."$'(%)($!"#(135"311&"35(C036(2303."0-(

and political) feat to fundamentally reshape a place in every aspect of its collective life. Finally, and perhaps most unusually, the conference took place in situ, that is at $!1(#"$1(%)($!1(%,;1.$(%)(#!0&16(#$+6'(0$($!1(4%+$!(%)($!1(@+0(&"91&(A!1&1("$(D%A#("3$%(

the Douro River in the Tras os Montes region of northern inland Portugal, deep in the heart of Port wine country.

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A%&-6(!"#$%&".0-(&"91&(A"$!(40;%&(1.%3%4".(#"53"2.03.1/("#(%3.1(050"3($!1()%.+#(%)(0(

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than primarily the landscape of its banks. Like its nineteenth century counterpart, the construction of a hydroelectric power-generating dam, will bring change to the human 036(30$+&0-(1.%-%5'(%)($!1(90--1'/($%($!1(D%A(%)(5%%6#(036(*1%*-1(0.&%##(#*0.1/(036(

to the economic activities and capacities of those people. It will also present engineer-ing and management challenges for which historical experience may suggest some 5+"603.17(E!0$(,1$$1&($"41($!13($%(*0+#1(036(&1D1.$(%3($!1(!"#$%&'(%)($!1(-0#$(40;%&(

engineering project at this site in all its many facets, and to place this geographically narrow slice of history into a broader global context of experience and research?

@!1(.%3$13$#(%)($!"#(9%-+41(&1*&1#13$($!1(1))%&$#(%)($!1(2&#$(#$051(%)(0($!&11>'10&(13-deavor to engage in exactly such a project. To this end we began by considering not

PREFACE

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underpinnings for its construction (although that is certainly a critical part of this volume as well), but by inviting a range of internationally recognized scholars on the economic and social history of railroads and railroad building around the world. For example, G%,1&$(H0&5%(%)(I%#$%3(J3"91&#"$'(036(K1&14'(L$0.?(%)(F0361&,"-$(J3"91&#"$'(.%3$&",-ute a chapter on the impact of railroad expansion and associated land redistribution on increasing economic inequality in the American Midwest in the nineteenth century; Ian M1&&(%)($!1(J3"91&#"$'(%)(H03"$%,0(.%3$&",+$1#(0(.!0*$1&(%3($!1(6")2.+-$"1#(0##%."0$16(

with labor management in the building of the notoriously steep, engineering challenge that was the Bhor Ghat Railway Incline in western India in the same period; and Roe Smith of MIT contributes a chapter on the role of contract work on Russian railroad building projects for the education and professionalization of American rail engineers. Likewise a number of scholars at the forefront of the most innovative work using Geo-graphical Information Systems (GIS) participated in the conference and have contrib-uted to this volume. Robert Schwartz of Mount Holyoke College uses GIS methodology to consider the impact of railhead access across the rural agricultural landscape in France and Britain; while Marta Felis-Rota of Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Jordi Martí Henneberg of the Universidad Lleida have generated a time-series map-ping of the expansion of the British rail system over two centuries. Richard Healey and Michael Jones, both of the University of Portsmouth demonstrate the range of histori-cal textual and visual sources available for incorporation into GIS projects using the N%&$!10#$1&3(J3"$16(8$0$1#(0#($!1"&(1:04*-17(L36(230--'/(O%4"3".(P%3$030(0-#%(%)($!1(

University of Portsmouth, offers a remarkable insight into the range of research pos-sibilities inherent in the GIS technology, using the marine archeology exploration of the sinking of the Mary Rose in the sixteenth century, and its subsequent twentieth century excavation and recovery as his case example.

Another interesting, and atypical for most academic proceedings, component of this project was the invitation of a number of prominent scholars working on various under-standings of the multiple uses for old railway infrastructure, most especially for tourism and economic revitalization of now marginal areas. Guenter Dinholb, of the ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, Michel Cotte, of the University of Nantes, and Stefano Maggi, of the University of Siena, all contribute different perspectives on current efforts across a range of European countries (Austria, France and Italy respectively) to incorporate old rail lines into regional economic development plans and to promote tourism. From a very different academic perspective, Paulo Lourenco, from the School of Engineer-ing at the University of Minho and one of the co-conveners of the conference, reports

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the existing Tua rail line and infrastructure (bridges and tunnels in particular) to study historical building technologies, and to perform life-cycle analysis on historic materials with an eye toward the development of best practice engineering techniques for the present. Because the hydro-electric power project entails the submersion of a small section of the original track, time was of the essence in carrying out the ‘reverse-engineering’ research dependent on the integrity of original objects of construction.

E1(!%*1($!0$('%+(A"--(236($!1(6"91&#"$'(%)($!"#(9%-+41(0#(#$"4+-0$"35($%(*1&+#1(0#(A1(

found the collective conversation that generated it. It is only on rare occasions that most academic scholars have the opportunity to so fully engage with their colleagues from very different disciplines around a focused topic of common concern. To be able to do so while also incorporating a wealth of international experience and relevant research comparisons is even less common. We all arrived in Foz Tua because of the disciplinary research we had engaged in previously from our many corners of the global scholarly community. But just as we converged on a particular place, we -"?1A"#1(.%391&516(%3(0(#!0&16(#13#1(%)(#.!%-0&-'(13Q+"&'7(@!1(2&#$()&+"$#(%)($!0$(.%3-vergence are represented in this volume.

With tremendous appreciation for the single-minded efforts of Professor Eduardo Beira of the University of Minho and the MIT Portugal Program, whose personal con-31.$"%3#($%(036(0,"6"35( -%91()%&( $!1(@+0(F0--1'/(A!13(.%4,"316(A"$!(!"#(.0*0."%+#(

intellectual interests and boundless energy, gave this project its conception. And with similarly great appreciation to EDP (Energias de Portugal) for their willingness to en-tertain an historical project of this scope and vision in the context of their hydro-electric power project, and their faithful partnership with us as we have begun to carry it out. L36(230--'($%($!1(*1%*-1(%)($!1(@+0(F0--1'(036(P%R(@+0("3(*0&$".+-0&(A!%(!091(A1--comed us into their landscape, their history and their lives as we seek to better under-stand the lessons of a remarkable nineteenth century building project.

Anne McCantsMIT, USA

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1. About this book

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Foz Tua, in the mouth of the Tua River with the Douro River.

ABOUT FOZTUA PROJECTLNO(@_V(^st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCETN(PBS(@JL

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2. About the FOZTUA project

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PBS@JL(=&%;1.$("#(0(;%"3$("3$1&6"#."*-"30&'(*&%;1.$("3.-+6"35(HT@(CJ8LX(036(J3"91&#"$'(

of Minho (Portugal), a sponsored by EDP, in order to study, preserve and disseminate the memory of Tua valley and Tua railroad. A new local nucleus about these memories A"--(,1(,+"-$("3($!1(9"--051(%)(P%R(@+07(=0&$(%)(PBS@JL(*&%;1.$(&+3#(A"$!(VOLH(HT@(=%&-tugal program (EDAM stands for “Engineering design and advanced manufacturing”).EDP, the largest Portuguese utility company, is building a new dam in Tua river, close to the Foz Tua railways station, where the Tua river meets the Douro river. The new 604(A"--(#+,41&51(0(#1.$"%3(%)($!1(@+0(&0"-$&0.?(C0&%+36(^^(?4#X/(.-%#1($%($!1(P%R(

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reasons.The Foz Tua railways station is a junction between the main Douro and Tua rail lines, located at center and heart of the Porto wine region (Alto Douro – High Douro region). The Douro line runs from Porto to close the border with Spain, along the Douro valley. The Tua line used to run from Foz Tua station to Mirandela city, along the Tua valley, and then to Bragança city, and is has been a subsidiary rail line for the main Douro line.

3. About the Tua railway

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out of the region of the upper Douro River, home to the viticulture that made the world famous Port wine, to the very far, interior and isolated cities of Mirandela and Bragança.@!1(.%3#$&+.$"%3(%)($!1(2&#$(-15(%)($!1(-"31/()&%4(^Z[e($%(^Z[Y/((A0#()10$(%)(06903.16(

135"311&"35("3(4%+3$0"3(036(&%.?'(-036#/(036($!1(2&#$(&0"-&%06(,+"-$(,'(=%&$+5+1#1(13-gineers and contractors. It allowed easy access from a previously remote region to the city of Porto, and from there to the rest of Portugal, and from there to the world. One hundred years later, this heritage and memory deserves to be retrieved, recorded, analyzed and disseminated. Those interested in economic growth and regional devel-opment have a lot to learn from the lessons of the past and must build upon it. This project intends to challenge the academic community to study the century-long history of the Tua railways and the development of a peripheral region (Trás os Mon-$1#X("3(0(*1&"*!1&0-(.%+3$&'(C=%&$+50-/(^[$!(.13$+&'X/(($%(*+,-"."R1($!1(414%&'(036($!1(

“stories” of the line, and to discuss its role in the region..The project intends to bring together scholars of various aspects of railroad history in order to share their research on other railroad projects, considering their decision-40?"35(*&%.1##1#/($!1(403051413$(%)(-0,%&/($1.!3".0-(6")2.+-$"1#($%(%91&.%41/(%&($!1(

economic and social impact of the lines.

4. About FOZ TUA International Conferences

These “weekend” conferences do have a “closed research meeting” format and they are held in the Tua region itself, with opportunity both for the discussion of scholar

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research in a comparative perspective, as well as to become familiar with the unique -%.0-(.%3$1:$(036(&15"%30-(D09%&(%)($!1(@+0(F0--1'(139"&%3413$7

Site of the conference: house of Quinta dos Ingleses., in Foz Tua.

Working sessions happened in the main old house of an important local Tua and Douro “quinta” (estate), just close to Foz Tua station. This is a very old “quinta”. It has been the house of the Cockburn and the Smith fami-lies, traditional English families operating in the Port wine business, both in produc-tion and distribution. It is locally known as the “Quinta dos Ingleses” (the farm of the V35-"#!()04"-"1#X7(=&19"%+#-'/("$(A0#(%31(%)(O%30(L3$%3"0f#(C^Z^^>(^Z[bX(!%+#1#/($!1(

famous lady that has been perhaps the most important character from Douro region in the history of Port wine. This “quinta” is now owned by Symington Group, which made the house available for this meeting. We are very much grateful for their kind hospitality.A fabulous view of the Douro River and Tua River, as well as the river margins with their old and new terraces, can be enjoyed from the balcony of the house. The Tua railtrack crossed just in front of the house. The new Tua dam is being built just less than one kilometer from this very classic “Douro style” house.

Douro and Tua river (right side), as seen from the balcony of the house (Quinta dos Ingleses). The bridge is a railways one, Douro line from Porto to Pocinho.

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5. Acknowledgements

Thanks very much for the support of EDP (Energias de Portugal SA. www.edp.pt) and all the cooperation by Symington Group (www. symington.com).@!03?#(0-#%($%($!1(#$0))($!0$(!1-*16(+#($%(40?1($!"#(2&#$("3$1&30$"%30-(411$"35($%(!0*-pen and its logistics to work: Marta Meira, Ricardo Fernandes and Ana Prudente must be mentioned.Support from local counties, C.M. de Mirandela and C.M. de Carrazeda de Ansiães, is also very much acknowledged.

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ANNE MCCANTSMIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (U.S.A.)

EDUARDO BEIRASchool of Engineering, University of Minho (Portugal) and MIT Portugal Program

JOSÉ M. LOPES CORDEIROSchool of Social Sciences, University of Minho (Portugal)

PAULO B. LOURENÇOSchool of Engineering, University of Minho (Portugal)

%##"!

!"%###

PREFACEAnne McCants

ABOUT FOZTUA PROJECT AND THE 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN FOZ TUAEduardo Beira

PART 1: TUA VALLEY AND THE PORTUGUESE CONTEXTO VALE DO TUA E O CONTEXTO PORTUGUÊS

The Tua line and the portuguese railway (1856- 1906)L(-"3!0(6%(@+0(1(%#(.04"3!%#(61()1&&%(*%&$+5+1#1#(C^Zgb>^[]bX(

Maria Fernanda Alegria

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século XX) Maria Otília Lage

>+&16+2%$&($4,5./'+1$+(?$@A+&(B$*,5A,5+.#$+(?$A/81&*$A,1&*&#%Os caminhos de ferro em Portugal e Espanha: políticas públicas e empresariais Luis Lopes dos Santos

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INDEX

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*#(./52B$A5,F#*.%$+(?$+*"&#G#7#(.%Os caminhos de ferro em Trás os Montes na segunda metade do século XIX: projetos e resultados Hugo Silveira Pereira

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I(1+(?$J,5."$>#'&,($9:KLKD:MNO=P$!"#$!/+$+(?$."#$Q#&5+$Q+&3+$1&(#%O impacto das acessibilidades ao caminho de ferro no interior norte de Portugal: linhas do Tua e da Beira Baixa j+k#(V#*"3!0(60(8"-91"&0/(N+3%(H"5+1-(j"40(036(L30(L-.h3$0&0

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population (1864-2011)B(F0-1(6%(@+0<(Q+0"#(0#(6")1&13`0#l(J40("3$&%6+`m%(n(6"3h4".0(*%*+-0."%30-(

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Eduardo Beira

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E#7,52$<#(.#5N0&&0$"90C#X(30(.%3#$&+`m%(60(*0"#0514<(%(No.-1%(60(H14p&"0(6%(F0-1(6%(@+0(

Maria Manuel Oliveira

PART 2: ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RAILROADS: METHODS AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONSO IMPACTO ECONÓMICO DO CAMINHO DE FERRO: METODOLOGIAS E COMPARAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS

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1850-60Propriedade da terra e o impacto da chegada do caminho de ferro ao Midwest L41&".03%/(^Zg]>^Zb](

Jeremy Atack and Robert A. Margo

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WI@A instalação da rede de caminhos de ferro no Reino Unido, com base em SIGMarta Felis-Rota and Jordi Henneberg

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:K[\D:MOOB$A"+%#$IIDesenvolvimento de um SIG histórico dos caminhos de ferro no nordeste dos V7J7L7/^Z\b>^[]](

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