Rahe, Mahan and Arthur oHTlYabQE8 oHTlYabQE8.
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Transcript of Rahe, Mahan and Arthur oHTlYabQE8 oHTlYabQE8.
Rahe, Mahan and Rahe, Mahan and ArthurArthur
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoHTlYabQE8
Today…Today…
This morningThis morning Aims and context of Rahe et al studyAims and context of Rahe et al study
This afternoonThis afternoon Procedures of Rahe et al studyProcedures of Rahe et al study Timed essay on Rahe procedures(if Timed essay on Rahe procedures(if
time) time)
QuestionsQuestions
What effect can stress have on our What effect can stress have on our body?body?
Can stress make you ill?Can stress make you ill?
What did Selye find about stress?What did Selye find about stress?
ContextContext
Psychosomatic:Psychosomatic: A link between psychological state and A link between psychological state and
physical healthphysical health
Relationship between stress and Relationship between stress and illnessillness Immune systemImmune system Cardiovascular system (heart and Cardiovascular system (heart and
blood)blood)
ContextContext
Thinking back to PY1, Thinking back to PY1, what did what did Selye Selye find in his find in his research in his research research in his research on rats?on rats? Stress and illnessStress and illness
Holmes and HawkinsHolmes and Hawkins Not poverty itself which Not poverty itself which
causes TB, but the causes TB, but the emotional effects of poverty emotional effects of poverty
ContextContext
Hawkins (1957)Hawkins (1957) Compared TB patients to controls. Compared TB patients to controls.
Matched for age, race etc.Matched for age, race etc. Increase in “disturbing occurrences” in Increase in “disturbing occurrences” in
the TB patients. the TB patients.
Is there a link between stressful Is there a link between stressful events and illness?events and illness?
ContextContext
Issues with methodologyIssues with methodology
Research may lack…?Research may lack…?Dr Richard Rahe
There are biases inherent in using hospital samples and drawing conclusions from retrospective studies ... few attempts have been made to put the life stress and subsequent illness hypotheses in non hospital populations.
ContextContext
Another issueAnother issue All previous studies measure stress in different All previous studies measure stress in different
ways. ways.
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) 43 critical life events based on 5000 case studies43 critical life events based on 5000 case studies All about life changes, both positive and negativeAll about life changes, both positive and negative Life change units (LCU) calculated by asking 400 Life change units (LCU) calculated by asking 400
people to rate them in terms of stresspeople to rate them in terms of stress
ContextContext
Could we expose individuals to Could we expose individuals to certain stressors, and measure their certain stressors, and measure their rate of illness? If not, why?rate of illness? If not, why?
Retrospective studies: issuesRetrospective studies: issues Recall from pastRecall from past Investigator effectsInvestigator effects Sample biasSample bias
AimsAims To overcome the methodological To overcome the methodological
issues of retrospective studies by issues of retrospective studies by carrying out a prospective study with carrying out a prospective study with more control. more control.
A normal population would be used A normal population would be used (sailors)(sailors)
Investigate the relationship between Investigate the relationship between stressful life events and future illness. stressful life events and future illness.
ProceduresProcedures
Read the procedure on pg 81Read the procedure on pg 81
Fill in the blank information on the Fill in the blank information on the sheetsheet
FindingsFindings
What was the relationship between What was the relationship between Total Life Change Units (TLCU) Total Life Change Units (TLCU) and and illnessillness?? What was the correlation co-efficient for What was the correlation co-efficient for
the TCLUs six months before the cruise the TCLUs six months before the cruise and illness while on board?and illness while on board?
Relationship stronger for cruiser 1 and Relationship stronger for cruiser 1 and 3, and for married men3, and for married men
FindingsFindings
Decile groupsDecile groups All participants ranked in terms of their All participants ranked in terms of their
TCLUs and put into one of ten bands, TCLUs and put into one of ten bands, each containing 10% of the total.each containing 10% of the total.
FindingsFindings
Decile groups show a general trend, Decile groups show a general trend, but it was an uneven distribution. but it was an uneven distribution.
Groups banded into “High” and “low” Groups banded into “High” and “low” illnessillness Plot this data into a bar chartPlot this data into a bar chart How clear is the relationship now?How clear is the relationship now?
Look at scatter graph on pg 82. Look at scatter graph on pg 82. Summarise these resultsSummarise these results
Findings and conclusionsFindings and conclusions
More findingsMore findings Read pg 91. What last piece of evidence Read pg 91. What last piece of evidence
is there?is there?
ConclusionsConclusions What is the main conclusion?What is the main conclusion?
Read through the rest of the Read through the rest of the
conclusions and highlightconclusions and highlight
Evaluating the Evaluating the methodologymethodology
Pg 84 has some good evaluation Pg 84 has some good evaluation points.points.
Using the pointers on the handout, Using the pointers on the handout, evaluate the studyevaluate the study
One evaluation point each, pass on. One evaluation point each, pass on.
Alternative EvidenceAlternative Evidence
Rubin et al (1972)Rubin et al (1972) Predictive relationship between SRE Predictive relationship between SRE
scores and later illness in naval aviators in scores and later illness in naval aviators in vietnamvietnam
In other words, the higher the stress In other words, the higher the stress score, the more likely they were to be ill.score, the more likely they were to be ill.
What did Vidal (2006) What did Vidal (2006) and Gupta and Gupta and Gupta and Gupta (2004) Find?(2004) Find?
Alternative EvidenceAlternative Evidence
Major life changes vs minor daily stressMajor life changes vs minor daily stress What minor stresses (hassles) can you What minor stresses (hassles) can you
think of?think of? See daily hassles sheetSee daily hassles sheet
DeLongis et al (1988)DeLongis et al (1988) +.59 correlation between daily hassles and +.59 correlation between daily hassles and
next day illnessnext day illness Two interpretations of this... Two interpretations of this...
Alternative EvidenceAlternative Evidence Rahe found a link between stress Rahe found a link between stress
and illnessand illness Descriptive rather than explanatoryDescriptive rather than explanatory
Kiecolt-Glaser et al (1984).Kiecolt-Glaser et al (1984). Blood tests taken before and during Blood tests taken before and during
the exam period. Levels of the exam period. Levels of natural natural killer cellskiller cells significantly lower significantly lower during the exam period. during the exam period.
Suggests that short term predictable Suggests that short term predictable stressors reduce immune system stressors reduce immune system functioning increasing illness.functioning increasing illness.
Alternative EvidenceAlternative Evidence Which piece of alterative evidence for Which piece of alterative evidence for
Langer and Rodin could be used here?Langer and Rodin could be used here?
Could stress be good?Could stress be good? Evans et al (1994)Evans et al (1994) sIgA levels increase for very short term stresssIgA levels increase for very short term stress
Use three colours to highlight research that Use three colours to highlight research that supportssupports, , contradicts,contradicts, or or developsdevelops Rahe’s Rahe’s research (some may be more than one research (some may be more than one colour). colour).