RAH Day 27 AgendaRAH Day 27 AgendaGoal – to understand why Nixon was elected and how he was

both similar to and different from his predecessors. Warm up - Write a list of the key lessons of Vietnam for US

foreign policy1. Cartoon analysis – study p 18 – identify who each

caricature is and what the cartoonist is trying to convey. What one other person should be added to the picture to make it historically complete?

2. With a small group share all of your CR answers through Question 9

3. Questions about Vietnam?4. Complete p 19 – domestic and foreign policies of Nixon

Lessons for FutureAmerican PresidentsLessons for Future

American Presidents1.1. Strategy for war must be to use all of the necessary Strategy for war must be to use all of the necessary

resources to win within the context of the history and resources to win within the context of the history and culture of the enemy and allies.culture of the enemy and allies.

2.2. Wars must yield few American casualties.Wars must yield few American casualties.3.3. Planners must develop specific and viable plans for Planners must develop specific and viable plans for

how to bring the troops home.how to bring the troops home.4.4. Develop and maintain Congressional and public Develop and maintain Congressional and public

support.support.5.5. Set clear, winnable goals and match the strategy to Set clear, winnable goals and match the strategy to

achieve the goals, including planning for achieve the goals, including planning for contingencies.contingencies.

6.6. Can’t win a war against a people in their own country Can’t win a war against a people in their own country who have a suicidal devotion to their causewho have a suicidal devotion to their cause

7.7. Leaders must be open and honest about costs, Leaders must be open and honest about costs, reasons, length of effort and shared sacrificesreasons, length of effort and shared sacrifices

Problems Nixon’s Policies

1. Size and power of the federal gov’t

As a “conservative” Nixon believed the gov’t had gotten too big under LBJ. Instituted New Federalism, a plan to keep many programs have the states run the programs and share the costs (revenue sharing). The states would put up money and the fed would give block grants of money to the states.

Wanted to limit federal spending so Nixon chose not to spend money by law Congress authorized him to spend, impoundment

2. Inefficiency of the welfare system

The Nixon AdministrationThe Nixon Administration

Abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity – wanted to kill of most of the welfare programs LBJ instituted

Cut urban renewal and some job training programs

Backed Family Assistance Plan publicly, but worked quietly to kill it

Created the Urban Affairs Council

Signed into law the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act

Expanded SS to include Supplemental Security Income for disabled people

However, he signed into law several significant expansions of federal power – the Environmental Protection Agency, expanded SS, low income housing, the job corps, the medical care acts, the clean air act, clean water act, resource conservation and recovery act

Problems Nixon’s Policies

3. Vietnam War and domestic disorder

4. Nixon’s reelection

5. Liberalism on the Supreme Ct

The Nixon AdministrationThe Nixon Administration

Deescalated the war through LBJ’s Vietnamization

Had numerous peace talks that resulted in the Cease Fire Agreement of 1973

Used the FBI, the CIA and the “Plumbers” to use illegal wiretaps, infiltrated the groups, built an enemies list, to investigate groups and people who Nixon thought were his enemies involved in opposing his policies like SDS, John Lennon, Daniel Ellsberg, the Democrat Party

Sent out VP Spiro Agnew to denounce opponents

Elected first in 1968 by trying to appeal to the Silent Majority, but also to Southern Conservatives. Tried to win in ‘72 the Wallace supporters of ’68 – the segregationists - using the Southern Strategy. Nixon publicly railed against busing for integration, argued for slowing integration, opposed expanding the VRA and ordered the Dept of Housing, Education and Welfare to stop integrating public housing.

However, in terms of actual policy, Nixon worked very hard to expand affirmative action, signed the Equal Employment Act and the Equal Pay Act

Replaced 4 “liberal” justices with Blackmun, Powell, Rhenquist and Burger. Even tried putting two segregationists Carswell and Haynsworth on the court – but the Senate rejected them

Problems Nixon’s Policies

6. Stagflation and recession

1st Monetarism

2nd – Keynesian policies like FDR

7. US- China Relations

8. US-Soviet relation

The Nixon AdministrationThe Nixon Administration

Stagflation is the unique situation with high unemployment, high inflation and low economic growth

1st Nixon attempted conservative methods like getting the federal reserve board to raise interest rates and taxes, while cutting the federal budget, but that did not work, so

2nd, in the run-up to the ’72 election, he instituted the New Economic Policy - wage and price controls, devalued the dollar, ended the gold standard, cut interest rates, increased government spending and increased import tariffs.

Détente – Nixon becomes first President to go to China – opens China to US trade, signed agreements to cooperate to end Vietnam War, recognized Taiwan as a part of China, began process to recognize PRC officially, promised to withdraw US forces from Taiwan, relates with CPRC to try to separate PRC and USSR

Realpolitik – balance of power politics - relate to other nations based the goal of national interests: cooperating where we can, avoiding force when possible, ignore weak countries, but deal with strong countries flexibly, directly and with strength – no ideology

Détente – Nixon goes to Moscow – signs Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 1 (halts production of new nukes for 5 years, agrees to Berlin-Germany plan,

Vietnam Era GDP

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Jan

-60

Jan

-62

Jan

-64

Jan

-66

Jan

-68

Jan

-70

Jan

-72

Jan

-74

Date

GD

P in

Ch

ain

ed

20

00

D

olla

rs

The Nixon Doctrine• The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on

July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. He stated that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies.

• In Nixon's own words (Address to the Nation on the War in Vietnam November 3, 1969):[1]

1. First, the United States will keep all of its treaty commitments.

2. Second, we shall provide a shield if a nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security.

3. Third, in cases involving other types of aggression, we shall furnish military and economic assistance when requested in accordance with our treaty commitments. But we shall look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense.

Watergate – Nixon’s Downfall

June 1972 – break-in

1. The “plumbers” were part of a White House Special Investigations Unit who used “dirty tricks” like the break-in of Daniel Ellsberg’s doctor’s office to dig up dirt on political opponents. Many of the Watergate burglars like G. Gordon Liddy and Howard Hunt were also involved in the Ellsberg break-in.

Fall – 1972 –

Jan 1973

Mar 1973

April 1973 – Cox investigates cover-up

Nixon wins reelection – Woodward and Bernstein investigate the break-in with help from Deep Throat looking for ties to NixonJudge John Sirica wanted to encourage the plumbers to tell who directed their actions – He was sure that Hunt and Liddy had not acted without orders from the White House.McCord, seeing that Nixon was bribing him and the others and was covering up, decided to tell Sirica about the cover-upMitchell was the Attorney General, then directed CREEP, Dean was White House Counsel. Mitchell authorized the break-in and helped cover it up, and Dean was main director of the cover-upNixon tried to hide the cover-up so he fired Dean (who will testify in the Senate that Nixon was involved) and Chief of Staff Haldeman and Economic Advisor Erlichman resign

Watergate ScandalNixon – Wants to be re-elected

Need to: raise money, run a campaign, get info on Democrats and ruin political opponents

Special Investigations

Unit•Krogh

•Hunt

•Liddy

“The Plumbers”

Break in of Dr. Fielding’s office to steal info to ruin Pentagon Paper’s’ leaker Daniel Ellsberg

Committee to Re-Elect the PresidentFormer AG John Mitchell – ChairmanAides – H. Howard Hunt – former CIAG. Gordon Liddy – former FBIJames McCord – security specialistBurglary Team – James McCord hired former Cubans - Barker, Sturgis, Gonzales, Martinez

Aided by

Hunt and Liddy in the Howard Johnson’s Hotel

Break-in to Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate Hotel and Office

Watergate Scandal

Burglary Team – arrested after Frank Wills sees a door propped open and calls the DC Police. All 7 men are arrested.

Break-in to Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate Hotel and Office

FBI – investigates and finds a slush fund of cash to fund illegal activities against the Democrats

Judge Sirica – presides over trials of the burglars – 5 plead guilty, but McCord and Liddy fight and are convicted

Judge Sirica – hands down harsh sentences and determines there is a cover-up

Washington Post Metro Reporters investigate the Break-in – Something seems very fishy

“Deep Throat” tells Woodward to “follow the money”

They report that there is a White House connection and apparent coverup

Bob WoodwardBob Woodward

Carl BernsteinCarl Bernstein

Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin (D-NC) begins

to investigate Senate Committee holds hearings – Mitchell, Butterfield and

Dean all testify

Sam ErvinSam Ervin

Watergate – Nixon’s Downfall

May – July 1973 – Senate televises hearings

Spring and summer 1973

Oct 1973 – sat. Night Massacre

February 1974-

April 1974

July 1974

Aug 8 1974

a. Dean says that Nixon was involved in the cover-upb. Mitchell says that if there was a cover-up, Nixon knew

nothingc. Butterfield says that Nixon has tapes of all of his Oval

Office conversationsSenate and Judge Sirica want access to the tapes Butterfield testified existed, as does Cox – Nixon orders FBI off the case and tries to obstruct CoxCox is getting closer so Nixon orders him fired – AG Richardson resigns, DAG Rickelshaus resigns, so Solicitor General Bork fires Cox – this looks bad for Nixon – firing the man investigating him – appoints Leon Jaworski as new special prosecutor

Nixon finally gives in and releases typed transcripts of some of the tape-recordings, but the transcripts (heavily edited) did not show much incriminating except to show Nixon used profanity, did not seem to care about Watergate and was not very niceSupreme Court orders Nixon to submit to Congress and Judge Sirica the actual tape-recordings

Nixon submits tapes that show that he knew about the break-in afterwards but ordered a massive cover-up – Resigns Aug 9

House authorizes Judiciary committee to begin investigating grounds for impeachment

Watergate Scandal

Judge Sirica – hands down harsh sentences and determines there is a cover-up

Woodward and Bernstein continue to investigate and report

Nixon wants to cover-up more – pretends to want an investigation by Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox

Want the tapes!NO Tapes!! Executive privilege – and

Cox – You’re Fired!! Gimme Jaworski. BUT…

here are written transcripts of the tapes

Senate Committee finds out there are audio

tapes of Nixon

Jaworski is new

special

prosecutor Resignation

US Supreme Court Says: 9-0 “give up the tapes!!”

House asks: is there something

fishy here?

House opens investigation by

Judiciary Committee: are there grounds for

impeachment?

Ford 1 – ended watergate by pardoning Nixon2 – troubled economy – promoted “WIN”

Whip Inflation Now program – tried to tighten money by decreasing federal spending and getting Fed to raise interest rates. Cut taxes to increase growth

3 – Hostile Congress – Ford vetoed 50 bills in just about 2 years in office, Democrats wanted aid to education, health and NYC

4 – Cold War – signed Helsinki Accords with USSR and started the SALT II. Looked tough against Cambodians in the Mayaguez crisis

5 – Mayaguez Crisis against Cambodia – muscular response

Nixon Administration

1. Size and Power – Nixon was a conservative in ideology – he wanted a smaller, less powerful federal government. Instituted the New Federalism program which included the “Revenue Sharing” policy – block grants to the states with few strings attached. To prevent the Democratic Congress from spending too much money he “impounded” the money (did not spend it, even though Congressional law told him to)

However, Nixon expanded programs like social security, medicare, low income housing and the Job Corps. He also was the “environmental President” in that during his administration, he signed into law the Environmental Protection Agency, the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation Recovery Act

2. Inefficiency in Welfare – as a conservative, and consistent with his ideas about a smaller government, Nixon abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity, pushed through Congress cuts in Urban renewal programs, job training and education.

However, he signed into a law a new Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, authorized a new kind of welfare for those who could not work due to injury, illness, etc called Supplemental Security income, created an Urban Affairs Council and publicly pushed for the Family Assistance Plan that was very liberal sounding (He worked behind the scenes to kill the plan)

3. Vietnam – Nixon deescalated the war with Vietnamization, continued peace talks and got a peace accord signed.

To deal with the war protestors, he had the FBI infiltrate the groups, wiretapped their phones, had the CIA and IRS work to undermine the groups and their leaders, and sent the VP out to make speeches against “the nattering nabobs of negativity” – the liberal protestors

4. Nixon got reelected for two main reasons – the Southern Strategy – attracting the George Wallace and dixiecrat vote by playing the race card – publicly working against civil rights expansion and enforcement and working against busing and other methods of integrating schools, opposing bringing discrimination suits, and opposed extending the Voting Rights Act.

He also got reelected because the Anti-war George McGovern appeared weak and ineffective in 1972 when the country was still in an uproar with protests while Nixon seemed strong and had huge successes in foreign policy like the approaching end of Vietnam and the trips to China and USSR

5. Nixon tried to replace liberal justices who retired, like Earl Warren and Abe Fortas, with conservatives like Rhenquist, Powell, Blackmun and Chief Justice Warren Burger. His two most conservative nominees, Clement Haynsworth, G. Harrold Carswell, were defeated by the Senate

6. Stagflation is a period of slow to no economic growth coupled with high inflation. This period of economic problem was partially caused by deficit spending, competition from Europe and the baby boomers and more women entering the workforce, the oil embargo put on the US by OPEC made the situation worse.

Nixon’s Administration attempted to address these economic problems first by monetarism – trying to cut government spending and raising taxes and pushing the fed to interest rates – this was supposed to take money out of the economy and thus lower inflation. But it made the economy even slower leading to higher unemployment. He also instituted temporary wage and price controls. Prices stabilized a while right before the ’72 elections – then got worse.

The second plan was Keynesian – he took the US off the gold standard, devalued the dollar, pushed the federal reserve board to cut interest rates, increased tariffs– nothing really worked

•On 5 September 1965, the first use of the word hippie appeared in print. In an article entitled "A New Haven for Beatniks," San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco. Fallon reportedly came up with the name by condensing Norman Mailer's use of the word, "hipster" into "hippie". The name did not catch on in the mass media until almost two years later, after San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen began using the term hippies in his daily columns.