Radiotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
description
Transcript of Radiotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Radiotherapy in
Renal Cell CarcinomaSimin Hemati . M.D
Assistant professor of Radiation OncologyIsfahan University of Medical Sciences
20 jan 2012
RCC is the most common type( 80% ) of kidney cancer in adults ,
It is also known to be the most lethal of all the genitourinary
tumors
American Joint Committee on Cancer
Staging Classification for Kidney Tumors7th edition 2010
Primary Tumor Description
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessedT0 No evidence of primary tumorT1 Tumor 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidneyT1a Tumor 4 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the
kidneyT1b Tumor more than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest
dimension, limited to the kidneyT2 Tumor more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the
kidneyT2a Tumor more than 7 cm but less or equal to 10 cmT2b Tumor more than 10 cm limited to kidneyT3 Tumor extends into major veins or perinephric tissues but
not to epsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia
T3a Tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle-containing) branches, or tumor invades perirenal and or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia
T3b Tumor grossly extends in to the vena cava below the diaphragm
T3c Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava
T4 Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia(including epsilateral adrenal gland)
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for Kidney Tumors
Regional Lymph Nodes
Description
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 No regional lymph node metastasis
N1 Metastasis to regional lymph node
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for Kidney Tumors
Distant Metastasis
Description
MX Presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0 No distant metastasis
M1 Distant metastasis
Stage GroupingSTAGE Description
I T1 N0 M0
II T2 N0 M0
III T3T1,T2
N0N1
M0M0
IV T4Any T
Any NAny N
M0M1
Histopathologic GradeGRADE Description
GX Grade cannot be assessed
G1 Well differentiated
G2 Moderately well differentiated
G3,G4 Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated
Stage of Renal Cell Carcinoma Correlated with Survival After Radical NephrectomyAuthor No of
patientI II III IV
Robson et al. 88 66 64 42 11
Skinner et al. 309 65 47 51 8
Waters and Richie 130 51 59 12 0McNichols et al. 506 67 51 34 14
Selli et al. 115 93 63 80 13
Golimbu et al. 326 88 67 40 2
Dinney et al. 314 73 68 51 20
Guinan et al. 337 100 96 59 16
Javidan et al. 381 95 88 59 10
Kinouchi et al. 350 96 95 70 24
Tsui et al. 643 91 74 67 32
Initial treatment is most commonly a radical or partial nephrectomy
and remains the mainstay of curative treatment.
Adenocarcinoma of the kidney is a variably
radiosensitive neoplasm.
Huland and et all:
Radiotherapy before surgery decreased the
rate of tumor transplantation
some renal cell cancer are resistant to conventionally
fractionated RT
Other studies :
In vivo experiments
Clinical experiences
Palliative RT in advanced stage
very good subjective and objective
response
No improved the results
Adjuvant RT in early stage
Post operative radiotherapy
Palliative radiotherapy
Pre opreative radiotherapy
Rt in RCC
Pre operative RT
• Theoretical Benefits :
tumor shrinkage increased resectabilitydecreased tumor viability with
fewer distant metastases
Two European studies
Nephrectomy alone
Preoperative RT + nephrectomy
No improved in overall survivalNo improved in free metastatic survival
Increased resectability in T2 , T3 Tumors
Preoperative irradiation should be considered in patients with technically
unresectable nonmetastatic tumors to convert them to
resectable.
Post operative RT
A retrospective review from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center of 172 patients treated by radical
nephrectomy alone
T1 or T2 tumors,N0
Local failure is 4%
Local failure is 21%
LN positive or positive margin
A retrospective series with 67 patient of T3 tumors
37 30
Nephrectomy + post operative
RT
Local failure is 10%
Local failure is 37%
Nephrectomy alone
Indications of post operative RT
• gross or microscopically positive margins
• LN positive
• Locally advanced tumors (T3,T4)
Patients with renal cell carcinoma confined to the kidney and/or renal vein have a low recurrence rate
and a high survival rate after radical nephrectomy alone
and should not be considered for adjuvant radiation
therapy.
At diagnosis, 30% of renal cell carcinomas have spread to the
ipsilateral renal vein
Complete ResectionNO RTX
Palliative radiotherapy :for relief from symptoms pain neorologic symptoms spinal cord compression nerve invasion
after surgery for metastatic lesion
Radiation therapy technique
Preoperative RTTotal dose : 45-50 GY
Target volume : kidney and regional LN
Technique : two POP technique multiple technique similar to post
operative setting
Post operative RT
Post operative RT
45 to 50 Gy 1.8 to 2Gy F
To kidney bed and regional lymph nodes
total dose 50 to 60 Gy
10-15 GY boost to small
volumes of microscopic or gross residual
If the scar cannot be covered without increasing the amount of normal tissue irradiated, an additional electron beam field to treat
the scar may be considered.
Radiation Oncologists must be attention to:
• Patient selection• Radiation therapy planning • Tolerance of the upper-abdominal
organs
• Tolerance dose of :
Liver : no more than 30% of the liver from
receiving doses >36 to 40 Gy
Spinal Cord : <45 Gy
Techniques:• Anterior-Posterior technique:• particularly on the right side , irradiated of large
volumes of bowel and liver beyond tolerance.• Multiple-beam technique:• including anterior, posterior, oblique, and lateral
projections with beam's eye-view shaping and differential weighting of dose from each field, can optimize the radiation dose distribution to maximize target volume coverage while minimizing the dose to normal bowel or liver
•
• The use of 3D-CRT and IMRT:
Increased the tumor total doseDecreased the normal tissue dose
A CT–based treatment plan using a combination of four fields (anterior, posterior, right lateral, and right posterior oblique) to cover the tumor bed (dark oval) with 54 Gy (isodose line
displayed). This combination of fields and beam's-eye-view shaping allows sparing of the liver, bowel, and spinal cord.
LAT.
OBL.
POST
ANT
RT- LAT
Palliative RT techniques• EBRT :• Treatment fields: metastatic foci with 2-
3cm margins.
• Dose: 35 - 40 Gy (symptomatic relief in 65% to 85% of patients).
• Some series have reported higher symptomatic response rates with higher irradiation dose( 45 to 50 Gy in 3 to 4.5 weeks)
Palliative RT techniques• Stereotactic radiosurgery : has been successful at controlling
and palliating metastatic sites.
69 patients with brain metastases
33% stable
63% Responded
Initial treatment is most commonly
a Radical or Partial Nephrectomy And remains the mainstay of curative treatment
Complications of RT
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping
radiation-induced liver damage duodenum and small-bowel
stenosis and bleedingSpinal damage
•
• Rate of complications related to:
• Total dose• Fraction size• Technique of irradiation