Radiotelephony : General Procedures Radiotelephony provides the means by which pilots and ground...

Radiotelephony : General Procedures

Radiotelephony provides the means by which pilots and ground personnel communicate with each other. Used properly, the information and instructions transmitted are of vital importance in assisting in the safe and expeditious operation of aircraft. However, the use of non-standard procedures and phraseology can cause misunderstanding. Incidents and accidents have occurred in which a contributing factor has been the misunderstanding caused by the use of non-standard phraseology.

The importance of using correct and precise standard phraseology cannot be over-emphasised.

Radiotelephony : Transmitting Technique

Before transmitting check that the receiver volume is set at the optimum level and listen out on the frequency to be used to ensure that there will be no interference with a transmission from another station.

Be familiar with microphone operating techniques and do not turn your head away from it whilst talking or vary the distance between it and your mouth. Severe distortion of speech may arise from:i) talking too close to the microphoneii) touching the microphone with the lipsiii) holding the microphone or boom


Use a normal conversation tone Enunciate each word clearly and distinctly Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding

100 words per minute. When it is known that

elements of the message will be written down by

the recipients, speak at a slightly slower rate Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level. A slight pause before and after numbers will

assist in making them easier to understand Avoid using hesitation sounds such as ‘er’. Suspend speech temporarily if it becomes

necessary to turn head away from Microphone


Depress the transmit switch fully before speaking and do not release it until the message is complete. This will ensure that the entire message is transmitted. However, do not depress transmit switch until ready to speak.

Be aware that the mother tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore, speak clearly and use standard radiotelephony (RTF) words and phrases wherever possible.


One of the most irritating and potentially dangerous situations in radiotelephony is a ‘stuck’ microphone button. Operators should always ensure that the button is released after a transmission and the microphone placed in an appropriate place that will ensure that it will not inadvertently be switched on.

After a call has been made, a period of at least 10 seconds should elapse before a second call is made. This should eliminate unnecessary transmissions while the receiving station is getting ready to reply to the initial call.

Radiotelephony : Transmission of Letters

Letter Word Appropriate pronunciationA Alpha AL FAHB Bravo BRAH VOHC Charlie CHAR LEED Delta DELL TAHE Echo ECK OHF Foxtrot FOKS TROTG Golf GOLFH Hotel HOH TELLI India IN DEE AHJ Juliett JEW LEE ETTK Kilo KEY LOHL Lima LEE MAH

Radiotelephony : Transmission of Letters

Letter Word Appropriate pronunciationM Mike MIKEN November NO VEM BERO Oscar OSS CAHP Papa PAH PAHQ Quebec KEH BECKR Romeo ROW ME OHS Sierra SEE AIR RAHT Tango TANG GOU Uniform YOU NEE FORMV Victor VIK TAHW Whiskey WISS KEYX X-ray ECKS RAYY Yankee YANG KEEZ Zulu ZOO LOO

Radiotelephony : Transmission of Numbers

Numeral or numeral element Latin alphabet representation

0 ZERO1 WUN2 TOO3 TREE4 FOWER5 FIFE6 SIX7 SEVEN8 AIT9 NINERDecimal DAYSEEMALHundred HUN DREDThousand TOUSAND


All numbers, except those mentioned later shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately as follows:

When transmitting messages containing aircraft callsigns, altimeter settings, flight levels (with the exception of FL 100, 200, 300 etc. which are expressed as ‘Flight Level (number) HUN DRED’), headings, wind speeds/directions, pressure settings, transponder codes and frequencies, each digit shall be transmitted separately.


Number Transmitted as Pronounced asBAW246 Speedbird Two Four Six

SPEEDBIRD TOO FOWER SIX

FL 100 Flight Level One Hundred FLIGHT LEVEL WUN HUN DRED

FL 180 Flight Level One Eight Zero FLIGHT LEVEL WUN AIT ZERO

150 Degrees One Five Zero Degrees WUN FIFE ZERO DEGREES

18 Knots One Eight Knots WUN AIT KNOTS


Number Transmitted as Pronounced as

122.1 One Two Two Decimal OneWUN TOO TOO DAYSEEMAL WUN

6500 Six Five Zero Zero SIX FIFE ZERO ZERO (SQUAWK)

All numbers used in the transmission of altitude, height, cloud height, visibility and runway visual range information which contain whole hundreds and whole thousands shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands followed by the word HUNDRED or TOUSAND as appropriate.

Combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word THOUSAND and the number of hundreds followed by the word HUNDRED;

Numbers containing a decimal point shall be transmitted as prescribed in with the decimal point in appropriate sequence being indicated by the word decimal.


All six figures shall be used when identifying frequencies irrespective of whether they are 25 kHz or 8.33 kHz spaced. Exceptionally, when the final two digits of the frequency are both zero, only the first four digits need be given.

When it is necessary to verify the accurate reception of numbers the person transmitting the message shall request the person receiving the message to read back the numbers.


Radiotelephony :Transmission of Time

When transmitting time, only the minutes of the hour are normally required. However, the hour should be included if there is any possibility of confusion. Time checks shall be given to the nearest minute. Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC) is to be used at all times, unless specified. 2400 hours designates midnight, the end of the day, and 0000 hours the beginning of the day.

Number Transmitted as Pronounced as10 One ZeroWUN ZERO

100 One Hundred WUN HUN DRED

2 500 Two Thousand Five HundredTOO TOUSAND FIFE HUNDRED

11 000 One One Thousand WUN WUN TOUSAND

25 000 Two Five Thousand TOO FIFE TOUSAND


Number Transmitted as Pronounced as

0823 Two Three or Zero Eight Two ThreeTOO TREE (or ZERO AIT TOO TREE)

1300 One Three Zero Zero WUN TREE ZERO ZERO

2057 Five Seven or Two Zero Five SevenFIFE SEVEN (or TOO ZERO FIFE SEVEN)


Frequency Transmitted as Pronounced as

118.125 One One Eight Decimal One Two WUN WUN AIT DAY SEE MAL WUN TOO

119.050 One One Nine Decimal Zero Five WUN WUN NINER DAY SEE MAL ZERO FIFE

122.500 One Two Two Decimal Five WUN TOO TOO DAY SEE MAL FIFE

118.000 One One Eight Decimal Zero WUN WUN AIT DAY SEE MAL ZERO


Standard Words and Phrases Word/Phrase Meaning

ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know that you have received and understood this message.

AFFIRM Yes.

APPROVED** Permission for proposed action granted.

BREAK Indicates the separation between messages.

BREAK BREAK Indicates the separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a busy environment.

CANCEL Annul the previously transmitted clearance.


CHANGING TO I intend to call . . . (unit) on . . . (frequency).

CHECK Examine a system or procedure. (Not to be used in any other context. No answer is normally expected.)

CLEARED ‡ Authorised to proceed under the conditions specified.


CONFIRM I request verification of: (clearance, instruction, action, information).

CONTACT Establish communications with ... (your details have been passed).

CORRECT True or accurate.

CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated). The correct version is ...

Standard Words and Phrases

Word/Phrase Meaning

DESCEND ‡ Descend and maintain.

DISREGARD Ignore.

FANSTOP I am initiating a practice engine failure after take off. (Used only by pilots of single engine aircraft.) The response should be, “REPORT CLIMBING AWAY”.

FREECALL Call . . . (unit) (your details have not been passed – mainly used by military ATC).


Word/Phrase Meaning HOLD SHORT** Stop before reaching the specified location Note: Only used in limited circumstances where no definedpoint exists (e.g. where there is no suitably located holdingpoint), or to reinforce a clearance limit

HOW DO YOU READ What is the readability of my transmission?

I SAY AGAIN I repeat for clarity or emphasis.

MAINTAIN ‡ Continue in accordance with the condition(s) specified or in its literal sense, e.g. “Maintain VFR”.

MONITOR Listen out on (frequency).


Word/Phrase Meaning

NEGATIVE No; or Permission not granted; or That is not correct; or Not capable.

OUT* This exchange of transmissions is ended and no response is expected.

OVER* My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.

PASS YOUR MESSAGE Proceed with your message.

READ BACK Repeat all, or the specified part, of this message back to me exactly as received.


Word/Phrase Meaning

REPORT ** Pass requested information.

REQUEST I should like to know ... or I wish to obtain ...

ROGER I have received all your last transmission.Note: Under no circumstances to be used in reply to

a questionrequiring a direct answer in the affirmative (AFFIRM)

ornegative (NEGATIVE).

SAY AGAIN Repeat all, or the following part of your last transmission.

SPEAK SLOWER Reduce your rate of speech.


STANDBY Wait and I will call you.Note: No onward clearance to be assumed. The caller would normally re-establish contact if the delay is lengthy. STANDBY is not an approval or denial.

UNABLE I cannot comply with your request, instruction or clearance. Unable is normally followed by a reason.

WILCO I understand your message and will comply with it(abbreviation for will comply)

WORDS TWICE As a request: Communication is difficult. Please send every word twice. As Information: Since communication is difficult, every word in this message will be sent twice.

Callsigns for Aeronautical Stations Aeronautical stations are identified by the name of the location followed by a suffix except that the name of the rig/platform/vessel is normally used by offshore mineralextraction agencies. The suffix indicates the type of service being provided.

Callsigns for Aeronautical Stations It is an offence to use a callsign for a purpose other than that for which it has been notified.

When satisfactory communication has been established, and provided that it will not be confusing, the name of the location or the callsign suffix may be omitted.

Service Suffix

Area Control CONTROL

Radar (in general) RADAR

Approach Control APPROACH

Aerodrome Control TOWER

Approach Control Radar

Arrival/Departure

DIRECTOR/DEPARTURE (RADAR – when tasks

combined)/

Service Suffix

ARRIVAL – (when approved))

Ground Movement Control GROUND

Precision Approach Radar TALKDOWN (Military –

FINAL CONTROLLER)

Flight Information INFORMATION

Air/Ground Communication Service RADIO

Ground Movement Planning DELIVERY

SERVICE SUFFIX : GROUND

FREQUENCY WILL BE VHF GIVEN AS GROUND OR GRD OR SMC (SURFACE MOVEMENT CONTOL)

USED FOR START OF ENGINES, TAXI, ATC INSTRUCTION AND PUSH BACK INSTRUCTION

USED FROM APRON UPTO HOLDING POINT FOR RUNWAY

IN CASE THIS FREQUENCY IS NOT GIVEN THE CALLS WILL GO TO TOWER

DELHI GROUND THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 118.1 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : TOWER

AERODROME CONTROL

FREQUENCY WILL BE VHF GIVEN AS TOWER OR TWR

USED FOR DEPARTURE INSTRUCTION, TAKE OFF, LANDING

DELHI TOWER THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 118.1 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : APPROACH

APPROACH CONTROL FOR TERMINAL COMMUNICATION UPTO 100 NM

FREQUENCY WILL BE VHF GIVEN AS APPROACH OR APP

DELHI APPROACH THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 118.1 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : RADIO

EN-ROUTE COMMUNICATION

FREQUENCY WILL BE HF GIVEN AS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

PRE FLIGHT CHECK, SELCAL CHECK, DEPARTURE MESSAGE / REPORT, FIR REPORT, AIR REPORT, POSITION REPORT ETC

DELHI RADIO THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 8898 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : RCAG

RANGE OF VHF IS EXTENDED ALONG MAJOR TRUNK ROUTES BY PLACING TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER AT A DISTANCE FROM MAIN STATION

FREQUENCY WILL BE VHF GIVEN AS RCAG

CALL SIGN WILL BE PLACE NAME AND RADIO

DELHI RADIO THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 118.1 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : HOMER

DIRECTION FINDING CALL

FREQUENCY WILL BE VHF GIVEN AS HOMER OR VDF (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY DIRECTION FINDING)

RAISE THE STATION FIRST KEH BECK DELTAH MIKE : HOMINGKEH BECK TANGO ECKO : TRUE BEARINGKEH BECK DELTAH LIMA : SERIES OF QDL QDM : SERIES OF HOMINGQDL QTE : SERIES OF BEARING

DELHI HOMER THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 118.1 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : DISPATCH

COMPANY CHANNEL

FREQUENCY WILL BE HF AND VHF GIVEN AS COMPANY DISPATCH

USE PHRASE BREAK AFTER ADDRESS AND MESSAGE

DELHI DISPATCH THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 8840 OVER

SERVICE SUFFIX : CONTROL

AREA CONTROL AT MAJOR STATION FOR CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT UPTO 150 – 200 NM

FREQUENCY WILL BE VHF GIVEN AS ACC

CALL SIGN WILL BE PLACE NAME AND CONTROL

DELHI CONTROL THIS IS INDAIR 430 ON 118.1 OVER

Radio Telephony Network In India

Radio Telephony Network in India has been divided in to Regional and Domestic Air Route Areas (RDARA) Networks and Major World Air Routes Area (MWARA) Networks.

Radio Telephony Network In IndiaNetwork Frequencies in KHz Station in Network

Northern RDARA 2872, 5580, 8948 Amritsar, Bhunter, Delhi, Varanasi, Patna, Calcutta

Western RDARA 2872, 5601, 8891 Ahmadabad, Bhopal, Bombay, Nagpur

Southern RDARA 2872, 6655, 8909 Bangalore, Bombay, Trichy, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Madras, Madurai, Mangalore, Trivendrum

Eastern RDARA 2872, 6583, 8861 Bhubaneswar, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Madras, Nagpur, Vijayavada, Vishakhapatnam

North Eastern RDARA 2923, 5484, 8906 Agartala, Calcutta, Patna, Gauhati, Imphal, Mohanbari

Major World Air Routes Area (MWARA) Networks

All international flights to and from India operate on any one

of the following enroute Major World Air Routes Area

(MWARA) Networks.

Air craft flying North and North West operate on MID II

networks Air craft flying East and South East operate on SEA I

networks Air craft flying over Indian Ocean operate on INO I

Major World Air Routes Area (MWARA) Networks

MID II networks 3467, 5658, 10018, 13288

INO I 3476, 5634, 8879, 11300

SEA I 3470, 6556, 10066, 13318, 17907

Additionally one general purpose VHF frequency is provided at Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras. Range of this VHF is increased by RCAG ( Remote Control Air Ground)

TYPES OF AERONAUTICAL STATIONS

Net work Station : Each aeronautical station forming part of the network is termed as Network Station.

Regular Station : When network comprises of large number of station, network communications for flight on any individual route segment should be provided by selected station, termed as “ Regular Station” for that segment.

Primary Guard Station : In areas or on routes where radio conditions, length of flight or distance between aeronautical station require additional measures to ensure continuity of Air to Ground communication through out the route segment , the regular stations should share between them a responsibility of primary guard whereby each stations should share between them a responsibility of primary guard for that portion of the flight during which the message from the aircraft can be handled most effectively by that station.

TYPES OF AERONAUTICAL STATIONS

Radio Telephony Network In India

During its tenure of primary guard, each regular station among other things:

Be responsible for designating suitable primary and secondary frequencies for its communications with the aircraft.

Receive all position reports and handle other messages from and to the aircraft essential to the safe conduct of the flight.

Be responsible for the action required in case of failure of communication.

Position Reporting

Position reports shall contain the following elements of information:

a) Aircraft identificationb) Positionc) Timed) Levele) Next position and ETA

Where adequate flight progress data is available from other sources, such as ground radar, aircraft may be exempted from the requirement to make compulsory position reports.

SELCAL

BUZZER AND LIGHTS PROVIDED IN THE COCKPIT FOUR ALPHABETS DISTINCTIVE CODE FOR

AIRCRAFT CODE FROM ‘A’ TO ‘S’ EXCLUDING ‘I’, ‘N’, ‘O’

GROUND STATION HAS CODER AIRCRAFT HAS DECODER

WORKS WITH HF. GROUND STATION CAN CALL YOU NOT OTHERWISE

ON GETTING THE INDICATION YOU KNOW SOMEONE IS CALLING YOU BUT YOU DO NOT KNOW THE CALL SIGN

Radiotelephony : General Procedures Radiotelephony provides the means by which pilots and ground...

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Transcript of Radiotelephony : General Procedures Radiotelephony provides the means by which pilots and ground...