Radiographic AnatomyRAD 242

Prepared By:

Ala’a Ali Tayem Abed

Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton

SPINE 1. Cervical Spine. 2. Thoracic Spine. 3. Lumbar Spine. 4. Sacrum Spine. 5. Coccyx Spine.

The vertebral column curves There are 4 normal curves formed by vertebras, two are concave and the other two are convex. The cervical & lumbar curves are an anteriorly convex, The thoracic and sacral curves are anteriorly concave.The presences of the curve have several functions; these are absorption of shock, maintenance of balance, protection of column from fracture and increasing the strength of the column.

Inter Vertebral DiscsBetween adjacent vertebrae from 1st Cervical to sacrum there are inter vertebral discs. They are fibro-cartilaginous. Each disc is composed of the Outer Fibrous ring consisting Fibro-Cartilage called Annulus Fibrosis and The Inner Soft, pulpy highly Elastic structure called the Nucleus Pulpous. The disc permits various movement of the vertebral column, absorb shock and form a strong joint.

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There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves which branch off from the spinal cord. In the cervical region of the spinal cord, the spinal nerves exit above the vertebrae. A change occurs with the C7 vertebra however, where the C8 spinal nerve exits the vertebra below the C7 vertebra. Therefore, there is an 8th cervical spinal nerve even though there is no 8th cervical vertebra. From the 1st thoracic vertebra downwards, all spinal nerves exit below their equivalent numbered vertebrae.The Cauda Equina area is not the true spinal cord. The true spinal cord ends at L1/2. The area below the true spinal cord is called the Conus Medullaris. Immediately below that is the Cauda Equina area.

The Spinal Cord

Cervical SpineAP Lateral

Cervical Spine -- Right Anterior Oblique View

Cervical Spine -- Left Anterior Oblique View

Cervical Spine

Cervical SpineCervical Spine -- Open Mouth (Dens) View

1. Anterior arch of atlas2. Axis3. Body of vertebra4. Dens of axis5. Facet joint6. Transverse foramen7. Inferior articular process8. Intervertebral disc9. Intervertebral foramen10. Lamina of vertebral arch11. Lateral atlantoaxial joint12. Lateral mass of atlas13. Pedicle14. Posterior arch of atlas

15. Spinous process16. Superior articular process17. Transverse process18. Uncovertebral joint (joint of Luschka)

Cervical spine, lateral projection

Cervical spine, AP projection

Cervical spine, AP projection (open mouth)

Cervical spine, oblique projection

1. Anterior arch of atlas2. Axis3. Body of vertebra4. Dens of axis5. Facet joint6. Transverse foramen7. Inferior articular process8. Intervertebral disc9. Intervertebral foramen10. Lamina of vertebral arch11. Lateral atlantoaxial joint

12. Lateral mass of atlas13. Pedicle14. Posterior arch of atlas15. Spinous process16. Superior articular process17. Transverse process18. Uncovertebral joint (joint of Luschka)

Thoracic Spine

1. Body of vertebra2. Costotransverse joint3. Costovertebral joint4. Facet joint5. Inferior articular process6. Intervertebral disc7. Intervertebral foramen8. Pedicle9. Rib10. Spinous process11. Superior articular process12. Transverse process

Thoracic spine, AP projection

1. Body of vertebra2. Costotransverse joint3. Costovertebral joint4. Facet joint5. Inferior articular process6. Intervertebral disc7. Intervertebral foramen8. Pedicle9. Rib10. Spinous process11. Superior articular process12. Transverse process

Thoracic spine, lateral projection

Lumbar Spine LateralAP

1. Body of vertebra2. Facet joint3. Inferior articular process4. Intervertebral disc5. Intervertebral foramen6. Lamina of vertebral arch7. Pedicle8. Sacroiliac joint9. Spinous process10. Superior articular process11. Transverse process

Lumbar spine, AP projectionLumbar spine, lateral projection

Lumbar spine, oblique projection

Sacrum Spine

1. Coccyx2. Intervertebral disc3. Intervertebral foramen4. Sacroiliac joint5. Spinous process

Sacrum, lateral projection

Sacrum, AP projection

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