Radioactive Materials Management NUCP2311
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Transcript of Radioactive Materials Management NUCP2311
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Radioactive Materials ManagementNUCP2311
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Low Level and High Waste Treatment Options
• Low level – diluted – dispersed– If short T1/2 can let decay
• High level– Usually concentrated – Needs to be contained– Isolate from environment
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Treatment Technology Categories
• Transfer– Processes that remove radioactive species from a waste stream
and transfer them to another medium (e.g., filtration and ion exchange).
• Concentration– Processes that reduce the waste volume (e.g., evaporation,
crystallization, and drying).• Transformation
– Processes that concentrate radwaste by changing its physical form (e.g., incineration, calcination, compaction).
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Special Case: Solidification
• Candidates:Ion exchange resins, filter sludge, chemical concentrates (boric acid, sodium sulfate), decontaminated solutions, contaminated oil, and fuel fabrication sludges.
• Possible Technologies:Cement, bitumen (asphalt-type material), urea formaldehyde (not permitted in the US), and DOW media (commercial polymer)
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5J.H. Saling and A.W. Fentiman, “Radioactive Waste Management,” Second Edition, (Taylor & Francis, NY London) 2002.
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Volume Reduction
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Volume Reduction
• Disposal charges are calculated in dollars per cubic foot.
• Take care not to move into a greater (and more expensive) class.
• Three general methods:– Compaction– Incineration– Evaporation
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Super compactionUsed to reduce volume of materialCan range from several 1000 lb/sqi to 1.5 million lb/sqiCan reduce a 200 lb 55-gal drum to about 6 inch tallNo liquids, compressed gasses, etc
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Incinerators
• Idea is to reduce volume of waste by turning into ash, then dispose of the ash
• Only good for material that will reduce • Need very good filters and scrubbers• Good for bio hazard wastes as well
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Evaporation
• Reduce down the volume of liquid waste• Turn Liquid waste into solid waste• Need to worry about concentration of waste
as to not move up to a the higher waste category, gets very expensive
• Need to worry about criticality problems
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11J.H. Saling and A.W. Fentiman, “Radioactive Waste Management,” Second Edition, (Taylor & Francis, NY London) 2002.
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12J.H. Saling and A.W. Fentiman, “Radioactive Waste Management,” Second Edition, (Taylor & Francis, NY London) 2002.
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13J.H. Saling and A.W. Fentiman, “Radioactive Waste Management,” Second Edition, (Taylor & Francis, NY London) 2002.
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14J.H. Saling and A.W. Fentiman, “Radioactive Waste Management,” Second Edition, (Taylor & Francis, NY London) 2002.
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Short and Long Term Disposal/Storage Options
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Shallow land burial in earthen trenches Engineering units with layered cap
systems in unsaturated soils
Modified version of what we are doing now
Can design unit to leach material back into soil at which it would have if the soil had not been disturbed
Possible Management Alternativesfor Radioactive Waste
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Alternatives
Drilling vertical shafts into granite, rock salt, tuff, or basalt- Mining cavities into specific formations- Deeper earth disposal (i.e. submantle)
Similar in nature, idea is to place material far
enough away from the biosphere where it will not bother anyone. Volcano disposal?
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Alternatives Salt Formation Disposal
-Replace removed oil or gas with liquid or slurried solid radioactive materials in Salt domes or salt beds.
- No water, Isolated stable formation
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Aboveground disposal or longer-term isolation in engineered structures
Molten metal solidification
Radioisotope transmutation
Recycling or reuse of material
Other methods – Space disposal, ocean and sea bed disposal, ice sheet disposal, isolation by disposal on a remote island
Possible Management Alternativesfor Radioactive Waste
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Investigation Into theAssured Isolation Concept
The concept is generally described as an aboveground waste management system for isolating LLRW that inhibits the release of radioactive constituents into the environment.
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Solidification
• Metal or glass solid– Decreases amount of leaching from waste– Stable over long time – Vitrification
• Recycle– Use material for some thing else, such as using
activated metals for shielding material for other power plants or accelerators
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Transmutation
• Using neutrons, or some other nuclear reaction, to change the radionuclide in question into some thing else that can be better managed
• Change a long live radionuclide to a shorter • Change the nuclide into one that can be used
for something
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Alternatives
• Deep sea bed disposal- place waste in special containers and let gravity embed the containers well into the silt at the bottom of the deep ocean
• Space Disposal- place material in a pod and send it into space or into the sun
• Ice sheet Disposal- let the heat generated by the waste melt its way to the bottom of the Antarctic ice sheets, ice will refreeze over hole
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Questions