Radio Network Planning

and Optimisation

for UMTSSecond Edition

Edited by

Jaana Laiho and Achim WackerBoth of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland

Tomáš NovosadNokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA

Innodata0470031395.jpg

Radio Network Planning andOptimisation for UMTS

Radio Network Planning

and Optimisation

for UMTSSecond Edition

Edited by

Jaana Laiho and Achim WackerBoth of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland

Tomáš NovosadNokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA

Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Radio network planning and optimisation for UMTS / edited byJaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomás̆ Novosadp. cm.

ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01575-9 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-470-01575-6 (alk. paper)1. Global system for mobile communications. 2. Radio – Transmitters

and transmission. 3. Code division multiple access. I. Laiho, Jaana.II. Wacker, Achim. III. Novosad, Tomás̆. IV. Title: Radio networkplanning and optimization for UMTS.TK5103.483.R34 2005621.384 – dc22 2005018248

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-470-01575-9 (HB)ISBN-10 0-470-01575-6 (HB)

Project management by Originator, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk (typeset in 10/12pt Times).Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestryin which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

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Contents

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xvii

Abbreviations xix

1 Introduction 1

Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomás̆ Novosad, Peter Muszynski, Petri Jolma

and Roman Pichna

1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History 11.2 Evolution of Radio Network Planning 21.3 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS 51.4 Future Trends 9

1.4.1 Towards a Service-driven Network Management 101.4.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 111.4.3 Next-generation Mobile Communication 15References 16

2 Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 19

Tomáš Novosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipilä, Tero Kola and Achim Wacker

2.1 Mathematical Background of Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems 192.1.1 Multiple Access 192.1.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation 202.1.3 Tolerance of Narrowband Interference 21

2.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System 222.2.1 Modulation Example 232.2.2 Tolerance of Wideband Interference 242.2.3 Operation in Multi-path Environment 26

2.3 CDMA in Cellular Radio Networks 272.3.1 Universal Frequency Reuse 272.3.2 Soft Handover 272.3.3 Power Control 28

2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 282.4.1 High-level UMTS Architecture Model 282.4.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels 302.4.3 Transport Channels 372.4.4 Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels

(FDD) 452.4.5 High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 602.4.6 Timing and Synchronisation in UTRAN (FDD) 652.4.7 Spreading, Scrambling and Channelisation Concepts 69

2.5 WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators 752.5.1 Definitions 762.5.2 Classification according to Multi-path Channel Conditions

and Services 802.5.3 Link-level Simulation Principles 832.5.4 Physical-layer Measurements Supporting the Measurement

of Link-level Performance in a Live Network 89References 91

3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93

Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomáš Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and

Kimmo Terävä

3.1 Dimensioning 953.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 953.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 983.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 993.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 1003.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 1003.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 1023.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105

3.2 Detailed Planning 1093.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 1103.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 1243.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 1293.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 1373.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common

Channel Analysis 1393.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142

3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 1433.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144

3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 1493.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 1493.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151

3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 1543.5.1 Ideal Case 1543.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158

vi Contents

3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 1623.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 1633.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 1643.6.3 Dead Zones 1663.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 1663.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174

3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 1753.7.1 Rollout 1763.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177References 194

4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197

Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomáš Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson,

Tero Kola and Ted Buot

4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 1974.2 Power Control 198

4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 1984.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 2004.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 2014.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 2074.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 2094.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command

Errors 2104.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210

4.3 Handover Control 2114.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover 2124.3.2 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Hard Handover 2134.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover 2134.3.4 Inter-system Handover 2144.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 2144.3.6 Compressed Mode 2234.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224

4.4 Congestion Control 2334.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 2334.4.2 Admission Control 2354.4.3 Packet Scheduling 2374.4.4 Load Control 242

4.5 Resource Management 2444.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 2444.5.2 Code Management 245

4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 2504.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 2504.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 2524.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for

High-speed Downlink Packet Access 2534.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255

Contents vii

4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 2564.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on

Network Performance 2564.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 2674.7.3 Call Setup Delay 275References 277

5 WCDMA–GSM Co-planning Issues 279

Kari Heiska, Tomás̆ Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl

5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 2795.1.1 Thermal Noise 2795.1.2 Man-made Noise 2815.1.3 Interference Scenarios 2815.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 282

5.2 Noise Measurements 2855.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment 2855.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 2875.2.3 Measurement Results 2895.2.4 Conclusions 292

5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 2935.3.1 Co-planning Process 2945.3.2 Transmission Planning 3015.3.3 Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user 3025.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different

Technologies 3025.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent

Frequency Bands 3035.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 3055.4.2 Worst Case Analysis 3085.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 3105.4.4 Capacity Reduction 3235.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327References 329

6 Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 331

Chris Johnson, Achim Wacker, Juha Ylitalo and Jyri Hämäläinen

6.1 Introduction 3316.2 Techniques for Improving Coverage 332

6.2.1 Uplink and Downlink Coverage Limited Scenarios 3326.2.2 Link Budget Analysis 333

6.3 Techniques for Improving Capacity 3356.3.1 Uplink and Downlink Capacity Limited Scenarios 3356.3.2 Load Equation Analysis 3366.3.3 Identifying the Limiting Link 337

viii Contents

6.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power 3386.4.1 Impact of Uplink Cell Load 3396.4.2 Impact of Base Station Transmit Power 339

6.5 Additional Carriers and Scrambling Codes 3426.5.1 Impact of Additional Carriers 3426.5.2 Impact of Additional Scrambling Codes 344

6.6 Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 3466.6.1 Mathematical Background 3466.6.2 Impact of Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 3476.6.3 Practical Considerations 349

6.7 Remote RF Head Amplifiers 3496.7.1 Mathematical Background 3516.7.2 Impact of Remote RF Head Amplifiers 3516.7.3 Practical Considerations 352

6.8 Higher Order Receive Diversity 3526.8.1 Impact of Higher Order Receive Diversity 3536.8.2 Practical Considerations 354

6.9 Transmit Diversity 3556.9.1 Impact of Transmit Diversity 3576.9.2 Practical Considerations 359

6.10 Multiple Input Multiple Output in UTRA FDD 3606.10.1 Mathematical Background 3606.10.2 Impact of MIMO 3626.10.3 Practical Considerations 3626.10.4 Candidate MIMO Algorithms in 3GPP Standardisation 3646.10.5 MIMO in UTRA FDD Uplink 367

6.11 Beamforming 3676.11.1 Mathematical Background 3686.11.2 Impact of Beamforming 3696.11.3 Practical Considerations 3706.11.4 Impact of Fixed Beam Approach upon Radio Resource

Management Algorithms 3726.12 Rollout Optimised Configuration 373

6.12.1 Impact of Rollout Optimised Configuration 3746.12.2 Practical Considerations 376

6.13 Sectorisation 3766.13.1 Impact of Sectorisation 3776.13.2 Practical Considerations 379

6.14 Repeaters 3806.14.1 Impact of Repeaters 3826.14.2 Practical Considerations 383

6.15 Micro-cell Deployment 3836.15.1 Impact of Micro-cells 384

6.16 Capacity Upgrade Process 3876.17 Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 389

References 392

Contents ix

7 Radio Network Optimisation Process 395

Jaana Laiho, Markus Djupsund, Anneli Korteniemi, Jochen Grandell and

Mikko Toivonen

7.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation Requirements 3957.1.1 The Operations System’s Role in the Optimisation Process 398

7.2 Introduction to the Telecom Management Network Model 4107.3 Tools in Optimisation 414

7.3.1 Planning Tool Level Optimisation 4157.3.2 Configuration Management in a Network Management

System 4197.3.3 Performance Management in Network Elements and in the

Operations System 4227.3.4 Measurement Applications in Network Elements and in the

Network Management System 4377.3.5 Optimisation Using Operations System Tools 4467.3.6 Field Measurement Tool 447

7.4 Summary 452References 454

8 UMTS Quality of Service 455

Jaana Laiho, Vilho Räisänen and Nilmini Lokuge

8.1 Definition of Quality of Service 4558.2 End-user Service Classification 4568.3 Characteristics and Requirements of Services 457

8.3.1 Generic Issues 4588.3.2 Data Transfer 4588.3.3 Interactive Data Transfer 4598.3.4 Messaging 4608.3.5 Streaming 4608.3.6 Conferencing Media 461

8.4 3GPP Bearer Concept 4618.4.1 Architectural Entities 4628.4.2 Bearer Layers 4638.4.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Characterisation 4638.4.4 Comments about 3GPP Bearers 464

8.5 Overview of 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture 4658.5.1 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture 4658.5.2 Support for the IP Multimedia Sub-system 4678.5.3 External Bearer Service 469

8.6 Quality of Service Management in UMTS 4698.6.1 Introduction to Quality of Service Management

Challenges 4708.6.2 Radio Bearer Mapping of UMTS Traffic Classes 4738.6.3 Utilisation of Quality of Service in the UMTS Domain 474

8.7 Concluding Remarks 501References 502

x Contents

9 Advanced Analysis Methods and Radio Access Network Autotuning 505

Jaana Laiho, Pekko Vehviläinen, Albert Höglund, Mikko Kylväjä,

Kimmo Valkealahti and Ted Buot

9.1 Introduction 5059.2 Advanced Analysis Methods for Cellular Networks 506

9.2.1 Introduction to Data Mining 5069.2.2 Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining 5079.2.3 Classification Trees 5119.2.4 Anomaly (Outlier) Detection with Classification Tree 5139.2.5 Self-Organising Map 5139.2.6 Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map:

GSM Network 5159.2.7 Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map:

UMTS Network 5179.2.8 High Level Performance Analysis by Clustering Network

Performance Data: Case Study 5289.3 Automatic Optimisation 536

9.3.1 Examples of Automated Optimisation 5399.3.2 Network Scenario and Data Used in Algorithms with

Cost Function 5399.3.3 Measurements and Costs Used in Algorithms 5409.3.4 Autotuning in the Mobility Management Sub-system 5439.3.5 Autotuning in the Call Admission Control Sub-system 5529.3.6 Capacity Optimisation and Traffic Balancing 561

9.4 Summary 569References 569

10 Other 3G Radio Access Technologies 573

Jussi Reunanen, Simon Browne, Pauliina Erätuuli, Ann-Louise Johansson,

Martin Kristensson, Jaana Laiho, Mats Larsson, Tomáš Novosad and

Jussi Sipola

10.1 GSM Packet Data Services 57310.1.1 Introduction 57410.1.2 Modulation and Coding Schemes 57410.1.3 EDGE Radio Link Performance 57710.1.4 GPRS Radio Link Performance 58210.1.5 Coverage 58310.1.6 Capacity Planning 58610.1.7 Mobility Management 59410.1.8 Frequency Hopping Techniques 59810.1.9 Conclusion 60010.1.10 EDGE Performance Assessment 60010.1.11 Quality of Service and Service Optimisation for EGPRS 603

Contents xi

10.2 Time Division Duplex Mode of WCDMA (UTRA TDD) 60610.2.1 Some Time Division Duplex Specific Properties 60610.2.2 System Scenarios 60710.2.3 Synchronisation of Cells 61010.2.4 Single-operator Time Division Duplex Networks 61010.2.5 Synchronisation in Multi-operator Time Division

Duplex Networks 61110.2.6 Erlang Capacity for Time Division Duplex Networks:

A Simple Way of Estimating Capacity per Cell 61210.2.7 Co-existing Time Division Duplex and Frequency

Division Duplex Networks 61210.2.8 Co-located and Close Proximity Local Area Base

Station System (BSS) 61410.2.9 Radio Performance 61410.2.10 Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex

Processing Gains 61510.2.11 Time Division Duplex Link Budget Examples 61510.2.12 Some Other Important Parameters and their Effect on the

Radio Link Budget 61810.2.13 Summary 618References 619

Index 621

xii Contents

Preface

Second-generation (2G) mobile communication systems have enabled voice traffic to gowireless. More important, however, have been the accompanying standardisation,compatibility and international transparency that were simply not available to tele-communications equipment of the previous analogue generation. These features havehelped 2G systems to spread rapidly around the world, with very high cellular phonepenetration rates in many countries. Cellular networks have enabled certain types ofcommunication to take place on a massive scale that previously were not possible orwere at least severely limited. In the field of network building and expansion the mainadvances have been in planning the radio and transmission part of the network and inoptimising the processes and activities necessary to run existing operational networks.

The third-generation (3G) system known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunica-tions System (UMTS) introduces very variable data rates on the air interface, as well asthe independence of the radio access infrastructure and the service platform. For usersthis makes available a wide spectrum of circuit-switched or packet data services throughthe newly developed high bit rate radio technology named Wideband Code DivisionMultiple Access (WCDMA). The variable bit rate and variety of traffic on the airinterface have presented completely new possibilities for both operators and users,but also new challenges to network planning and optimisation.

This book gives detailed descriptions of the radio network planning and optimisationof UMTS networks based on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) WCDMA technologyup to Release 5 of the 3GPP standardisation work – i.e., one main enhancement of thissecond edition is the inclusion of High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Onechapter is dedicated to the General Packet Radio System (GPRS) and Time DivisionDuplex (TDD) access mode of WCDMA. The optimisation and Quality of Service(QoS) aspects have, however, a wider scope, than in (W)CDMA radio technology only.

Chapter 1 introduces the history of cellular telecommunication and the changes inplanning and operation of such networks. The challenges of network planning,optimisation and operation the operators and the wireless industry are facing on theway to 3G systems are introduced together with an outlook on future developments inthe area towards fourth-generation (4G) systems.

Chapter 2 is in three sections. The first introduces the general background of SpreadSpectrum Systems. This is followed by a section related to the Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), giving a panoramic view of the UMTS architecture,interfaces and functions that impact directly upon radio network planning. HSDPAphysical layer properties are added as a new content in 3GPP Release 5. The third

section discusses WCDMA-specific link performance indicators relevant for radionetwork dimensioning and planning.

Chapter 3 treats WCDMA radio network planning as a wider process that includesnetwork dimensioning with a special section for HSDPA, detailed planning, re-quirements for planning tools, algorithms used for calculations in WCDMA andoptimisation of the radio network plan. The relationship between network dimension-ing, detailed network planning and dynamic network simulation is also discussed. Thechapter closes with a discussion on cell deployment strategies with respect to thenumber of frequencies and the network structure. This topic is presented as a casestudy.

Chapter 4 covers Radio Resource Management (RRM) from the point of view ofradio resource utilisation, including power control, handover control, congestioncontrol (admission control, load control and packet scheduling), resourcemanagement and certain impacts of those functions upon network performance.A separate new section is devoted to RRM for HSPDA.

In Chapter 5, first the background noise measurement along with measured resultsare introduced. This part is followed by co-planning issues involving WCDMA and theGlobal System for Mobile communication (GSM), eventually other technologies. Thethird part of the chapter describes the effects of intersystem interference, together withdynamic mobile station receiver properties on network performance. The application ofthese methods and results is not, however, limited to the GSM–WCDMA scenario.

Chapter 6 treats various coverage and capacity enhancement techniques (beam-forming, higher order receive diversity, transmit diversity, MIMO technology, masthead amplifiers, repeaters, rollout optimised configuration, sectorisation, etc.). Thechapter is based on an extensive set of case studies and contains practical examplesand conclusions.

Chapter 7 introduces the concept of statistical optimisation and discusses 3GPPRelease 5 contributions in the management area including configuration and per-formance management issues. Furthermore, the TeleManagement Forum enhancedTelecom Operations Map (TMF eTOM) model is briefly introduced. A 3GPPmanagement model for the multi-vendor environment is addressed. The managementsystem’s role in optimisation is presented and examples of management level productsand their capabilities are provided.

Chapter 8 focuses on UMTS QoS mechanisms according to 3GPP Release 5 andexamples of practical realisations of the QoS capabilities in network elements areintroduced. Furthermore, QoS as a differentiation enabler for operators is demon-strated and differentiation possibilities with the QoS concept are presented. Theoptimisation loop expansion from the network layer to the service layer is described.

Chapter 9 is devoted to advanced analysis methods and automated optimisation.Several new analysis methods for network performance analysis are introduced.In the area of automated optimisation examples of optimisation logic are providedfor the mobility management area, admission decision optimisation and capacityoptimisation in UMTS networks.

Finally, Chapter 10 deals with two technologies that are different from the FDDmode of WCDMA. The first is the GPRS branch in GSM technology. This has broughtvariable rate packet data traffic into the air interface of originally circuit switched and

xiv Preface

single data rate service-oriented technology. The second, the Time Division Duplex(TDD) mode of WCDMA, represents an interesting technology for high data rateindoor users. Therefore, the radio performance properties of TDD mode areintroduced.

On the CD accompanying the first edition of this book we included a static radionetwork simulator implemented in Matlab1 together with detailed descriptions of thealgorithms used. Most of the simulated scenarios are added, but not all the valuespresented can be reproduced exactly, since simulations have been done partly byusing earlier versions of the tool, which used slightly different strategies. The tool isdelivered in its current version and state, and the authors do not give any warrantyconcerning the correctness of the code. In addition, some coloured figures – in PDFformat – are included. The simulator, its description and the figures can now be foundat www.wiley.com/go/laiho.

The book is targeted at wireless operators, network and terminal manufacturers,university students, frequency regulation bodies and all those interested in radionetwork planning and optimisation, especially network systems RF engineeringprofessionals. This book represents the views and opinions of the authors, which arenot necessarily those of their employers.

Preface xv

Acknowledgements

The editors would like to acknowledge the effort and time invested by colleagues, bothfrom Nokia and outside, who have contributed to this book. Apart from the editors,the contributors were Pauli Aikio, Simon Browne, Ted Buot, Markus Djupsund,Pauliina Erätuuli, Josef Fuhl, Jochen Grandell, Kari Heiska, Jyri Hämäläinen,Albert Höglund, Ann-Louise Johansson, Chris Johnson, Petri Jolma, Tero Kola,Anneli Korteniemi, Martin Kristensson, Mikko Kylväjä, Mats Larsson, NilminiLokuge, Peter Muszynski, Roman Pichna, Terhi Rautiainen, Jussi Reunanen, VilhoRäisänen, Kari Sipilä, Jussi Sipola, David Soldani, Kimmo Terävä, Mikko Toivonen,Kimmo Valkealahti, Pekko Vehviläinen and Juha Ylitalo.

The editors would like to thank Tero Ojanperä and Peter Muszynski for initial reviewof the first edition. During the development of the second edition many of ourcolleagues from various Nokia sites offered support and help in suggesting improve-ments, finding errors or providing figures or editorial advice. The editors would like toexpress their gratitude especially to Kati Ahvonen, Erkka Ala-Tauriala, Renaud Cuny,Outi Hiironniemi, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Salla Huttunen, Christian Joergensen, JanneKeränen, Mika Kiikkilä, Outi Keski-Oja, Pekka Kohonen, Thomas Lammert, JaniLakkakorpi, Joni Lehtinen, Klaus Rasmussen, Mikko Rinne, Juha Räsänen, AnnaSillanpää, Kristian Skinne, Antti Toskala and Werner Trapp.

The publishing team at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd led by Mark Hammond, has done anoutstanding job in the production of this book. We are especially grateful to SarahHinton for her patience, guidance and assistance.

We would like to express special thanks to our employer, Nokia Networks, forgeneral permission, support and encouragement, and for providing some of theillustrations.

We also wish to acknowledge the effort of our colleagues from the Optimizer andNetwork System Research teams as well as from planning services, for their practicalwork in 3G planning studies conducted in a number of cities and environments aroundthe world and for their valuable input from the field.

Last, but not least, we would like to say a big thank-you to our families and friends,as well as those of all the authors and reviewers, for their patience and supportthroughout this project.

The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvement orchanges that could be implemented in possible future editions.

Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker and Tomáš NovosadEspoo, Finland and Dallas, Texas

Abbreviations

16QAM 16 State Quadrature Amplitude Modulation2G 2nd Generation2.5G 2.5th Generation3G 3rd Generation3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 24G 4th Generation8-PSK 8 Phase Shift KeyingAAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2Abis GSM Interface BTS–BSCAC Admission ControlACI Adjacent Channel InterferenceACIR Adjacent Channel Interference power RatioACK ACKnowledgementACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power RatioACP Adjacent Channel ProtectionACS Adjacent Channel SelectivityAGCH Access Grant CHannelAI Acquisition IndicatorAICH Acquisition Indicator CHannelALCAP Access Link Control Application PartAM Acknowledged ModeAMC Adaptive Modulation and CodingAMPS Advance Mobile Phone ServiceAMR Adaptive Multi RateAP Access Point; Access PreambleAP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator CHannelAPI Application Programming InterfaceAPN Access Point NameAPP APPlication specific functionsARP Allocation Retention PriorityARQ Automatic Repeat reQuestAS Access Slot; Access StratumASC Access Service ClassAST Active Session Throughput

ASU Active Set UpdateATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeAVI Actual Value InterfaceAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseAXC ATM Cross ConnectB(T)S Base (Transceiver) StationBA BCCH AllocationBB BaseBandBCC Base station Colour CodeBCCH Broadcast Control CHannelBCH Broadcast CHannelBCS Binary Coded SignallingBEP Bit Error ProbabilityBER Bit Error RateBFN Node B Frame NumberBLER BLock Error RateBM Business ManagementBMC Broadcast/Multicast ControlBMU Best Matching UnitBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBSC Base Station ControllerBSIC Base Station Identity CodeBSS Base Station SubsystemBSSMAP Base Station System Management Application PartBTFD Blind Transport Format DetectionBYE Session terminationC/I Carrier-to-Interference ratioC_ID Cell IDentificationC450 Analogue second-generation system in GermanyCAPEX CAPital EXpenditureCART Classification And Regression TreeCB Cell BroadcastCBR Call Block RatioCC Call Control; Convolutional Coding; Cumulative CounterCCCH Common Control CHannelCCH Control CHannelCCPCH Common Control Physical CHannelCCTrCH Coded Composite Transport CHannelCD Collision DetectionCD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator CHannelCD-DSMA Collision Detection-Digital Sense Multiple AccessCDF Cumulative Distribution/Density FunctionCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFN Connection Frame NumberCGI Cell Global IdentificationCI Cell Identity

xx Abbreviations

CIO Cell Individual OffsetCM Compressed Mode; Configuration ManagementCMIP Common Management Information ProtocolCN Core NetworkCNAME Canonical NAMECORBA Common Object Request Broker ArchitectureCOST European COoperation in the field of Scientific and Technical

researchC-plane Control planeCPCH Common Packet CHannelCPICH Common PIlot CHannelCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRMS Common Resource Management ServerCRNC Controlling RNCCRRR Capacity Request Rejection RatioCRS Cell Resource ServerCS Coding Scheme; Circuit SwitchedCSI Channel State InformationCSICH CPCH Status Indicator CHannelCSSR Call Setup Success RatioCSW Circuit SWitched (GPRS terminology)CTCH Common Traffic CHannelCWND Congestion WiNDowD-AMPS Digital AMPSDCA Dynamic Channel AllocationDCCH Dedicated Control CHannelDCH Dedicated CHannelDCN Data Communication NetworkDCR Drop Call RatioDCS1800 Digital Cellular System (GSM) at 1800MHz bandDER Discrete Event RegistrationDGPS Differential GPSDHCP Dynamic Host Client ProtocolDHO Diversity HandOverDiffServ Differentiated ServicesDL DownLinkDN Distinguished NameDNS Domain Name ServerDoA Direction of ArrivalDOFF Default OFFsetDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannelDPCH Dedicated Physical CHannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannelDQPSK Differential QPSKDRNC Drifting RNC

Abbreviations xxi

DRX Discontinuous ReceptionDS Direct SequenceDSCH Downlink Shared CHannelDSCP DiffServ Code PointDSL Digital Subscriber LineDSMA-CD Digital Sense Multiple Access–Collision DetectionDSTTD-SGRC Double STTD with Sub-Group Rate ControlDTCH Dedicated Traffic CHannelDTX Discontinuous TransmissionD-TxAA Double Transmit Antenna ArrayDVB Digital Video BroadcastingE1 Standard 2Mbps transmission lineE3G Enhanced 3GEDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM EvolutionEFR Enhanced Full RateEGPRS Enhanced GPRSEIA Electronic Industry AllianceEIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated PowerEM Element ManagerERC European Radiocommunications CommitteeES Enterprise SystemseTOM Enhanced TOMETSI European Telecommunications Standards InstituteFACH Forward Access CHannelFAUSCH FAst Uplink Signalling CHannelFBI FeedBack InformationFCC Federal Communications CommissionFCS Frame Check SequenceFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessFEC Forward Error Correction; Forwarding Equivalence ClassFER Frame Erasure RateFH Frequency HoppingFIFO First In First OutFM Fault ManagementFN Frame NumberFP Frame ProtocolFTP File Transfer ProtocolFW FirmwareG Geometry factorGAUGE (Dynamic variable), used when data being measured can vary up

or down during the period of measurementGB Guaranteed Bit rateGbps Giga bits per secondsGERAN GSM EDGE RANGGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

xxii Abbreviations

GIS Geographical Information SystemGMM GPRS MMGMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingGP Guard PeriodGPIB General Purpose Interface BusGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGRX GPRS Roaming ExchangeGSM Global System for Mobile communicationGSM1900 GSM at 1900MHz bandGTP GPRS Tunnel ProtocolGUI Graphical User InterfaceGW GateWayH-ARQ Hybrid ARQHC Handover ControlHCS Hierarchical Cell StructureHD Harmonic DistortionHDTV High Definition TeleVisionHHO Hard HOHLR Home Location RegisterHLS Higher Layer SchedulingHO HandOverHSCSD High-speed Circuit Switched DataHSDPA High-speed Downlink Packet AccessHS-DPCCH High-speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (UL)HS-DSCH High-speed DSCHHS-PDSCH High-speed Physical DSCHHS-SCCH High-speed Shared Control CHannel (DL)HSUPA High-speed Uplink Packet AccessHTML Hyper Text Markup LanguageHTTP Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolHW HardWareID IDentifierIE Information ElementIEE The Institution of Electrical EngineersIEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIF-HO Inter-Frequency HOIIP Input Intercept PointIM Information ManagementIMAP Internet Message Access ProtocolIMD Inter-Modulation DistortionIMEI International Mobile station Equipment IdentityIMS IP Multimedia Sub-systemIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIMT International Mobile Telecommunications

Abbreviations xxiii

IntServ Integrated ServicesIOC Information Object ClassIP Internet ProtocolIPv4 IP version 4IPv6 IP version 6IR Incremental RedundancyIRP Interface Reference PointIS Interim Standard (US)IS-136 North American TDMAIS-54 North American TDMA Digital CellularIS-95 North American Version of the CDMA StandardISCP Interference Signal Code PowerISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkIS-HO Inter-system HOISM Industrial, Science, Medical (free RF band, at 2.4GHz)ISO International Organisation for StandardisationISP Internet Service ProviderIT Information TechnologyItf-N Interface-NITU-T International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication

Standardisation SectorIu Interconnection point between an RNC and a core networkIub Interface between an RNC and a Node BIur Logical interface between two RNCsJTACS Japan TACSkbps Kilo bits per secondKDD Knowledge Discovery in DatabaseKPI Key Performance IndicatorKQI Key Quality Indicatorksps Kilo symbols per secondL1 OSI Layer 1: Physical LayerL2 OSI Layer 2: Radio Data Link LayerL3 OSI Layer 3: Radio Network LayerLA Link Adaptation; Location AreaLAC Location Area CodeLAN Local Area NetworkLC Load ControlLCS LoCation-based ServicesLDAP Lightweight Directory Access ProtocolLF Load FactorLLC Logical Link ControlLLOS Link LOSsLNA Low-Noise AmplifierLoCH Logical CHannelLOS Line Of SightLSA Localised Service Area

xxiv Abbreviations

MAB Minimum Allowed BitrateMAC Medium Access ControlMbps Mega bits per secondMCC Mobile Country CodeMCL Minimum Coupling LossMcps Mega chips per secondMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMDC Macro Diversity CombiningME Managed ElementMEHO Mobile-Evaluated HOMHA Mast Head AmplifierMIB Management Information BaseMIM Management Information ModelMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMISO Multiple Input Single OutputMM Mobility ManagementMMS Multimedia Message ServiceMMUSIC Multiparty MUltimedia SessIon ControlMNC Mobile Network CodeMOC Managed Object ClassMOI Managed Object InstanceMPLS Multi-Protocol Label SwitchingMRC Maximal Ratio CombiningMS Mobile StationMSC Mobile Switching CentreMT Mobile TerminalMTU Maximum Transfer UnitMVNO Mobile Virtual Network OperatorN/A Not Available; Not ApplicableN_PDU Network Level PDUNACK Negative ACKNAS Non-Access StratumNB NarrowBandNBAP Node B Application PartNCC Network Colour CodeNCx Network Control (NC0, NC1, NC2)NE Network ElementNEHO Network Evaluated HONF Noise FigureNGB Non-GBNLOS Non-LOSNM Network Management; Network ManagerNMS Network Management SystemNMT Nordic Mobile TelephoneNode B WCDMA BSNP Network Performance; Non-Prioritised

Abbreviations xxv

NR Noise Rise; Network ResourceNRM Network Resource ModelNRT Non-Real TimeNSS Networking Sub-SystemNW NetWorkOCNS Other Cell Noise SourceOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOH Okumura–HataOMC Operations and Maintenance CentreOMG Object Management GroupOPEX OPerating EXpenditureOS Operations SystemOSF Operations System FunctionsOSI Open Systems InterconnectionOSS Operations Support SystemOVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorPACCH Packet Associate Control CHannelPAGCH Packet Access Grant CHannelPARC Per-Antenna Rate ControlPBCCH Packet Broadcast Control CHannelPC Power ControlPCCCH Packet Common Control CHannelPCCH Paging Control CHannelP-CCPCH Primary CCPCHPCH Paging CHannelPCMCIA PC Modular Computer Interface Adapter cardPCPCH Physical CPCHP-CPICH Primary CPICHPCS Personal Communications SystemsP-CSCF Proxy Call State Control FunctionPCU Packet Control UnitPDC Pacific Digital CellularPDCH Packet Data ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDF Policy Decision Function; Probability Density FunctionPDP Packet Data ProtocolPDSCH Physical DSCHPDTCH Packet Data Traffic CHannelPDU Protocol Data UnitPG Processing GainPHB Per-Hop BehaviourPHY PHYsical layerPI Paging Indicator; Performance IndicatorPICH Paging Indicator CHannelPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPM Performance Management

xxvi Abbreviations

PN PseudoNoisePO Power OffsetPoC Push (to talk) over CellularPPCH Packet Paging CHannelPPP Point-to-Point ProtocolPQ Packet QueuingPRACH Physical RACHPS Packet Switched; Packet SchedulerPSC Primary Synchronisation CodeP-SCH Primary Synchronisation CHannelPSK Phase Shift KeyingPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTT Push To TalkPU Payload UnitsPU2RC Per-User Unitary Rate ControlQM Quality Manager; Quality ManagementQoE Quality of end-user ExperienceQoS Quality of ServiceQPSK Quadrature/Quaternary Phase Shift KeyingR Refresh timerRA Routing AreaRAB Radio Access BearerRAC Routing Area CodeRACH Random Access CHannelRAI Routing Area IdentifierRAKE special receiver type used in CDMARAM Radio Access ModeRAN Radio Access NetworkRANAP Radio Access Network Application PartRAT Radio Access TechniqueRAU Routing Area UpdateRB Radio BearerRC-MPD Rate Control Multi-Path DiversityRDN Relative Distinguished NameRF Radio FrequencyRFC (IETF) Request For CommentsRFN RNC Frame NumberRL Radio LinkRLC Radio Link ControlRLCP Radio Link Control ProtocolRM Resource ManagerRMSS Receiver Maximum Segment SizeRN Radio NetworkRNAS RAN Access ServerRNC Radio Network ControllerRNP Radio Network Planning

Abbreviations xxvii

RNS Radio Network SubsystemRNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application PartRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentityROC Rollout Optimised ConfigurationRR Radio Resource; Receiver Report; Resource RequestRRC Radio Resource Control; Route Raised CosineRRI Radio Resource IndicatorRRM Radio Resource ManagementRRP Radio Resource PriorityRRU Radio Resource UtilisationRSCP Received Signal Code PowerRSSI Received Signal Strength IndicatorRSVP Resource ReSerVation ProtocolRT Real-TimeRTCP Real-Time Control ProtocolRTO Roundtrip Time OutRTP Real-time Transport ProtocolRTT Round-Trip TimeRTTVAR Round-Trip Time VARiationRTVS Real Time Video StreamingRU Resource UnitRWND Receiver WiNDowRx ReceiveRxD Receive DiversitySA Spectrum Analyser; Service AreaSACK Selective ACKSAI Service Area IdentifierSAP Service Access PointSBLP Service-Based Local PolicyS-CCPCH Secondary CCPCHSCH Synchronisation CHannelS-CPICH Secondary CPICHSCTP Stream Control Transmission ProtocolSDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control CHannelSDES Sender DEScription itemsSDH Synchronous Digital HierarchySDP Session Description ProtocolSDU Service Data UnitSF Spreading FactorSFN System Frame NumberSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeSHO Soft HOSI Status InspectionSIGTRAN SIGnalling TRANsportSIM Subscriber Identity ModuleSIMO Single Input Multiple Output

xxviii Abbreviations