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1.0 Background:Level crossings are the most vulnerable

location on any Railway system as road and raillevels are at the same level. On Indian Railwaysthere are approximately 32000 level crossinggates, out of which more than 13500 areunmanned level crossing gates. The accidentsat level crossing gates contribute for approx. 40%of total accidents on Indian Railways. The fatalitiesand injuries due to accidents at level crossing gateare very high (i.e approx. 60% of total deaths dueto accidents on Indian Railways).

The accidents at unmanned level crossinggates are much severe in terms of human losssince these accidents occurs mostly on accountof lack of understanding/misjudgment (errors)and/or deliberate violations by road users, whilecrossing the level crossing in the face ofapproaching trains. In a research study from UKmarket, it has been observed that since levelcrossing accidents rates encountered byindividuals are very low, so people miscalculatethe severity of risk. Therefore, Railwayadministration shall adopt three-dimensionalapproach (as depicted in figure-1 below) involvingEducating road-users about fatal risk,Enforcement of Law and adopting innovativeEngineering solutions to warn road-users aboutapproaching train.

Figure - 1: Three Dimensional Approach forReduction of Level Crossing Accidents

According to one UIC study, almost 98% ofall accidents at level crossing in Europe arecaused by the misuse of road users andpedestrians mainly living or working near levelcrossings. It is therefore, educating people aboutseverity of risk involved while crossing the Level

Radio Frequency based Advance Warning System (Radio Based)to Pre-Warn Road User about Approaching Trains at Unmanned

Level Crossing GateShri Rajesh Kumar Pandey, Director/Telecom/RDSO

Crossings shall be most important factors toreduce the accidents at unmanned levelcrossings.

The prevailing laws [Section 161 of Railwayact and Section 131 of the Motor Vehicle Act) shallbe enforced to initiate penal action against thosewho endanger themselves & others on the IndianRailways. Intensive drive in association with StateLaw enforcing agencies will be very helpfulreduction in fatalities & accidents at levelcrossings.

The third dimension of this three-dimensionalapproach focuses on adoption of innovativeengineering & technological solutions to pre-warnroad user about approaching train at unmannedlevel crossing. Such systems are only useful forlaw abiding alert road-users.

RDSO has taken some initiatives to developTrain Actuated Warning System (TAWS) to pre-warn road users about approaching train in pasttwo decades. Different technologies for detectionof trains like Seismic Transducers, Open TrackCircuit and Axle Counters have been tried. Theoutcome of these trials have not been foundvery useful on account of following :

• Vandalism/ outside interference/ frequent theftat Unmanned Locations.

• Poor/ no Availability of reliable power supplyat level crossing gates for various electronicsystems and audio-visual device.

• Maintenance of system in mid-sections result-ing into high downtime.

2.0 Details of Radio Frequency basedAdvance Warning System to Pre-Warn Roadusers about Approaching Train:

In this background, Ministry of Railways hasadvised RDSO in October, 2014 to takeappropriate action in mission mode to develop asuitable and viable vandal-proof advancedwarning system to pre-warn road users againstapproaching trains at Unmanned LevelCrossings. In December, 2014 Railway Board hasdirected RDSO to develop suitable device forproviding audio-visual Warning to road- users atunmanned Level Crossings (LC) before the arrival

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of a train at the LC.

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for thisproject was signed between IIT/Kanpur andRDSO in March 2015. This project has been alsomentioned in MR’s Budget Speech 2015-16.

RDSO along with IIT Kanpur has undertakenthis R&D project for development of suitable &vandal-proof design of Radio Frequency basedAdvance Warning System to Pre-Warn Roadusers about Approaching Trains at UnmannedLevel Crossing (LC) Gate” at a total cost of Rs.46.37 Lakhs and completion period of ninemonths. The Functional RequirementSpecification (FRS) & Conceptual design havebeen finalized and Prototype System for Field Trialhas been fabricated by IIT/Kanpur.

2.1 Salient Features of System:2.1.1 Conceptual design evolved by IIT/Kanpur envisages use of followingtechnologies:(i) Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver for

collecting location information of Locomotive.(ii) RFID technology (In addition to GPS informa-

tion) for collecting location information of Lo-comotive.

(iii) Transmission & reception of information socollected in license free band (865 MHz) ofRadio Frequency (RF).

(iv) Low wattage LED Signals (less than 4 watts)& Audio (less than 4 watts) Warning to mini-mize power consumption at Level CrossingGate. Total power consumption of the systemis less than 20 watts.

2.1.2 The prototype developed has followingsalient feature specially incorporated forpilferage prevention & reduction of down timein case of vandalism:(i) Alerts through GSM network at registered

mobile numbers in case of pilferage at LC gate.(ii) Provides information at nominated mobile

numbers about status of satisfactory workingof the system ( i.e Voltage of power supply, RFtransmission status etc.).

(iii) No requirement of Power Supply at remoteEnd from LC Gate. RFID tags being PassiveDevice.

(iv) RFID tags placed on track does not have anymarket value. (Stick / mounted on track in sucha manner that once removed from track).

(v) Least Possible Requirement of Cable. Mini-mum Requirement of cable and hardware less

venerable to vandalism.(vi) Following Anti Tamper features has been in-

corporated in the prototype:• Use of Tamper/ Vandalism Sensing Devices,

Robust Hardware and Specially DesignedPole, Special Type nuts & bolts.

• All Batteries/Solar Panels are tightened bymetal rope also. All these metal ropes areconnected to device. If any wire gets cut,SMS will go to controlling station & atnominated mobile numbers.

• An Audio alarming message will actuatedlocally about theft for 10 Seconds. It may berepeated if needed.

2.2 Brief Details of System Developed:IIT/Kanpur has already developed the

prototype model for field trials being undertakenin Lucknow Division of Northern Railway. Thesystem details are as under:

2.2.1 The prototype of the system consists of[a] Locomotive Equipment with GPS, RF trans-

receiver (Installed on the roof of locomotive) &RFID Reader (mounted at under-frame of lo-comotive)

[b] Level Crossing Unit with RF trans-receiver,Solar Power Supply, data-logging & healthmonitoring, RFID tags.

2.2.2 The locomotive Equipment consists of(i) Main Unit [SBC (Single Board Computer), GPS

receiver, RF (Radio Frequency) Trans-receiver,RFID Reader, SMPS Power Supply, 12 voltBattery] and

(ii) Auxiliary Unit [GPS receiver, RF (Radio Fre-quency) Trans-receiver, SMPS Power Supply].

2.2.3 The GPS Module collects location infor-mation of Locomotive and RFID reader of Loco-motive Equipment reads the information of RF-ID Tags (Passive Device) installed on the Track.Location information so received is broadcastedthrough Radio Frequency (865 Mhz) Trans-re-ceiver from Locomotive. Dual GPS Receiver &Dual RF Trans- receivers to improve availability.Main unit & Aux Unit work independently andtakes 110 V DC Power Supply from Locomotive.2.2.4 RF Messages (RFID tags information aswell as GPS information] are continuously broad-casted by Locomotive Equipment (which containsinformation like its Location Co-ordinates, Time& Speed) which is received by LC Gate Equip-ment. The RF Messages are decoded by LC gateunit for generating Audio-Visual Warning for RoadUsers. This System provides advanced warning

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to road-users to pre-warn about approachingtrains from a distance of approximately 1.5 Kms.Locomotive equipment also provides informationto loco pilot about approaching LC-gate in theform of a buzzer sound through GIS mapping ofthe LC Gates. The schematic Diagram of the sys-tem is given below:

2.2.5 LC Gate Equipment has Solar Power withBattery back-up as primary source of PowerSupply. LC gate equipment & LocomotiveEquipment have a self-diagnostic feature tomonitor its health and same is communicated toremote location over GSM platform. Any act oftampering (i.e disconnection) of LC gateequipment/parts i.e. battery, solar panel, hooter,signal unit etc. and the control unit of LC gateequipment generates a SMS alert which is beingsent at three designates mobile number overGSM platform.2.2.6 The prototype system developed inthis project provides following audio-visualwarning to road user:(i) Normal aspect of Road Signal will be Flashing

Yellow (Flashing reduces power consumptionby approx. 50%). and Hooter will be OFF whenthere are no approaching trains running withinaerial distance of 1500 m (Approx.) & +50 mrange from the Level Crossing Gate equipment.

(ii) Audio and Visual (Flashing Red & Hooter

sound) both warning will start as soon as Trainwith Locomotive Equipment enters within 1500m (approx.) Ariel distance of LC Gate and ap-proaching towards it.

(iii) Audio and Visual (both) warning will stop onlyafter locomotive of the train has cleared theLevel Crossing by minimum 50 Meter.

(iv) In the event of two trains are simultaneouslyapproaching level crossing, alarm shall not getswitched off till locomotive of later of the twotrains has cleared the level crossing by speci-fied distance ( i.e 50 Meter for trail purpose).

(v) The Audio Alarm should get switched off after15 seconds and LC gate equipment shall en-ter in Standby Mode in case locomotive hasstopped between Level Crossing Gate & within1500 m (approx.) Ariel distance of LC Gate.The Audio Warning shall again start once Lo-comotive approaches towards LC gate

3.0 Present Status of Project:

3.1 The LC Gate Equipment has beeninstalled at Level Crossing (LC) Gate number 29C(manned) falling between Sonik & Unnao Stationin Lucknow-Kanpur Section of Northern Railway.The RFID Tags have been installed on thesleepers at 1500 Meters, 800 meters and 50meters away from LC gate on both sides of Up &Down tracks as per clearance received from TrackDirectorate of RDSO.

3.2 One Electric Locomotive (WAP-4, number22535, maintained by Kanpur Electric Loco Shed)running with Varuna Express (24227/24228) inLucknow-Kanpur section has been equipped withLocomotive Equipment along-with RFID readerantennae (at bottom of Locomotive) and GPS &Radio Frequency Antennae (on the roof ofLocomotive) as per clearance received fromElectric Loco Directorate of RDSO.

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Actual photograph of the LC gate installationis as under:

3.3 Field trial on latest version of system(which has evolved after several iterations ofsoftware & hardware modifications) has startedsince 31st October 2015. The performance of theLevel Crossing Warning system provided at LevelCrossing gate 29-C (manned) has been foundsatisfactory for last two days. In this systeminformation about approaching LC-gate is alsobeing provided to Loco pilot.

3.4 All the Locomotives/ MEMUs running inthe section shall be equipped with locomotiveequipment along-with RFID reader antennae (atbottom of Locomotive) and GPS & RadioFrequency Antennae (on the roof of Locomotive)

to provide audio-visual warning to Road userson any particular level crossing gate. Presently,since only one locomotive [WAP-4, number22535, maintained by Kanpur Electric Loco Shedrunning with Varuna Express (24227/24228)] hasbeen equipped with locomotive equipment, audio-visual warning is activated at Level Crossing (LC)Gate number 29C (manned) falling betweenSonik & Unnao Station in Lucknow-KanpurSection of Northern Railway, as and when thislocomotive approaches this level crossing gate.For all other trains there is no audio-visual warningto road users.

4.0 Conclusion:The outcome of this proof of concept trials

jointly undertaken by RDSO and IIT/Kanpur hasbeen found very encouraging. However, to deriveactual benefit all the locomotives running in thesection shall be provided with such system. Theissues pertaining to Operation & Maintenance ofsuch systems needs to be deliberated beforeimplementation/ adoption. The development andadoption of such solutions are only a small stepin direction of Indian Railway’s effort for reductionof level crossing accidents.

There is need to give more emphasis onenforcement & education aspects for witnessingbetter results in terms of reduction of reductionof level crossing accidents. Educating peopleabout severity of risk involved while crossing theLevel Crossings shall be most important strategyto reduce the accidents at unmanned levelcrossings. In this process Schools & Colleges,Print & Social media, Films, Civil societies, NGO,Gram-Panchayats, Law-enforcing agencies shallbe involved for educating people about high levelof risk involved at level crossing.