Radicalism and TerrorismGlobal Issues

Maria Angelia Panjaitan

MindmapRadicalism and Terrorism

Controversy and Definition

What is Radicalism and examples

Controversy in defining Terrorism

Types of Terrorism

“WAR ON TERROR”

What is it??

Critics and Rejections

Effort to counter terrorism and its Approaches

Radicalism Vs Terrorism• Europe Commission is a

process by which an individual or group comes to adopt increasingly extreme political, social, or religious ideals and aspirations that reject or undermine the status quo .

• Radicalism perceive as the beginning of Terrorism Radicalism with Violent

• Radicalism which brought positive changes, like the women’s liberation movement of the 1960′s and 1970′s and Tea Party

• The difficulty in defining “terrorism” is in agreeing on a basis for determining when the use of violence (directed at whom, by whom, for what ends) is legitimate; therefore, the modern definition of terrorism is inherently controversial.

• Any definition of terrorism must include its three main characteristics which is : 1/ its political nature, 2/the targeting of civilians and 3/ the creation of a climate of extreme fear

Definition of Terrorism The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism

Any act or threat of violence, whatever its motives or purposes, that occurs in the advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to sow panic among people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives, liberty or security in danger, or seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public or private installations or property or to occupying or seizing them, or seeking to jeopardize national resources.

Types of Terrorism• Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. For example the bombing of JW Marriot • International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the origin countries. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism

The term Terrorism1. State Terrorism

refers to acts of terrorism conducted by a state against a foreign state or people or its own people.

Many definitions of terrorism restrict it to acts by non-state actors. But it can also be argued that states can, and have, been terrorists. States can use force or the threat of force, without declaring war, to terrorize citizens and achieve a political goal. Germany under Nazi rule has been described in this way.

2. Bioterrorismrefers to the intentional release

of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians, in the name of a political or other causes.

The U.S. Center for Disease Control has classified the viruses, bacteria and toxins that could be used in an attack. Category A Biological Diseases are those most likely to do the most damage.

3. Cyber-terrorism

 is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses. More often, cyber-terrorism refers to an attack on information technology itself in a way that would radically disrupt networked services.

For example, cyber-terrorists could disable networked emergency systems or hack into networks housing critical financial information. There is wide disagreement over the extent of the existing threat by cyber-terrorists.

4. Eco-terrorism Usually refers to acts

of violence committed in support of ecological or  environmental causes, against persons or their property

 In general, environmental extremists sabotage property to inflict economic damage on industries or actors they see as harming animals or the natural environment. These have included fur companies, logging companies and animal research laboratories, for example.

Approaches encountering Terrorism1. Instrumental Approach (the most

developed approaches to the subject in the discipline of political science).

- act of terrorism is a deliberate choice by a political actor

- terrorist organization acts to achieve political ends.

- violence is assumed to be intentional for a terrorist organization.

- Instrumental theorists suggested that the success is defined in terms of accomplishing the political ends for a given terrorist organization

2. Organizational Approach

- Focuses in the internal politics of the organization which is the survival

- Using incentives that is given to the members of organization

- Concentrate on keeping the members to stay in the organizations

9 September 2001 or

‘9/11’

“WAR ON TERROR”

CICERO © 2011

September 11, 2001

New York Arlington Shanksville

New York WORLD TRADE CENTER

New York City

CICERO © 2011

Arlington, Virginia PENTAGON

Shanksville, Pennsylvania A FIELD

“ War on Terror “ in Fighting Terrorism• War on Terror also known as Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)• Is an international military campaign that started after the 11

September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States.• First used by U.S. President George W. Bush on 20 September

2001.• After 10 years operating, War on Terror bring success in

killing Osama Bin Laden• Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation

Iraqi Freedom in Iraq

Critics towards ‘ War on terror’• The Impact on Civil Liberties Culture of Fear

• The Cost of additional Security Focused Changes

• A further turn towards hatred and a rise in those who think most Muslims are terrorists, that Islam is a threat to the world, etc.

• Wars that have seen far more than the 3,500 deaths that the US saw, and a self-fulfilling prophecy; creating more anger and resentment against the US, more potential terrorists, and the complete opposite of what the neo-cons wanted; global downturn and US decline instead consolidating their power and position in the world.

• Over 6,000 US soldiers killed in wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Possibly 100 times that number of civilians in those countries (in Iraq, at an early point, there was an estimated range of 400,000 to 900,000 civilian deaths, which of course Bush had to reject, claiming it used flawed techniques, even though it used estimation techniques his own government agencies taught others to use).