Radiation Safety in Central Radio Pharmacy
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Transcript of Radiation Safety in Central Radio Pharmacy
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RADIATION PROTECTION INCENTRAL RADIOPHARMACY
BY AMIT NAUTIYAL.MASTERIN NUCLEARMEDICINE,MANIPAL
UNIVERSITY,MANIPAL
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CONTENT
Introduction
Precautions for radiation safety in
central radiopharmacy:-1-Keep personal exposure as low as
possible. It should be done by,
a- Review exposure limit & controlradiation exposure.
b-Monitor radiation exposure.
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2-Receipt of radioactive packages
3-Elution of Mo99-Tc99m generator
4-Compounding,Dispensing and qualitycontrol of radioactive materials.
5-Transportation of radioactive
material6-Radioactive waste storage and
disposal.
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Recommendation for personnel
exposure monitoring and quality
control Recommendation for minimizing
radiation exposure handling PET
radiopharmaceutical. References
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INTRODUCTION
Present time there is increasingnumber of new radiopharmaceuticalsand NM centers so there is alsorequire more radiation safety.
Approximately 200 centralradiopharmacies in US servingmultiple NM centers.
Increases in the need of NMcommunity and the number of
studies performed so
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increasing awareness to keepradiation exposure in lab as low aspossible.
The central radiopharmacies dealwith large generators, compoundsand delivery of many radioactive
materials. According NRC (nuclear regulatorycommision) each license isresponsible for development and
documentation of radiation safetyro ram to maintain the
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dose as low as reasonablyachievable (ALARA)
Under this ALARA concept,isotope handling techniques,monitoring & calibrating theequipment, review thepersonnel exposure are morestrictly monitored.
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Parallel to these tighter regulation &concept (NRC,ALARA), there is rapidgrowth of
average patient dose per studybecause higher dose achieve betterdiagnostic study and decreaseacquisition time, but high doseincreases in the dose burden in thenuclear medicine department.
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PRECAUTIONS IN
CENTRAL
RADIOPHARMACY1. Keep personal exposure as
low as possible:-Review exposure limit andcontrol radiation exposure :-
The exposure limits have beendeveloped by ICRP.
According ICRP-not only keeping
exposure below recommended levelsbut also maintaining all exposures aslow as reasonable achievable (ALARA)
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The annual occupational dose limits aredescribed below:-
The total effective dose equivalent(whole
body) of 5Rem (AERB Limit-2Rem). Sum of deep dose equivalent to any
individual organ other than the lens of eyebeing equal to 50Rem(AERB Limit-50Rem)
Dose in lens of eye-15Rem(AERB-15REM) Dose in skin equivalent to 50Rem(AERB
limit-50Rem)
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Dose for embryo/fetus during pregnancyis 0.5Rem(AERB Limit-0.2Rem)
The whole body dose limit to non
radiation worker and public membershould not exceed 0.1Rem/yr(acordingboth ICRP And AERB).
Monitor radiation exposure:-
Radiation exposure can be monitored by
film badge, TLD, self reading dosimeters.1. Film badge:-
Most common method of monitoringexternal exposure.
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The film clips to users cloths.
Consist of plastic sheet covered
with a thin gelatin matrix, coveredby plastic holder.
Capable of covering a range ofexposure from 10MR to 10R.
Also contain various filters suchas : aluminum, lead and plasticand an open window to determinethe energy of incoming radiation.
Advantage is that it gives
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exposure because film developed andalso able to estimate the exposure tobeta radiation.
Disadvantage are: sensitive totemperature and humidity changes.
2.TLD:-
Consist of small crystal chips usually
lithium fluoride (LiF) ,which is capable totrap the excited state of radiation.
Heated to 250degree Celsius to release
thetrapped state in form of light photon.
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These light photons measured by
TLD readerconsist of heater, PMT,digital readout.
Crystal is reusable after heating toa temp. of 400 degree Celsius.
TLD badge used over the range of10MR to 1000R.
POCKET DOSIMETER-
Useful for measure exposure over
short period of time (hours or day).
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Worn in special situation such as- Inhigh dose operations.
Able to measured radiation level from
10R to 1000MR. Expensive and insensitive for beta
radiation.
DIGITAL DOSIMETER-
Generally the size of cigarette pack. Worn in pocket or clipped to a belt.
Consist of GM tube, which displayradiation exposure in 1MR increment.
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2.Receipt of radioactive
packages:- Also need precaution during
receipt of radioactive packages
because each incomingpackage containing small
amount of radionuclide.
Must be monitored duringreceipt.
Test should be performed within
3hrs. after receipt of the
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If package is arriving after normal
working hour, then test should be
performed within 3hr of begaining
of next working day. External exposure should not exceed
10mrem/hr(0.1msv/hr) at one meterdistance.
Exposure should not exceed200mrem/hr(2mSv/hr)
Wipe test are done for removal ofcontamination on the external
surface of the package. Using absorbent material ,such asalcohol swabs, an area of >300centimeter square is wiped.
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3.Elution of Mo99/Tc99m
generator:- During elution of radionuclide
generator there is manyopportunities for person to becomeexposed.
High exposure and contaminationduring handling the unshieldedelution vials.
Generators are supplied accordingthe size of radiopharmacy lab.
For medium size NM radiopharmacy
generators are ranges upto3Ci 111GB
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For larger size NM
Radiopharmacy lab generators
are ranges upto 16.6Ci(613GBq) In the generators of medium
size radiopharmacy
2.5Ci(92GBq) may be eluted in10ml vial, but in larger size
radiopharmacy lab this elution
is more concentrated.
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The elution vial should always betransferred using 9 inch forceps,increasing the distance from vial to
the fingers about 7inch.
By this distance the dose rate tofingers about315mrem/min(3.15mSv/min)
If we will used 2sec to transfer thevial, then there is resulted fingerdose about10mrem(0.1mSv)
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There is exposure mainly resultsfrom removing the eluate vial shieldcap when fingers are within 3inch of
the eluate.
So that in central radiopharmacy thistype exposure reduces by twodevices:-CapMac and prototypeshield.
In the CapMac ,the lead canister istransferred to the dose calibrator by
a lifting device.
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By this CapMac device the
surface exposure rates from
15mR/hr are reduced to lessthan 0.5mR/hr.
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CapMac remote assay device
ompoun ng
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- ompoun ng,Dispensing and quality
control of radioactive
materials:- In central radiopharmacy many
chance for person to becomeexposed to radiation or
contaminated duringcompounding/dispensing radioactivematerial and performance of qualitycontrol test.
These all procedures done withdoses of Tc99m ranging from 50-500mci.
Performed behind the lead lined L-shield.
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Syringe shields:-
According NRC, the use of syringeshield also important part ofradiation protection during kit
preparation.
By this reduction of hand exposurewhen drawing a dose from shieldedvial.
3mm thick lead glass disk is used forshielding.
This thickness is able to attanuate
exposure of Tc99m 98% to 99%.
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Many time radiopharmacist mayprefer to not use syringe shield
but the dose reduction issignificant and it is stronglyrecommended that dosedrawing shield always be used.
I-131 Bioassay- Preparation of I-131 capsule
from unsealed source is a
radiopharmacist duty.
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Chances of internal dose toradiopharmacist due to
inhalation, skin absorption etc. According NRC, there is
requires a specific program ofbioassay measurements (urine
analysis and thyroid uptake) fordetecting the extent of internaldose of an employees when
handling unsealed quantities ofI-131.
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5-Transportation of
radioactive materials:-
Many chance to radiopharmacist tobecome exposed when transportingradioactive materials, so before
transporting following thing must beconsider :-
Use strong, tight packages that willnot leak.
Use appropriate container (syringeshields, lead pigs, moly generators)
with a
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sign that reads radioactive
material attach to each.
Radiation level at externalsurface
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The three labels are commonly used:-
Label surface radiation radiation
level level at 1met
distance
White1
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6-Radioactive waste storageand disposal:-
Radioactive waste generated inradiopharmacy generally consist ofsyringes, needles, vials and contaminated
tissue and papers. All radioactive waste is disposed by the
decay-in-storage method.
This method is limited to radionuclide withhalf life less than 65 days.
Before routine disposal all radioactivewaste must be stored for 10 half lives.
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Storage of radioactive waste product
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Recommendations for personnelexposure monitoring and
quality control:-Placement of badges:- As a rule all radiopharmacy employee
shall wear a film or TLD badge formonitoring external radiation exposure .
The badge should be exchanged forprocessing at least monthly.
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Whole body badges and dosimeters
should be placed near the location to
received the highest dose. If lead apron is worn, then dosimeter
should place outside the apron.
If ring badge are worn, the ring
should be worn on hand receivinghighest dose.
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Visitors:-
All visitors and nonradiopharmacyemployee entering in restrictedareas, so for this a self reading
pocket dosimeter is must be issuefor all visitors.
At the end of visit, the dosimeter isread and any exposure exceeding an
action level of 2mR/hr should beshould b issue a monitoring device.
immediately reported to RSO.
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Recommendationfor survey:-
All elution, preparation,
radiopharmaceutical
manipulation areas should besurveyed daily with a GM survey
meter.
Radioactive waste storageareas should be surveyed
weekly.
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Radioactive spills:-
A decontamination kit should readilyavailable that consist of at leastfollowing:-protective gloves, liquid
and foam decontamination solution,forceps, absorbent paper, disposablepads.
If minor spill (from 1mCi of Tc99m)
should occur then:- Cover the spread of radioactive
contamination by covering with
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absorbent paper or disposable pads.
Clean with absorbent paper usinggloves and if possible forceps.
Use decontamination solution andwater
Avoid stepping in contaminatedareas and avoid entering & leaving
the area. Perform wipe test to ensure no
removable activity.
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If major spill, such as from I-131 oractivity greater than 1mCi ofTc99m,then :-
Prevent spreadby covering withabsorbent paper or disposablepads.
Shield the source if possible.
Avoid stepping in contaminatedarea.
Recommendations for
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Recommendations forminimizing radiation exposure
handling PET
radiopharmaceutical:- Withdraw all doses into a syringe
with a plastic syringe holder tominimizing bremsstrahlung radiation.
All F-18 radiopharmaceuticals andpositron radioactive wastes (syringeand gauge) should be stored inradiopharmay hot lab behind 0.5inch
thick lead. (because it is equivalentto tenth value thickness for 511kevphoton)
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To minimizing exposure, a
patient intravenous line should
be started before the dose istransported.
Recommended that pregnant
technologists not work withPET radiopharmaceuticals.
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General layout of central
radiopharmacy lab
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