Radiation physics
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Transcript of Radiation physics
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RADIATION PHYSICS
Dr. Malik Abu Rafee Ph.D. Vet. Surgery
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Radiation is a process in which the energetic particles or energy or waves travel through a medium or space.
Two types – 1. Ionizing radiations 2. Non ionizing radiations
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IONIZING RADIATION
Geiger counters are usually required to detect its presence.
In some cases, it may lead to secondary emission of visible light upon interaction with matter, as in radioluminescence
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Illustration of the relative abilities of three different types of ionizing radiation to penetrate solid matter. Alpha particles (α) are stopped by a sheet of paper while beta particles (β) are stopped by an aluminium plate. Gamma radiation (γ) is dampened when it penetrates matter.
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TYPES OF RADIATION
Particulate radiation : eg:- α rays, β rays, protons, electrons, neutrons
Electro magnetic radiation : eg:- with electric and magnetic fields perpendicular each other and to the line of propagation.
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USES OF RADIATION
In medicine Radiation and radioactive substances are
used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Eg:X-rays
In communication All modern communication systems use
forms of electromagnetic radiationIn science radiocarbon dating. Environmental scientists use radioactive
atoms known as tracer atoms to identify the pathways taken by pollutants through the environment.
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PROPERTIES OF X RAYS
Electromagnetic radiations with wavelength 0.1 – 0.5 A◦ and energy 25 – 125 keV.
Able to penetrate materials which reflects visible light.
Unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.
Produce phosphorescence and fluorescence.
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DISCOVERY
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered and named X rays.
Henri Becquerel found that uranium salts caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate.
Marie Curie discovered radioactivity of Radium and Polonum.
Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma ray radiation were discovered by Ernest Rutherford.
R. Eberlein is known as the father of veterinary radiology, who described the uses of X rays in veterinary practices
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FIRST MEDICAL X-RAY BY WILHELM RÖNTGEN OF HIS WIFE ANNA BERTHA LUDWIG'S HAND – 1896
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X RAY INTERACTIONS
Coherent scattering.
Photoelectric effect.
Compton effect.
Pair production.
Photodisintegration.
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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
When X ray phton interacts with inner shell electron.
Photoelectron is emitted.
X ray ceases to exist.
Characteristic radiation.
High kVp reduces patient dose.
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COMPTON EFFECT
When X ray interacts with an outer shell electron.
Produces scattered radiation.
Major radiation hazard in diagnostic radiology.
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PRODUCTION OF X RAYS
X ray tube: vacuum tube, converts electrical energy to X rays.
Evolved from Crooke’s tube.
Used in radiography, CAT scanners, X ray crystallography etc.
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Cathode : tungston filament.(MP- 3370◦c, Z- 74)
Focusing cup : nickel or molybdenum
Anode : tungston – rhenium alloy embedded in a block of copper.
Two types. 1. stationary 2. rotatory
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Focal spot : The area in the target which is bombarded by the electrons from the cathode during exposure.
Target angle : The degree of bevelling in the tungsten strip of rotatory anode is called target angle.
Heel effect : The radiation intensity on cathode side is higher than that of anode side, and the difference is as high as 40%.
Thicker parts are positioned towards cathode.
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ELECTRON TARGET INTERACTIONS Collisional interaction : produce heat
Radiative interaction : produce 2 types of radiations
Characteristic radiations-happens when low E electron interacting with inner shell electron of target atom (homogenous X-rays).
Bremstrahlung/general/white radiation-happens when E of incidental elecron is high(heterogenous X-rays).
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CROOKE’S X RAY TUBE
Invented by British physicist William Crookes. The cathode is on the right, the anode is in the center with attached heat sink at left. The electrode at the 10 o'clock position is the anticathode. The device at top is a 'softener' used to regulate the gas pressure.
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COOLIDGE TUBE
Coolidge X-ray tube, from around 1917. The heated cathode is on the left, and the anode is right. The X-rays are emitted downwards.
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COOLIDGE TUBE
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ROTATORY ANODE
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FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY
Tube current (mA).
Tube potential (kVp).
Focal film distance (FFD).
Filtration
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FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY
Tube potential: when kVp increases, quality of X rays increase.
Filtration: removes soft X rays, thereby increasing quality.
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MICROFOCUS X RAY TUBE Some x-ray examinations (e.g: non-
destructive testing and 3-D microtomography) need very high-resolution images and do therefore require x-ray tubes that can generate very small focal spot sizes, typically below 50 µm in diameter. These tubes are called microfocus x-ray tubes.
There are two basic types of microfocus x-ray tubes: solid-anode tubes and metal-jet-anode tubes.