Radiation-Neutralization of Stored Biological Warfare .../67531/metadc... · by the use of...

UCRL-ID-140193

Radiation-Neutralization ofStored Biological WarfareAgents with Low-YieldNuclear Warheads

H. Kruger

August 21, 2000

U.S. Deoartment of Energy

LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory

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Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited

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Radiation-Neutralization of Stored BiologicalWarfare Agents with Low-Yield Nuclear Warheads

Hans Kruger

Q Division

August 2000

Approved for public release.Further dissemination unlimited.

Abstract

MCNP Monte Carlo radiation transport computations were performed exploringthe capability of low-yield nuclear fusion and fission warheads to neutralizebiological warfare agents with the radiation dose deposited in the agent by theprompt neutron output. The calculations were done for various typical storageconfigurations on the ground in the open air or in a warehouse building.

This application of nuclear weapons is motivated by the observation that, forsome military scenarios, the nuclear collateral effects area is much smaller thanthe area covered with unacceptable concentrations of biological agent dispersedby the use of conventional high explosive warheads.

These calculations show that biological agents can be radiation-neutralized bylow-yield nuclear warheads over areas that are sufficiently large to be useful formilitary strikes. This report provides the calculated doses within the stored agentfor various ground ranges and heights-of-burst.

Introduction

Storage tanks containing biological warfare agents that are located in buildings or openareas are relatively easy to damage with conventional high explosive warheads. However, this islikely to cause dispersal of the agents. Under some conditions this dispersal can cover very largeareas with unacceptable concentrations of biological agent. These biological hazard areas can bevery much larger than the collateral damage areas due to the various prompt effects and theradioactive fallout produced by a low-yield nuclear explosion. For this reason, the use of nuclearweapons for neutralization of stored biological warfare agents is sometimes considered.

Nuclear explosions produce many effects that can potentially destroy a biological agent.These effects include blast overpressure, prompt radiation dose, fireball heat, and radiation dosefrom the delayed gammas and neutrons emitted by the fission debris cloud. The extent to whichfireball heat and delayed fission debris radiation will affect the agent depends on the details ofhow the agent-filled containers are broken open by the blast and other explosion effects, and onthe details of the subsequent dispersal of the spilled agent and its mixing with the rising fireballand fission debris cloud. All this is very difficult to treat in sufficient detail with availablecomputer codes. On the other hand, the radiation dose deposited in the agent can be accuratelycomputed given a particular storage configuration. This makes agent neutralization by theprompt radiation output a potentially attractive kill mechanism of nuclear warheads.

It is the purpose of this report to summarize the results of our Monte Carlo computationsexploring the capability of low-yield nuclear fusion or fission warheads to neutralize biologicalagents via the radiation dose deposited in the agent by the prompt neutron output. Since theincremental dose from the prompt gamma output can be shown to be relatively small, it has notbeen included in these Monte Carlo computations.

Biological agent is typically stored in barrels or larger storage containers. Aggregates ofsuch barrels or containers can be arranged in a variety of storage configurations. Our MonteCarlo calculations treated several configurations which we believe to be representative of typicalstorage practices.

We used the MCNP coupled neutron-photon Monte Carlo code for our radiation transportcomputations [1].

Nuclear Warhead Neutron Outputs

For the nuclear warhead, we used the same generic fission and fusion types described inour previous reports [2,3].

Our neutron spectra and total neutron emissions per unit of yield are those described byLoewe [4] in the open literature:

Fission type - Army Pulsed Radiation Facility (APRF) reactor leakage spectrumand 0.4 mols of neutrons per kiloton.

Fusion type - Mono-energetic 14 Mev neutrons from the deuterium-tritium reactionand 2.5 mols of neutrons per kiloton.

For the APRF spectrum, we used calculations performed by Kaul et al [5], which we plotin Fig. 1.

Radiation Neutralization Criterion

The currenf U.S. standard for commercial radiation sterilization of medical products to beused inside the human body is a minimum dose of 2.5 Megarad [6]. Such sterilization is usuallydone with electron beams or gamma sources.

The total dose in the agent in our calculations consists of energy deposited by neutroninteractions and energy deposited by neutron-induced gamma interactions. It will be shown inthe remainder of this report, that for the typical agent storage configurations examined here, thetotal radiation dose in the agent on top of the barrel or container stack is dominated by theneutron dose for the fusion warhead. For the fission warhead, neutrons and gammas contributeapproximately equally to the total dose at the top of the stack. For agent located at the bottom ofthe stack, most of the dose is due to gammas for both warhead type.

2

A given dose produced by neutrons is known to be much more damaging to biologicalsystems than the same dose due to gamma or electron interactions, based e.g. on the incidence ofcancer among survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions. However, thereappear to be no data published in the open literature addressing the relative effectiveness ofneutrons and gammas for neutralization of biological warfare agents.

The author of this paper has used, in his past reports, a radiation neutralization criterionof one Megarad for biological agent such as anthrax [2, 3]. Until neutron and gamma exposuredata for various potential biological warfare agents become available, a total combined neutronand gamma dose of 1 Megarad continues to be a useful zero-order criterion for assessing theagent neutralization capability of nuclear warheads. This criterion will be used in this report.

MCNP Monte Carlo Code Problem Geometries

Five different problem geometries were set up for the MCNP computations:

1. A 500 meter radius, 2 meter thick layer consisting of a homogeneous mixture ofagent and steel barrels, located on the ground in open air (Fig. 2). This layerrepresents a large area covered by densely stacked agent-filled barrels.

2. A pyramid stack of ten 200-liter steel barrels filled with agent, on the ground in openair or in a concrete block building with a concrete roof (Fig. 20).

3. A single-layer running stack of six one-ton steel containers filled with agent, on theground in open air or in a concrete block building with a concrete roof (Fig. 25 withthe upper layer of containers removed).

4. A double-layer running stack of eleven one-ton steel containers filled with agent, onthe ground in open air or in a concrete block building with a concrete roof (Fig. 25).

5. A cylindrical concrete block building with a steel roof, with a radius varyingbetween 15 and 85 meters, densely packed with double-layer running stacks of200-liter agent-filled steel barrels to within 3.5 meters from the concrete block wall(Fig. 30).

For all geometries, the soil was 5 meters thick with a radius of 4 km for the firstgeometry and lkm for the other four geometries. The composition of the soil was dense mixed-grain sand (SiOz) with 16 weight percent water and its density was 2.16 g/cc. On top of the soilwas a sealevel-density hemisphere of air with a radius equal to that of the soil. The compositionused for the concrete block walls and the concrete roof was that of ordinary Portland-cementbased concrete [7]. The density of the concrete block was 1.2 g/cc and that of the light-weightconcrete roof was 1.5 g/cc. The agent was modeled as water with a density of 1.0 g/cc. Theagent/barrel mixture used in the first geometry modeled densely stacked 330-liter agent-filledbarrels. This mixture had a density of 0.993 g/cc with 16.6 percent of the mixture massconsisting of iron. The agent/barrel mixture used at the center of the fifth geometry modeleddensely stacked 200-liter agent-filled barrels. The density of this mixture was 1.02 g/cc and itcontained 13.8 weight percent iron.

3

For the pyramid barrel stack and the one- and two-layer running container stacks, i.e. thesecond, third, and fourth problem geometries, the stack consisted of cylindrical barrels andcontainers when the burst point was directly above the stack (zero ground range). When the burstpoint was offset from the stack by a finite ground range, the stack consisted of toroidal barrels orcontainers centered on ground zero. This shape was chosen in order to increase the probability ofneutrons interacting with the agent and thus improving the Monte Carlo statistics of thecomputed agent radiation dose. This toroidal configuration is shown in the figures.

The outside dimensions of our 200-liter barrel are 50 cm diameter and 100 cm height;those of our one-ton container are 80 cm diameter and 200 cm height. These barrel and containervolumes are nominal values.

For the zero-ground-range cases, the cylindrical barrels had a 300 cm axial dimension,representing three closely spaced 200-liter barrel stacks lying on the ground with their endsurfaces touching. The agent zones, in which the energy deposition was tallied, were 50 cm long.They were centered on the midpoint of the barrel. The cylindrical containers had a 200 cm axialdimension with 100 cm long tally zones centered on the container midpoint.

The toroidal stacks thus actually represent a closely spaced linear array of stacks ofcylindrical barrels or containers. The adjacent stacks provide some shielding at the ends of thecylinders. Thus the radiation dose inside an isolated single stack of barrels or containers will besomewhat higher than computed here with the toroidal shapes.

Computed Radiation Doses

The computed total radiation doses due to neutron and neutron-induced gammainteractions will now be summarized and discussed for each of the five geometries. Thesummaries for the barrel and container stacks will only deal with the lowest dose found in thestacks. In most geometries, this lowest dose is found in the bottom zone, i.e. the zone in contactwith the ground, in that barrel that is just downrange from the vertical centerline of the stack.This is the zone of interest if the purpose of the explosion is to raise the dose in all the agentwithin the stack above some neutralization criterion.

The radiation doses for all the stack zones for all MCNP computations reported here aretabulated in the Appendix. All radiation doses are normalized to a ten kiloton yield. They can belinearly scaled to other yields of interest.

The total number of source neutrons used in each MCNP computation ranged betweenabout 5 million to about 20 million. In most computational runs this number was sufficient toreduce the statistical uncertainty in the zone with the lowest dose to less than ten percent. Thestatistical uncertainty for each of the bottom zones is shown in the tabulations contained in theAppendix. The statistical uncertainty for the other zones in the stack is smaller by a factor that isroughly inversely proportional to the square root of the total dose.

4

1.Homogeneous agent/barrel mixture layer

In Fig. 3 the radiation dose due a 10 kT burst is plotted versus height-of-burst (HOB) foragent zones that had an average depth from the layer’s surface ranging from 10 to 190 cm and anaverage ground range of 2.5 m. These are the cylindrical zones directly under the burst point.Figs. 4 - 10 are similar plots for annular zones at ground ranges from 10 to 450 m. Figs. 11 - 18show such plots for a 10 kT fusion burst.

It can be seen from these figures that there is a particular HOB that maximizes theradiation dose in agent that is located at a given ground range from the burst point. A HOB thatis lower or higher than this optimum HOB will result in a lower dose. For example, for a fissionwarhead the optimum HOB is about 10 m for a ground range of 10 m, and about 50 m for aground range of 70 m. For a fusion warhead, the optimum HOB is similar. This information isuseful for selecting a HOB that will maximize the area over which an area-like agent target, suchas a storage yard filled with agent containing barrels, will receive a neutralizing dose.

These figures are also useful for making zero-order estimates of dose deposited at thebottom of a barrel stack of some effective average height at some ground range. Based on such ause of these figures, the HOB was chosen as 10 m for most of the following MCNPcomputations involving more detailed agent storage configurations. However, some additionalMCNP calculations exploring sensitivity to HOB were also done for some of theseconfigurations.

The neutron-to-total-dose ratio versus agent depth is shown in Fig. 19 for a subset of thecomputations plotted in Figs. 3 - 18 (10 m average ground range; 10 m HOB). It can be seen thatneutron interactions account for a large fraction of the dose in the zone near the surface for boththe fission and fusion warhead. The fractional neutron dose from the fission warhead falls offmuch more rapidly with depth than that from the fusion warhead.

2. Pyramid stack of 200-liter barrels

The lowest radiation dose in the pyramid barrel stack versus ground range is plotted inFig. 21 for both 10 kT fission and fusion yields at 10 m HOB. This figure shows the dose for thestack both in the open air and in a concrete block building. It can be seen that the concretebuilding has little effect on the zone with the lowest dose on the bottom of the stack.Examination of the detailed dose distribution tables for the entire stack, contained in theAppendix, shows that the dose at the top of the stack is lowered by about a factor of two by thepresence of the building. However, it is the lowest dose at the bottom of the stack that reallymatters when the purpose of the explosion is to neutralize all the agent in the stack.

For a 10 kT explosion at 10 m HOB, it follows from Fig. 21 that our radiationneutralization criterion of 1 Megarad total dose is met or exceeded in all parts of the pyramidbarrel stack for the fusion weapon at ground ranges less than about 70 m and for the fissionweapon at ranges less than about 10 m.

Fig. 22 shows the fractional neutron dose versus ground range for this pyramid stack fora 10 m burst height. This neutron dose is plotted for two tally zones within the stack: the upperzone of the top barrel and the bottom zone of that barrel on the ground with the lowest total dose.The fractional neutron doses for this stack are consistent with those computed for theagent/barrel mixture layer. The neutron dose fraction in the top zone of the top barrel is about80% for the fusion and about 60% for the fission warhead. For the bottom zone of the lowest-dose barrel, the neutron fraction is about 20% for the fusion warhead and negligibly small for thefission warhead.

The HOB dependence of the lowest radiation dose at the bottom of the barrel stack isplotted in Fig. 23 for the stack in the open air or in a concrete block building. The ground rangesfor this figure were chosen so that the dose for 10 m HOB was near 1 Megarad, viz. a range of80 m for the fusion and 20 m for the fission warhead. For this isolated pyramid stack, we do notobserve the optimum HOB that the calculations for the agent/barrel layer indicate. Instead, thedose stays constant over a range of burst heights near the ground and it then decreasesmonotonically for larger burst heights.

In order to examine the sensitivity of the dose to details of the neutron output spectrum,we performed a series of computations using mono-energetic neutron sources in the range from20 Mev to 10 ev. Fig. 24 shows the lowest radiation dose per mol of neutrons in the pyramidstack at a 10 m ground range and a 10 m HOB, as a function of neutron energy. We note that thedose per neutron is approximately constant for neutron energies between 6 Mev and 10 ev. Thusfor warheads, like our generic fission warhead, that produce neutrons in this energy range, allthat matters is the total number of neutrons produced in the explosion and not the details of theirenergy spectrum. For neutrons with energy above 6 Mev, the dose per neutron rises significantlywith increasing neutron energy - approximately proportional to the 1.5 power of the energy.

3. Single- and double-layer running stack of one-ton containers

The lowest radiation dose versus ground range in the single-layer running containerstack in open air or in a concrete block building is shown in Fig. 26 for the two warhead types.Fig. 28 shows the same data for the double-layer running container stack.

These two figures show again very little effect of the building on the lowest dose in thestack. It follows from Fig. 26 that, for a 10 kT explosion at 10 m HOB, our 1 Megaradneutralization criterion is met or exceeded in all parts of the single-layer running container stackfor the fusion warhead at ground ranges less than about 70 m and for the fission warhead atranges less than about 20 m. For the double-layer running container stack, these ranges are about15 and 5 m, respectively, as can be seen from Fig. 28.

The fractional neutron dose versus ground range for a 10 m HOB for fission and fusionwarheads is shown for the single-layer running container stack in Fig. 27 and for the double-layer stack in Fig. 29. The results are similar to those observed for the pyramid stack, except thatthe fractional neutron dose for the bottom zone in the two-layer stack also becomes negligible forground ranges above about 20 meters.

6

4. Building filled with double-layer running barrel stacks

The lowest radiation dose versus ground range in the double-layer running 200-literbarrel stacks filling the steel-roofed concrete block building is shown in Fig. 31 for the twowarhead types. It can be seen that our 1 Megarad neutralization criterion is met or exceeded, for10 kT at 10 m HOB, for the fusion warhead at ground ranges less than about 50 m and for thefission warhead at ground ranges less than about 10 m.

The fractional neutron dose versus ground range, shown in Fig. 32, is similar to thatobserved for the single-layer running container stack discussed above.

The dependence of the lowest radiation dose in this running stack on HOB is plotted inFig. 33 for a ground range of 20 m. It shows an optimum HOB similar to that observed for thehomogeneous agent/barrel mixture layer, i.e. about 20 m for the fusion warhead and about 10 to20 m for the fission warhead.

Summary and Conclusions

The prompt neutron output of low-yield nuclear warheads can neutralize biologicalwarfare agents, in typical surface storage configurations, over areas that are sufficient large to beuseful for military strikes. For 10 kT, the yield used in this report, and a height-of-burst (HOB)of 10 m, a fusion warhead has a neutralization area with a radius of about 50 meters. This radiusis about 10 meters for a 10 kT fission warhead. These radii are based on our one Megaradneutralization criterion.

The neutralization areas are approximately the same for agents stored on the ground inopen air and for those stored in a typical one-story concrete block warehouse building.

For typical extended, densely packed storage configurations, such as running barrelstacks, there is a particular HOB that maximizes the area over which agent is neutralized. ForHOB’s either lower or higher than this optimum height, the neutralization area decreases. Theoptimum HOB depends on the ground range for which the neutralization criterion is satisfied.This, in turn, depends on the yield and warhead type. For 10 kT, the optimum HOB isapproximately 40 meters for the fusion and 10 meters for the fission warhead.

The largest fraction of the dose deposited at the top of the storage stack is due to neutroninteractions. The dose at the bottom of the stack is mostly deposited by gammas produced inneutron interactions in the upper region of the stack. Neutron doses are expected to besignificantly more effective in neutralizing biological warfare agents than gamma doses.However, this higher neutron dose effectiveness does not enhance the neutralization area for thestorage configurations used in this report since we found the lowest dose in the stack, whichdetermines the neutralization radius, to be mostly due to gammas.

For neutron energies below about 6 Mev, the radiation dose deposited in the agent perneutron is approximately independent of the neutron energy. For neutrons with energy in therange from 6 to 20 Mev, the dose increases approximately in proportion to the 1.5 power of theneutron energy. This observation has two implications:

1. For warheads, such as our fission warhead, that produce neutrons with energies thatare mostly below 6 Mev, it is the total number of output neutrons per unit of yieldthat matters, and not the details of the neutron output spectrum.

2. In order for a fission and a fusion warhead to produce the same radiation dose at thebottom of a typical storage stack, the yield of the fission warhead needs to be anorder-of-magnitude larger than that of the fusion warhead.

This greater effectiveness of fusion warheads is due not only to the larger dose deposited by14 Mev neutrons compared to that deposited by the lower-energy neutrons of fission warheads,but also due to the much larger number of neutrons per unit yield produced by fusion warheads(for our generic warhead types: 2.5 mols of neutrons per kiloton versus 0.4 mols/kT for thefission warhead).

References

1° "MCNP4B Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System", Oak Ridge National LaboratoryReport CCC-660, April 1997.

2. Hans Kruger and Edgar Mendelsohn, "Neutralization of Chemical/Biological BallisticWarheads by Low-Yield Nuclear Interceptors", Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryReport UCRL-ID-110403, August 1992.

3. Hans Kruger, "Defense Against Biological or Chemical Bomblet Warheads with NuclearInterceptors", Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-ID-123815, March1996.

4. William E. Loewe, "Initial Radiations from Tactical Nuclear Weapons", NuclearTechnology, Vol. 70,274 (1985).

5. Dean C. Kaul and Stephen D. Egbert, "Radiation Leakage from the Army Pulsed RadiationFacility (APRF) Fast Reactor", Science Applications International Corporation Report SAIC-89/1423, May 12, 1989.

6. Yoneho Tabata et al, editors, "CRC Handbook of Radiation Chemistry", CRC Press (1991).7. Harold Etherington, editor, "Nuclear Engineering Handbook", McGraw-Hill Pub., 1958.

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[] 170

~) 190

Radiation Dose from 10 kT Fusion Yield in an Agent/Barrel Mixtureon the Ground in Open Air

2.5 m ground range

1E+11 ̄

1E+10"

1 E+09

1 E+08

1 E+07,

I ! I !

1 E+06 - ._= -

1 E+05 - ..-

1 E+04 -i ....o

i | ! I

o o


" 1E+10

oLO

1E+09,

1E+08-

1 E+07 -

1E+06-

1E+05

1 E+04o

10 m ground range

! | ! !

o o143 o


m

oLO

Agent depth (cm)

_ I-1 10

0 30

O 50

- -~ 70

[] 90m

¢ 110

¢ 130

- 17 150

I~1 170

¢ 190

Fig. 11Fig. 12


1E+09

1E+08

1E+07

1E+06

1E+05

1E+04o

27.5 m ground range

Y

-"------o

o oI.o o


o143

1 E+q

1E+07

1E+06

1 E+05.

1 E+(

70 m ground range

- I ! | I i I I !

w I I I

o o oLO 0


oLO

Agent depth (cm)

- [] 10

0 30

_ O 50

A 70

[] 90

¢ 110

~) 130

~’ 150

[] 170

190

Fig. 13 Fig. 14

1 E+08

1 E+07

1E+06

1 E+05 -

1 E+04

1 E+03


150 m ground range 250 m ground range

o

=1111

,,,J-’J

0

[]

0

o oLo o


1_ot~

1 E+07 .... I I 1 I I

1 E+06

1 E+05

1 E+04

1E+03,

343..0_--.~--~~

llln

[]

~.~.__------

_.-.-------0

m

~...__----- *

rill IIII

o


oo

Agent depth (cm)

[] 10

0 30

O 50

A 70

[] 90

¢ 110

(1) 130

V 150

[] 170

0 190

Fig. 15Fig. 16

1 E+07

1E+06,

1E+05.

1E+04

1E+03

1 E+02


350 m ground range 450 m ground range

= I I ! I

-I ’0

.¢_._._------

o

[]¢(DV

<)

lit!

---------O

-O

[]¢

V

o oLO 0v’-


oLO

1 E+06"

1E+05-

1 E+04 -,

1 E+03 -

1E+02- ’o

; I I I | 1 I I I

-0

[]¢¢

-¢

__L.L-Ld

---------O

.m

¢

¢

o oLo o


oLO*T--

Agent depth (cm)

- [] 10

O 30

O 50

.A. 70

[] 90m-

e 110

¢ 130

V 150

[] 170

O 190

Fig. 17Fig. 18

Fractional Neutron Dose in an Agent/Barrel Mixture on the Ground in Open Air

10 m ground range10 m HOB

1 E+00

1 E-01

1 E-02

1 E-03’

Fusion

XX .

fill 1,1, !

o o o o oLO 0 I.,’3 0T- .r.- C~I

Agent depth (cm)

Fig. 19

MCNP Code Geometry for Pyramid Stack of Agent-Filled 200 liter Barrels

in a Storage Building

Detonationat

HOB

20 cm thick fl~cylindrical -~- 4 m highconcrete 10 cm thickblock walls concrete roof 50 cm dia.

Air\

0.2 cm Fe wall

S "~ X~ toroidal barrels

I

.... ! ilii~¸¸ /i!: ¸¸¸:! != lili

I

IUR-5mIm~I

R+5m

Fig. 20

Lowest Radiation Dose in Barrel Stack from 10 kT Burst at 10 m HOB

Adjacent

1000

0.01

pyramids of ten 200 liter barrels on the groundin open air or in a concrete block building

!.

~"~"1 | Fusion"

,~Fissio~! ! !

O O O O O OO4 ’~’ t..O CO O

’T"

Fusion: open air

Fission: open air

Fusion: in building

Fission: in building


Fig. 21

Fractional Neutron Dose in a Pyramid Stack of 200-Liter Barrelson the Ground in Open Air

.

O°m08

O06Im

O4~7" 0.4-c£¯ 02Z

10 m HOB

.... .q)

hi! ,,, ’’I III

o

I ! u

0 0 0 0 0


#

-- -- ON --

Fusion: top zone

Fusion: bottom zone

Fission: top zone

Fission bottom zone:Negligible neutron dosecontribution

Fig 22

HOB Dependence of Lowest Radiation Dose in Barrel Stackfrom a 10 kT Fission or Fusion Burst

Adjacent pyramids of ten 200 liter barrels on the groundin open air or in a concrete block building

.<

v

O

c-O

.u

rr

10

0.1

0.01

Groundrange

8O m

20m

Fission

IIII IIII u ! i I

Fusion: open air

Fission: open air

Fusion: in building

Fission: in building

Height-of-burst (meters)

Fig. 23

Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Concrete Block Buildingat a 80 m Ground Range

(Megarad)Yield: 10 kT Neutron spectrum: 14 Mev

Fig. A41

55 m HOB

37

23

11 33

5.5 20

7.3 4.8 32

3.7 2.7 19

5.3 0.98 4.2 263.6 0.72 2.8 21

2% 5% 3% 1%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

17

8.1Fig. A42

5.5 13138 m HOB2.7 6.8

4.2 1.7 13

2.1 0.90 6.5

3.4 0.40 1.2 112.2 0.36 0.85 7.0



(Megarad)

Yield: 10 kT Neutron spectrum: 14 Mev

Fig. A39

2.5 m HOB

9.7

8.8

4.3 9.9

3.0 8.0

2.7 2.8 10

1.7 1.9 8.0

2.0 0.79 2.4 9.01.6 0.58 1.8 7.9

Fig. A4020 m HOB


11

44

32

42

5.5 31

6.0 6.0 41

3.0 3.2 3O

4.1 1.1 5.0 352.9 0.84 3.4 31


Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Concrete BlockBuilding at 80m Ground Range

(Megarad)

Yield~ 10 kT HOB: 10m

42

Fig. A37

14 Mev neutrons

33

9.3 41

4.9 32

5.3 5.4 41

2.8 3.1 31

3.8 1.0 4.8 352.6 0.74 3.3 32

Fig. A38

Fission neutrons


1.9

1.3

0.8O 1.6

O.45 1.0

0.68 0.21 1.6

0.38 0.13 1.0

0.52 0.084 0.15 1.30.40 0,069 0.12 1.1


Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Concrete BlockBuilding at 40 m Ground Range

(Megarad)

Yield: 10 kT HOB: 10m

180

Fig. A35

14 Mev neutrons

14O

39 180

20 140

18 27 19O

9.6 14 140

12 4.2 23 1608,8 3.1 15 14O

2% 3% 2%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

140

1%

Fig. A36

Fission neutrons

7.1

5.0

2.6 6.5

1.4 4.3

2.1 0.8 6.5

1.2 0.51 4.1

1.6 0.30 0.61 5.31.2 0.22 0.45 4.4



(Megarad)

Yield’. 10 kT HOB: lOre

Fig. A33

14 Mev neutrons

710

510

160 72O

77 500

71 110 720

36 55 500

46 15 110 62032 11 63 510

Fig. A34

Fission neutrons


26

17

8.4 25

4.5

6.6 2.7

15

25

3.5 1.6 15

4.8 0.9 2.2 203.6 O.7 1.5 16



(Megarad)

Yield: 10 kT HOB: 10m "

Fig. A31

14 Mev neutrons

2500

1500

520 2400

28O 1400

260 310 2500

130 180 1400

Fig. A32

Fission neutrons

18O120

48 280 210035 200 1500


86

48

26 82

14 42

20 8.1 82

11 4.9 41

11%

15 2.6 6.4 6211 2.0 4.7 46


Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Concrete BlockBuilding underneath the Burst Point

(Megarad)


Fig. A29

14 Mev neutrons

8100

3100

4400 4300

1600 1600

370O 370 3700

1300 220 1300

Fig. A30

Fission neutrons

2600 170 180 27001400 130 120 1500

5% 11% 12%

890

5%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

170

58

310

110

150 17

170

65

14O

53 11 51

91 9.4 9.9 9362 6,6 6.5 56

6% 15% 19% 6%Statistica! uncertainty of bottom zones

Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums on the Ground in Open Airat a 10 m Ground Range

(Megarad)Neutron yield! 25 moles HOB: lom

Fig. A27

100 ev neutrons100

33O

250

360

66. 230

76 49 360

48 30 220

57 39 30047 10 28 240

Fig. A28

10 ev neutrons


34O

250

1%

110 38O

69 230

78 49 370

49 32 230

57 14 41 3OO45 10 31 240



(Megarad)¯Neutron yield: 25 moles " HOB: 10m

310

10

Fig. A25

Key neutrons

230

96 -350

6t 220

Fig. A26

1 Kev neutrons

69 45 350

43 28 210

51 12 38 28042 9.3 28 230

2% 5% 3%

210


32O

240

110 350

64 220

74 47 350

46 29 220

13 39 29010 30 230



(Megarad)Neutron yield: 25 moles HOB: 10m

Fig. A23

Mev neutrons

720

360

110 74O

66 330

81 45 730

44 27 310

51 10 39 49038 7.5 28 350

2% 5% 3% 0.8%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

340

230Fig. A24

86 3900.1Mevneutrons

54 220

56 45 380

35 27 220

41 11 37 30032 7.8 27 230


210

1%



6

Fig. A21

Mev neutrons

250O

1200

240 2500

120 1200

93 160 2500

51 75 1100

55 15 140 190037 11 88 1300

Fig. A22

3 Mev neutrons


150

72

14 160

7.2 69

7.0 8.4 160

3.6 4.3 66

4.2 1.2 7.4 1102.8 0.83 4.8 76




Fig. A19

20 Mev neutrons

45OO

3000

890 4800

580 3000

170 860 4800

99 550 2900

58 110 79O 410041 74 610 3200

3% 3% 1% O.5%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

3300

Fig. A20

10 Mev neutrons

1800

400 3400

230 1800

110 33O 34O0

67 180 1700

63 34 300 270042 26 2O0 1900


1400

0.6%


(Megarad)

Yield: 10 kT Neutron spectrum: Fission

Fig. A17

55 m HOB

10

3.7

3.3 7.5

1.4 2.8

3.2 0.56 7.4

1.3 0.35 2.7

2.3 0.23 0.40 5.31.6 0.17 0.29 3.2

Fig. A18138 m HOB


1.9

0.79

1.0 1.2

0.40 0.49

0.97 0.12 1.2

0.39 0.074 0.51

0.640.43

0.073 0.079 0.840.042 0.048 0.490.041 0.037 0.40



(Megarad)


Fig. A15

2.5 m HOB

5O

41

6.6 56

3.7 41

4.0 3.9 57

2.1 2.3 43

2.7 0.74 3.6 491.9 0.56 2.7 45


50

0.6%

Fig. A1620 m HOB

37

18

6.2 37

3.4 17

4.3 2.5 36

2.3 1.5 16

3.0 0.54 2.2 262.3 0.44 1.5 19



(Megarad)

Yield: 10 kT Neutron spectrum: 14 Mev

Fig. A13

55 m HOB

6.4

3.4

14

7.7

66

42

65

4O

9.9 66

5.3 41

4.4 1.4 9.6 562.9 0.99 6.1 44

Fig. A14138 m HOB


25

12

6.2 21

3.0 11

4.6 2.2 21

2.1 1.3 10

3.6 0.53 1.7 182.5 0.39 1.3 12



(Megarad)Yield: 10 kT Neutron spectrum: 14 Mev

73

62Fig. A112.5 m HOB 12 76

6.8 62

5.2 9.0 75

2.6 5.4 63

3.3 1.3 7.8 682.3 1.1 6.0 62

Fig. A1220 m HOB


81

65

15 83

7.9 65

6.0 12 85

3.0 6.2 66

4.0 1.6 11 732.8 1.3 7.1 65



(Megarad)


Fig. A9

14 Mev neutrons

81

68

14 82

7.5 66

5.5 11 81

2.9 5.9 66

3.6 1.6 9.3 732.6 1.2 6.7 68

Fig. A10

Fission neutrons

4%

0.520.39

3%

5% 3%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

3.5

2.5

O.90 3.5

0.48 2.4

0.72 0.30 3.4

0.38 0.17 2.3

1%

0.092 0.25 2.80.070 0.18 2.4

o7% 4% 1%

Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones


(Megarad)


35O

Fig. A7

14 Mev neutrons

290

59 360

30 290

16 53 370

8.7 26 300

8.8 6.0 48 3306.2 4.7 31 300


14

Fig. A8

Fission neutrons

10

2.7 15

1.4 9.8

1.9 1.1 15

0.97 0.68 9.8

1.3 O.27 1.0 120.98 0.20 0.72 10


11

1%


(Megarad)Yield: 10 kT HOB: 10m

Fig. A5

14 Mev neutrons25O

13OO

1000

1400

110 1000

48 240 1400

27 110 1000

24 23 24 120017 17 13 1000


50

1000

0.7%

Fig. A6

Fission neutrons

32

7.4 53

3.9

4.3 4.2

2.2 2.3

33

55

32

2.82.0

0.81 3.90.51 2.6

2.1

4335

Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones7% 11% 6% 2%


(Megarad)


Fig. A3

14 Mev neutrons

3900

24O0

580 4100

340 2300

130 510 4100

77 300 2300

66 56 470 34O045 39 33O 250O

Fig. A4

Fission neutrons


150

74

18 160

10 70

10 10 150

5.4 5.4 68

6.1 1.7 8.6 1104.6 1.2 5.8 76


Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums on the Ground in Open Airunderneath the Burst Point

(Megarad)Yield: 10 kT HOB: 10m

11000

39O0Fig. A1

5500 580014 Mev neutrons

1900 2000

47OO 410 49OO

1600 230 1600

3200 180 160 34001700 110 110 1800

Fig. A2

Fission neutrons


410

88

190 200

46 44

160 11 170

37 7.0 36

92 5.1 5.8 10046 3.5 4.1 48


Appendix

Detailed Agent Dose DistributionsWithin Barrel and Container Stacks

88 "6!-I

o’ioo

uo!ss!-I---.....

I

LO’O

33£a

~00

Q.00~(D

E(b

0~ ~

O0 L

;sJnEI J.~l 0 ~ e uJoJj e6ueEI punoJE) uJ O~ ;e 6u!pl!n~ jooEI lelelAI e u! sleJJe9 Jel!q-OO;~ jo~loe;S 6u!uunEI Je~eq-elqno(3 u! esocl uo!;e!peEI lseMoq ;o eouepuede(] E]OH

Fractional Neutron Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Metal Roof Building

10 m HOB

.

o.8

0.6~ ’

0.4

0..j

\

- _ _ -()

L ~ ¯ . i i * | t ¯ ¯ ~r

0.2’

0 0 0 0 0 0Ckl ~ CO CO 0

m- Fusion: top zone

Fusion: bottom zone

- - e- - Fission: top zone

- - ,A- - Fission: bottom zone


Fig.32

~ "6!9

(sJe~ew) e6ueJ punoJE)

| |

:uo!ss!:l I

Jo!sn=l I !~.~..

I ! ! I !

~0"0

000 I-

80H w 0 L ;e 1>t 0 L woJj 6u!Pl!n8 ;oo1=1 le;elAI e u~sleJJe9 Je],17-O0~ ~o >ioe],S 6u!uunN Je/,eq-elqno(3 u! esoc! uo!;e!pel=l :lSeAAO7

MCNP Code Geometry for Double-Layered Running Stack of Agent-filled 200 liter Barrelsin a Storage Building

20 cm thickcylindricalconcreteblock wall

\I

Detonationat

HOB

50 cm dia./0.2 cm Fe walltoroidal barrels

Air

Il

III II II II I,tI III14II

4 m high0.3 cm thicksteel roof

Agent/barrel mixture/,/

II

Soil5 m thick, 1 km radius

R

R+5m

Fig. 3O

6~ "6!=1

(sJe;euJ) e6ueJ punoJE)

OCOOb4~r0oooooO

uo!;nq!J;uooesop uoJ;neu elq!6!lSeN

:euoz LUO;;Oq UO!SS!3

euoz do; :uo!ssH- -I - -

euoz LUO;;Oq :uo!sn4#

euoz do; :uo!sn4_-,k...._

"t|.."O-t

-0

~’0Z(DE

17"00

0

P-900(/)

8"0mO

8OH LU 0

J!V uedo u! punoJE) eq; uosJeu!e;uoo UO_L-euo ~o ~toels 6u!uunEI Je~eq-elqnocl e uj esoQ uoJ;neN leUO!lOeJ=l

Bu!pl!nq u! :uo!ss!-t ~,

Bu!plJnq ul :uo!sn-I ¯i

4e uedo :uo!ss!4 _ _@ _ _

J!e uedo :uo!sn=l - -O - -

(sJe~eLu) e6ueJ punoJE)

=-~

OO0O)-I~bOOOOOOO

L00"0

Bu!Pl!nq ~loolq e;eJouoo e u~ Jo J~e uedo u! punoJB eq~ uo sJeu!e;uoo

~OH LU 0 I. ;e ;sJn8 1>i 0 I. LU04sJeu!e;uoo ~ueBv uol-euo ~o ~loe;s Bu!uunl9 Je~eq-elqno(3 u! esoQ uo!]e!peEI ;seMoq

Fractional Neutron Dose in a Single-Layer Running Stack of One-Ton Containerson the Ground in Open Air

10 m HOB

O.m

Oui

O

6

O

Z

, J , ~l

0.8 .I

0.6 .q

0.4-~

0.2

,

"’"--4

D. - 0.. -ih

R3’,i .... , |

o 0 0 0 0 0O4 ~ CO oo 0v--


-- Fusion: top zone

# Fusion: bottom zone

- - O- - Fission: top zone

- - A- - Fission: bottom zone

Fig. 27

(sJe~eLu) e6ueJ punoJE)

6ujPl!nq ul :uo!ssL-I

6u!Pl!nq uj :uo!sn4_-

J!e uedo :uo!ss!=l_ _@ _ _

J!e uedo :uo!sn-I_ _¢ _ _

,--L

OO0O’)4~1~OOOOOO

uo!sn-I I I.~.~

!T!|

1.0"0

000 L

6u!pl!nq ~toolq e;eJouoo e u! Jo J~e uedo u! punoJ6 eq; uo sJeu!e;uoo

8OH LU 0 I. le _L~I 0 i. LUOJJ.sJeu!e;uoo ;ueBv UO_L-euo ~o ~loe;s 6u!uunEI Je~eq-el6u!s u! eso(3 uo!;e!PeEI lseMo-1

MCNP Code Geometry for Double-Layered Running Stack of One-Ton Agent Containers

in a Storage Building

20 cm thickcylindricalconcreteblock walls

Detonationat

HOB

4 m high10 cm thickconcrete roof

Air

X

=-- =i ..........~_ ./..r

80 cm dia.1.5 cm Fe walltoroidal containers

I

II~R-5mI

R

R+5m

Note:MCNP geometry for single-layeredrunning stack deletes upper layerof five containers.

Fig. 25

Neutron Energy Dependence of Lowest Radiation Dose in Barrel Stackat a 10 m Ground Range from a Burst at 10 m HOB

Adjacent pyramids of ten 200 liter barrels on the ground in open air

2.5

t-O 2

t-

1.5O

OE$ 1O.

~3 0.5

v

---4

O4o,W

,4

Ico ~- Loo o, o,W W W

Neutron energy (Mev)

Fig. 24


(Megarad)


Fig. A43

2.5 m HOB

27

20

7.8 27

4.5 19

6.1 3.0 28

3.4 1.9 1 9

4.4 0.94 2.4 233.4 0.72 1.8 20


Fig. A44

20 m HOB

23

12

8.3 19

4.3 9.6

7.1 2.1 18

3.6 1.3 9.2

5.1 0.8O 1.5 143.8 0.62 1.1 10



(Megarad)Yield: 10 kT Neutron spectrum: Fission

Fig. A45

55 m HOB

6.9

3.3

3.4 4.8

1.7 2.2

3.0 0.58 4.5

1.5 0.39 2.0

2.2 0.33 0.36 3.31.6 0.24 0.27 2.2

3% 8% 8% 3%Statistical unce~ainty of bottom zones

1.3

Fig. A46

138 m HOB

0.65

0.72 0.83

0.36 0.41

0.72 0.13 0.81

0.33 0.085 0.37

0.52 0.066 0.078 0.570.38 0.046 0.056 0.38


0.30

7%

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers on the Ground in Open Airunderneath the Burst Point

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons

4500 4600

3o/o 3o/o 3o/o 3% 3o/o 3%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

Fig. A47

Fission neutrons

130 13040 46

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

Fig. A48

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers on the Ground in Open Airat a 10 m Ground Range

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons

\ 250 /\ 300 /\ 3~0 /\ 430 A ~20 /~ 1500

2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0.7%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

Fig. A49

Fission neutrons

9.2 /\ 8.1 /\ 9.2 j\ 11 A ~.~ A $3


Fig. A50


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A51

Fission neutrons

11 343.0 26


Fig. A52

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers on the Ground in Open Airat a 40m Ground Range

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A53

Fission neutrons

2.3 2.5 9.20.80

2O/o 3O/o 3% 3o/o 3% 0.7°/oStatistical uncertainty of bottom zones

Fig. A54

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers on the Ground in Open Airat a 80m Ground Range

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A55

Fission neutrons


Fig. A56

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers inside a Concrete BlockBuilding underneath the Burst Point

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons

\ 12oo/~ 12oo /\ 12oo 4, 12oo A 13oo


Fig. A57

Fission neutrons

120 12038 56


Fig. A58

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers inside a Concrete BlockBuilding at a 10 m Ground Range

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A59

Fission neutrons

33 38 509.0 11 31

2% 3% 2 % 2% 2% 1%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones.

Fig. A60


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A61

Fission neutrons

7.4 7.8’ 4.0 2.5


Fig. A62


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons

6.6


Fig. A63

Fission neutrons

2.0 2.2 5.0


Fig. A64

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers inside a Concrete BlockBuilding at a 80m Ground Range

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons

5.41.6


Fig. A65

Fission neutrons

\ 0.43 j~, o.21 A-o.21 )t o:~5 )~ 0.23 )t 0.93


Fig. A66

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers on the Ground in Open Airunderneath the Burst Point

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A67

Fission neutrons


Fig. A68


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A69

Fission neutrons


Fig. A70


(Megarad)

Yield: 10 kT HOB: lOm

14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A71

Fission neutrons


Fig. A72


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons

0.420.22


Fig. A73

Fission neutrons


Fig. A74


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A75

Fission neutrons


Fig. A76

¢

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers inside a Concrete BlockBuilding underneath the Burst Point

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A77

Fission neutrons


Fig. A78

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers inside a Concrete BlockBuilding at 10 m Ground Range

(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A79

Fission neutrons


Fig. A80

Radiation Dose in One-Ton Containers inside a Concrete BlockBuilding at 20m Ground Range

(Megarad)

, Yield: 10 kT HOB: 10m

14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A81

Fission neutrons

2% 6% 8% 8% 5% 0.8%


Fig. A82


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A83

Fission neutrons

2% 9% 10% 10% 6% 1%


Fig. A84


(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


Fig. A85

Fission neutrons


Fig. A86

Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Metal Roof Building with R=10 meters(Megarad)

Yield: 10kT HOB: 10 m

14 Mev neutrons

In drums Next to Underdrums burst

point

\ ,~o /\ ,,u/\ ~,~o/\ 9s0/\ 8so,~, 890

20/0 30/o 30/0 3% 3% 3%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

7800

2900

18036O 1200

63O9352

33O180

2% 2%

Fig. A87

Fission neutrons

In drums Next todrums

2.4 1

20/0 4% 4% 4% 40/0 4%


8.54.82.91.83%

Underburstpoint

320

56

23137.24.330/0

Fig. A88

Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Metal Roof Building with R= 20 meter(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


point

~0 7800

.~0 290047 120024 63013 3307.4 180

13

2% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 2%


Fig. A89

Fission neutrons


1

1.1 /0.63


1_91.1

0.650.40

5%

Underburstpoint

320

55

23127.14.4

3%

Fig. A90

Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Metal Roof Building with R=40 meter(Megarad)


14 Mev neutrons


point

::°oL 2.3 /


Fig. A91

62342012

3%

7800

2900

1200630330

I 1801%

Fission neutrons


0.19/

2% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6%

0.430.260.160.10

6%

Underburstpoint

320

55

23127.24.43%


Fig. A92


Yield: lOkT HOB: 10 m

14 Mev neutrons


point

1:,.1

0.79

[

0.46


1.30.750.460.29

7800

2900

1200630330180

Fig. A93

4% 1%

Fission neutrons


1.4

2% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6%


Underburstpoint

310

55

0.12 22

0.072 120.044 7.20.028 4.3

5% 2%

Fig. A94


Yield: 10kT Neutron spectrum: 14 Mev

5 m HOB


point

2% 4% 5% 40/o 4% 4%

34000

12000

22 490012 25006.8 13004.3 680

4O/o 1%Statistical uncertainty of bottom zones

Fig. A95

20 m HOB


0

oo I1% 2°1o 2% 2% 2°/° 2°/o


74372O112%

Underburstpoint

1800

6802901508144

2o/o

Fig. A96


Yield: 10kT Neutron spectrum: 14 Mev

55 m HOB


point

65

2% 3°/o 3% 3% 4% 4%Statistica( uncertainty of bottom zones

Fig. A97

28158.34.6

3%

220

79

34189.04.67°/o

138 m HOB


o.oo/40/0 7% 7o/0 8% "7% 80/o


Underburstpoint

29

10

4.1 4.62.5 2.61.3 1.50.75 0.937O/0 14%

Fig. A98

Radiation Dose in 200-liter Drums inside a Metal Roof Building with R=20 meter

(Megarad)

Yield: 10kT Neutron spectrum: Fission

5 m HOB


point

9

I1.30.770.460.28

2o/0 4% 5o/0 40/0 40/0 40/o 40/0

1300

230

91502917


Fig. A99

20 m HOB


.4

1.1 I0.67

2°/o 5% 5O/o 5% 5o/0 5%


Underburstpoint

76

14

1.9 5.61.1 3.30.69 1.80.42 1.140/0 6o/0

Fig. A100


Yield: 10kT Neutron spectrum: Fission

55 m HOB


point

0.39 I0.24

2% 5% 50/0 6% 50/0 6%

0.670.390.240.1550/o

10

1.9

0.830.430.250.15

11%


Fig. A101

138 m HOB


.29

0.081 l0.050

4% 9% 11% 11% 13% 13%


Underburstpoint

1.5

0.28

0.12 0.120.067 0.0690.063 0.0390.027 0.031

12°/o 25%

Fig. A102

Radiation-Neutralization of Stored Biological Warfare .../67531/metadc... · by the use of...

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