Radiation Detection and Monitoring By: Todd Bailey.

Radiation Detection and Monitoring By: Todd Bailey

UNDERSTANDING WHAT RADIATION IS EFFECTS OF RADIATION

USING THE RADIATION MONITOR MAINTENANCE AND LIMITATIONS

Take one small speck of dust and expand it to the size of earth A single Atom would be the size of a city Alpha particle radiation would be the size of a ping-pong ball

Ionizing radiation: Process of removing electrons from atoms or molecules -Alpha - Beta - Gamma / X-rays - Neutron Ionizing Radiation: Any radiation which is capable of dislodging electrons from atoms thereby producing ions. Non ionizing radiation: - radio waves - microwaves - visible light - ultraviolet waves *Most radioactive materials may emit more than one kind of radiation.

alpha particle gamma ray beta particle

Range - 2 inches Shielding - paper, cloth - dead layer of skin Biological Hazards - not external hazard - internal hazard - easily stopped by dead layer of skin * Alpha radiation will not cause damage from outside the body Composition 2 protons 2 neutrons

Range up to 30 Shielding thick clothing inch aluminum inch plastic Biological Hazard external hazard to skin and eyes internal hazard

Range - hundreds of feet Shielding (dense) - lead - steel - concrete - dirt Biological Hazard - whole body hazard (external and internal)

Range - hundreds of feet Shielding - (hydrogen/water) - plastic, concrete, dirt Biological Hazard - whole body hazard (internal/external hazard)

The weather station outside of the Atomic Testing Museum on a hot summer day. Displayed background gamma radiation level is 9.8 R/h Normal Background R/h 5-25 R/hr

Current Rate 0 Micro REM/hour REM is roentgen equivalent in man (or mammal) Displayed as: R/hr (REM per Hour) m R/hr (Milli REM per Hour) 1,000 m R/hr = R/hr R/hr (Micro REM per Hour) 1,000,000 R/hr = R/hr

Stone, brick, concrete 7 mrem Cosmic space radiation 26 mrem Food and water 40 mrem Terrestrial radiation (Continental US) 63 mrem Naturally-occurring radon 200 mrem (0.2 rem)

Smoke detectors 0.008 mrem (8 rem) LCD wristwatch 0.06 mrem (60 rem) Porcelain crowns/dentures 0.07 mrem (70 rem) Jet plane travel 0.5 mrem per hour in air (Seattle to NY ~ 3.4 mrem) Computer screen/TV 1 mrem X-ray (extremities) 1 mrem X-ray (chest) 6 mrem X-ray (Upper GI) 245 mrem (0.245 rem) Cigarettes (1 pack per day) 1300 mrem (1.3 rem)

Dose Current Dose 48 Micro REM REM is roentgen equivalent in man (or mammal) Displayed as: R (REM) m R (Milli REM) 1,000 m R = R R (Micro REM) 1,000,000 R = R

A 21-year-old soldier Nagasaki. Chernobyl Baby

The three above Caused By Meth not Radiation

Exposure (rem) Health Effect Time to Onset (without treatment) 5-10 changes in blood chemistry 50nauseahours 55fatigue 70vomiting 75hair loss2-3 weeks 90diarrhea 100hemorrhage 400possible deathwithin 2 months 1,000 destruction of intestinal lining internal bleeding and death 1-2 weeks 2,000 damage to central nervous system loss of consciousness; and death Minutes hours to days

Cancer Genetic Mutations Sterility

Leukemia Lung cancer Skin cancer Thyroid cancer Multiple myeloma Breast cancer Stomach cancer

OSHA specifies the following exposure limits for emergency workers in radiation fields: 5 rem any work (Dose > 5 rem is on a voluntary basis with knowledge of risks) 10 rem to protect property 25 rem to protect life

Gamma detector only will not detect alpha or beta radiation

Capabilities Measures and records gamma/x-ray dose and rate Multiple user features, data logger, PC download Best uses Personal dosimeter and rate meter Used by decon team

Rate and Dose keys: Display rate or dose Alarm key: Display stay time in minutes Light key: Power On backlight Clear/Test key: Perform operational test On/Off key: Power On and Off Keys have other functions for advanced users

Status indicators Autoranging digital display Units of measure

Rate Detection range of 1 R/hr to 500 R/hr Total Dose range of 0.1 R to 999 R Unit has an initialization time of less than 5 seconds

Prepare for Operation Basic Operation

Before-operation checks Look for obvious damage Install batteries: 4 AAA Observe polarity indicator Starts sleep mode Power up Press On/Off key

Perform operational test Hold Clear/Test key until 888 appears Test alarm: Press Rate, Dose, or Alarm keys After self-test: Flashing 9 = pass or 0 = fail Press Clear/Test key

Check dose and dose rate Turn on back light Alarms Data logging Check Stay Time (Alarm button) Can be used to survey an area, *Only Gama

Current dose rate Normal default reading will be Background Note Background Reading Total dose Press Dose key Check the dose is 0.00 Returns to rate after 10 sec.

Press Light key Blue light for 10 sec. Why cant I see the light?

Type AlarmVisual (flashing) Audible (if enabled) Vibration (if enabled) High rate Entire display, Left LED red Beep quicklyVibrate Low rate Rate and Alarm indicators, Left LED green Beep slowlyVibrate High dose Dose and Alarm indicators, Right LED red Beep quicklyVibrate Low dose Dose indicator, Right LED green Beep slowlyVibrate

High Rate: 1R/hr Low Rate: 100 uR/hr (100 Times lower than Turn Back Rate) **Turn Back Rate: 10 mR/hr** NO ALARM FOR TURNBACK RATE!! **Normal Background 5-25uR/hr**

High Dose 5R Low Dose 1R

General Public/Employee: 100mR Year DOE Worker: 2Rem Year Emergency Worker: (Once in Career) 5 Rem Any Work 10 Rem Property (Voluntary) 25 Rem Life Safety (Voluntary)

Type of Alarm High dose/rate alarm Low dose/rate alarm Low battery alarm Required Action Take immediate action to reduce exposure Silence and reset alarm Warn others of increased exposure Silence and reset alarm Change batteries

High rate alarms Press Clear/Test key to still vibration alarm Back away to stop audible and display alarms Low rate alarms Press Clear/Test key to still audible/vibration alarms Back away until display alarm stops Dose alarms Press Clear/Test key to still audible/vibration alarms Log the data point

Low battery: Flashing BAT in upper left corner Less than 10 hours left Press Clear/Test key to display minutes of battery left Dying battery: Flashing b on blank display Normal operation stopped

Log data point at: Any dose alarm End of normal shift Records up to 300 events Records date, time, dose, rate, etc. Logging a data point Power On, rate displayed Hold Rate + Dose keys until number stops flashing New number = log sequence

How much time remains, at the current Dose Rate, before the High Dose Alarm is triggered. (If the Dose Rate goes up, remaining Stay Time will go down.)

Stay time = number of minutes to safely remain at current rate Based on current rate and dose alarm setting Press Alarm button Display stay time in minutes Normal background = 999 Stay Time If rate increases with low dose alarm set point, stay time decreases

DETECTelevated radiation levels VERIFYthe radiation alarm LOCALIZEor narrow down the radioactive field or source material MEASUREthe radiation level *Continue to survey until Turn Back Rate is reached (10mr)

Decon line use Personal exposure record Alert user of high dose or dose rate Use source finder mode as survey meter Wear on belt Instrument upside down, face out flip up to read

Minimal operator care and cleaning We do not do: Corrective maintenance Operator troubleshooting

Power down Hold On/Off key until display shows OFF then - - - Perform after-operation maintenance Clean and Replace Batteries as needed Storage Store in carry case

Wipe exterior surfaces clean Do not submersenot water tight Avoid harsh solventsmay damage plastic case

Replace batteries if low battery alarm Power Off; change batteries; power On Ensure correct orientation Dose reading and settings not lost Sleep mode starts automatically Power On then Off to prevent battery drain

Limitations Does not detect alpha, beta, neutrons Gamma detector only Unit is immersible to 3 ft and can be decontaminated Unit is NOT intrinsically safe

Understanding What Radiation is Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Neutron Effects of Radiation Cancer, Genetic Mutations, Sterility Using The Radiation Monitor Operations and Alarms Maintenance and Limitations Cleaning, Batteries, Gamma Only and water resistant (not waterproof)

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Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Radiation Doses in Perspective. Available online: http://epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html. http://epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Radiation: Non-Ionizing and Ionizing. Available online: http://epa.gov/radiation/understand/index.htmlhttp://epa.gov/radiation/understand/index.html. Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Sources of Radiation Exposure. Available online: http://epa.gov/radiation/sources/index.html. http://epa.gov/radiation/sources/index.html Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Understanding Radiation: Health Effects. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html. http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html American Nuclear Society (2011). Estimate your personal annual radiation dose. Available online: http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/docs/dosechart.pdf. http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/docs/dosechart.pdf Catlett C, Baker Rogers JE (2011). Radiation injuries. In JE Tintinalli, ed., Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 7th ed., pp. 56-61. New York: McGraw-Hill.JERadiation injuries Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS): A Fact Sheet for the Public. Available online: http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ars.asp.http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ars.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010). Airport Security Scanning and Human Health. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/airport_scan.htm.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Frequently Asked Questions About a Radiation Emergency. Available online: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/emergencyfaq.asp.http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/emergencyfaq.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Potassium Iodide (KI). Available online: http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp.Potassium http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp Mehta P, Smith-Bindman R (2011). Airport full-body screening: What is the risk? Archives of Internal Medicine. Published online March 28, 2011 (doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.105). National Cancer Institute (2003). What about treatment? In Young People With Cancer: A Handbook for Parents. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/youngpeople/page5.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/youngpeople/page5 National Cancer Institute (2008). Radiation Risks and Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation/radiation-risks-pediatric-CT. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation/radiation-risks-pediatric-CT Radiological Society of North America and American College of Radiology (2010). Radiation Exposure in X-Ray and CT Examinations. Available online: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/safety/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/safety/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray Schauer DA (2009). Report No. 160-Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. World Nuclear Association (2011). Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects. Available online: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf05.html.

National Cancer Institute (2008). Radiation Risks and Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation/radiation-risks-pediatric-CTCancerRadiation USMC Nuclear, Biological Chemical Training Department of Energy Nuclear Test Site Training The University of Rochester Medical CenterUniversity of Rochester Medical Center The U.S Environmental Protection Agency: Radiation protection The U.S Environmental Protection Agency: Radiation protection The American Cancer Society: Radiation exposure and cancer The American Cancer Society: Radiation exposure and cancer National Cancer Institute: Fertility issues National Cancer Institute: Fertility issues FEMA Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/73969-longterm-effects-exposure- radiation/#ixzz2EzVzfSg9http://www.livestrong.com/article/73969-longterm-effects-exposure- radiation/#ixzz2EzVzfSg9

Radiation Detection and Monitoring By: Todd Bailey.

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