Radiation and the Environment

8/11/2019 Radiation and the Environment

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Noramly Muslim PhD.


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Radiation Around YouNatureCosmic (direct and cosmic-producedradioactivity

Terrestrial (including radon)MedicalConsumer Products

TransportationNuclear PowerNuclear Weapons allout


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Naturally !ccurringRadioactive Material

Primordial radionuclides- le"t over "rom w#ent#e eart# was created$Cosmogenic radioactivity - Radionuclidesproduced w#en cosmic radiation interacts wit#t#e upper atmosp#ere


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Cosmic Radiation T#e primary source o" cosmic radiation isoutside t#is solar system% sun and stars T#e atmosp#ere and t#e eart#&s magnetic'eld act as a s#ield against radiation reducingt#e radiation t#at reac#es t#e eart#&s sur"ace$

ig#er doses at #ig#er altitudes$


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Cosmic Radiation*ose Rates

At +, latitude (.oston/C#icago),0 000 "t% 0$001 m2v (0$1 mrem)/#r

+0 000 "t% 0$003 m2v (0$3 mrem)/#rig#er at larger latitudes

Annual doses at ground level%4$2$ Average% 0$1+ m2v (1+ mrem)

*enver Plateau% 0$30 m2v (30 mrem)


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Cosmogenic RadioactivityMost important

Car5on-6+%

al"-li"e% 37,0 years4sed to determine age o" arti"acts8ow-energy 5eta only9 low doses

ydrogen-, (tritium)al"-li"e% 61$, yearsound in all water

8ow-energy 5eta only9 low doses


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Terrestrial RadiationPrimordial radionuclides in roc: and soilPrimarily long lived nuclides

;-+0 (also in "ood).ody contains a5out 0$6


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Terrestrial Radiation*oses 4$2$ population average%

0$++ m2v (++ mrem)/yr

Coastal plains0$1, m2v (1, mrem)/yr

*enver Plateau0$>0 m2v (>0 mrem)/yr


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Radon ("rom t#e 4ranium*ecay C#ain)

Uranium-2384.5 billion years

Uranium-2384.5 billion years

Radium-2261600 years

Radium-2261600 years

Radon-2223.825 days

Radon-2223.825 days

ead-2142! min. "Ra#$

ead-2142! min. "Ra#$

Polonium-2183.1 min. "Ra%$Polonium-2183.1 min. "Ra%$ Polonium-214163.! us "Ra&'$

Polonium-214163.! us "Ra&'$

#ismu(h-214

1).) min "Ra&$

#ismu(h-2141).) min "Ra&$

ead-21022.3 y "RaD$

ead-21022.3 y "RaD$


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Radon ?ntry @nto a

ome1. &ra*+s in ,olid loors2. &ons(ru*(ion oin(s3. &ra*+s in /alls4. a s in loors5. a s around Pi es6. &a i(ies in /alls!. /a(er ,u ly " ellsonly$

3.

4.

1.2.

!.6.

5.


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Radon *ose and*etection*ose

Average 4$2$ e ective annual dose% 1$0

m2v (100 mrem)*etection met#odsC#arcoal CanistersAlp#a Trac: *etectors

?lectret monitorsRadon 2ni ers


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Medical Radiation*iagnostic

B-rays

Ave$ 4$2$ dose% 0$,> m2v (,> mrem)/yrNuclear Medicine

Ave$ 4$2$ dose% 0$6+ m2v (6+ mrem)/yr

T#erapeutic

Cancer treatment T#yroid treatment


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Consumer ProductsMany sources

Television sets accelerate electrons to ma:e

t#e picture on t#e screen and in t#e processproduce a "ew low energy -rays$2mo:e detectors emit radiation t#at is easilystopped even 5y smo:e and in t#at waydetect t#e presence o" smo:e$2ome more products or services% long lastinglig#t 5ul5s 5uilding materials and luminousdials among many ot#ers$


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Transportation o"Radioactive Materials

*aily needRadiop#armaceuticals

8ow level waste@ndustrial sourcesReactors

Regulations developed "or sa"e transport


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Nuclear @ndustry T#e pu5lic is e posed to a variety o" radiationsources

Radioactivity in air and waterRadioactive waste*irect irradiation$


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Nuclear @ndustryRadiation *oses "rom Nuclear Power are2mall

8ess t#an 0$0,D o" t#e total annual e ectivedose is "rom nuclear power (less t#an 0$06m2v (6 mrem)/yr)

T#at&s considera5ly less t#an t#e totalaverage annual e ective dose o" a5out ,m2v (,00 mrem) per year "rom naturalradiation sources


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PressuriEed Water

Reactor

m% ose h onyeau P. . 7ir(ual Nu*lear our

#ttp%//www$nucleartourist$com/
http://www.nucleartourist.com/http://www.nucleartourist.com/


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Radiation ? posure tot#e 4$2$ Population


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Patric: MooreF% oin9Nu*learA Green Ma:es t#e Case("or Nuclear Power):U ::;

/ashin9(on Pos( April 6H 100H
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html


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@n t#e early 6>70s w#en @#elped "ound Greenpeace@ 5elieved t#at nuclearenergy was synonymous

wit# nuclear #olocaust asdid most o" my

compatriots$ I$


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I$ T#irty years on my

views #ave c#anged andt#e rest o" t#e

environmental movementneeds to update its views

too 5ecause nuclearenergy may Just 5e t#eenergy source t#at can


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K@t doesn&t matter

w#at is true9 w#atmatters is w#at

people t#in: is true$Kounder Greenpeace(1000)


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