Radiation accident
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Radiological accidents:
CT Brain Perfusion ScansOverdose.
Moayyad AlssabbaghMGQ120003
Master of Medical Physics 2012/2013University of Malaya
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
In this Presentation:
• What is CT perfusion scan
• Accident description
• Accident causes
• The consequences, impact and implications
• Lessons learned and recommendations
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
• What is CT Perfusion scan:
It’s a kind of diagnostic x-ray scans produce cross-sectional images or 'slices' of specific areas of the head.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
• Why:
For stroke test which is the evaluation of blood flow in the brain.
• Causes:
It happens when blood flow to a part of the brain stops, which lead to brain cells die or causing permanent damage due to lack of blood and oxygen.
• A stroke is called also a "brain attack.“
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
Accident description
• In Oct. 2009, the first notification was reported (FDA)
• Patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) brain perfusion scans were accidently exposed to excess radiation doses.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
Accident disc. - Cont.
• Some patients reported obvious signs of excessive radiation exposure following their scans, such as hair loss or skin redness, which called attention to the problem.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
Problem Description – cont.
• Over 385 patients from six hospitals all in California alone, were exposed to excess radiation during CT brain perfusion scans
• Other cases appeared:
– More than 200 patients in a hospital in Los Angeles
– And dozens more at a hospital in Huntsville, Alabama, were being overdoses too.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
How much radiation dose they received?
• Instead of receiving the expected dose of 0.5 Gy to the head (depend on patient size, age, condition and scanner design, etc.), these patients received 3-4 Gy (approximately eight times) which is in some cases resulted in hair loss and erythema.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
• How did this happen? (Accident causes)
• An investigation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was set
• Technicians intentionally used high levels of radiation to get clearer images. (Recommendation by the companies that supplied the scanners)
• No manufacturer-defined protocol provided to get reasonable and appropriate image quality and dose.
• Hospitals modified their own scanning protocols .
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
The consequences, impact and implications• In Addition to hair loss and skin redness, patients experienced
headaches, memory loss and confusion.
• Over time, excessive radiation exposure can place patients at increased risk for long-term radiation effects, such as risk of brain damage and cancer.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
• It also has social effects, which may be reflected on the psychological state of the patient, which can also lead to work loss.
Mr. Alain Reyes’s co-workers at a shipping company avoided him, and his boss sent him home, fearing he had a contagious disease.
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
Lessons learned and recommendations• The problem may not be detected because the dose is not high
enough to cause radiation injury.
• Regulatory agencies was unaware of those doses but started to investigate after a news paper brought them to the public attention.
• Providing particular information, protocols and training on brain-perfusion to all facilities that receiving CT equipments.
A medically-needed CT scan that does not expose the patient to unnecessary radiation has benefits that far outweigh the radiation
risks
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Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose
Thank you for
listening
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• References
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm193293.htm
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm185898.htm
• The New York Times news paper. The New York Times Company (NYSE: NYT)
Radiological accidents: CT Brain Perfusion Scans Overdose