RADAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ANALYSING HISTORICAL SITES … fileAbstrak: Lembah Bujang merupakan pusat...

Norzailawati et al, International Journal of Environment, Society and Space, 2017, 5(1), 17-30

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RADAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ANALYSING

HISTORICAL SITES AT BUJANG VALLEY, KEDAH, MALAYSIA

Norzailawati M.N. a*, Alias A.A. a, Akma R.S. a and Zuraini M.A.b

a Urban and Regional Planning Department, Kulliyah of Architecture and Environmental Design,

International Islamic University of Malaysia, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

b Department Of Building Surveying, Faculty Of Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract: Bujang Valley was an international cultural and commercial crossroad ever since 2000 years ago. Its

history, potential, economic and socio-cultural administrator and significance, its art and architecture as well as

diplomatic relationships offer fertile ground for scholarly investigations. However, the issue of these pre-historic

sites being demolished in secrecy for modern development brings in a further analysis. With that, this research

aims to identify potential mound areas, which are two study areas consisting of Bujang Valley and Sungai Batu

Complex, using the RADARSAT. Local Adaptive Filtering and Feature Extraction were applied to multi-

temporal images of RADARSAT for years 2003 and 2014 to identify potential mounds. Two study areas were

selected using ENVI 4.8. The finding shows that The Local Adaptive Filtering on GAMMA Map filter is one of

the best techniques in identifying potential mounds areas immediately. This technique proves to be a reliable

guide in historical site detection in Malaysia which will also contribute in the chronology of the land use

development planning in Bujang Valley. Simultaneously, this technique will also aid in making

recommendations for land use planning guidelines in preservation and conservation of heritage sites.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, RADARSAT, Filtering Techniques, Historical sites and Urban Planning

Abstrak: Lembah Bujang merupakan pusat pertembungan budaya dan komersil antarabangsa sejak 2000 tahun

lalu. Sejarah, potensi, pentadbiran ekonomi dan sosio-budaya, seni bina serta hubungan diplomatiknya

membuka peluang yang luas bagi tujuan kajian para ilmuan. Namun begitu, isu berkaitan dengan kemusnahan

tinggalan pra-sejarah yang dimusnahkan secara diam memerlukan analisis rentetan. Dengan itu, tujuan

penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti kawasan berpotensi di dua kawasan kajian iaitu Lembah Bujang

dan Kompleks Sungai Batu dengan menggunakan satelit RADARSAT. Teknik penapisan Local Adaptive dan

Pengekstrakan ciri digunakan pada imej Radarsat bagi tahun 2003 dan 2014 bagi tujuan mengenalpasti kawasan

tinggalan yang berpotensi. Penemuan kajian menunjukkan bahawa teknik penapisan Local Adaptive melalui

proses penapis peta GAMMA merupakan teknik yang terbaik dalam mengesan tinggalan dikawasan kajian.

Teknik tersebut turut membuktikan keupayaannya dalam mengesan kawasan tinggalan sejarah yang mana dalam

masa yang sama melibatkan pembangunan gunatanah di Lembah Bujang. Hatta, kajian ini juga turut

menyokong pembentukan garispanduan kepada perancangan gunatanah sekaligus memulihara dan memelihara

kawasan warisan.

Kata kunci: Penderiaan Jauh, RADARSAT, Teknik Penapisan, Tapak Sejarah dan Perancang Bandar.

a* E-mail: [email protected]


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INTRODUCTION

The Bujang Valley, a place located in northern Malaysia (Kuala Muda, Kedah) is one of the most

remarkable archaeological sites. Bujang Valley was an international cultural and commercial

crossroad ever since 2000 years ago. Its history, its potential, economic and socio-cultural

administrator and significance, its art and architecture, its diplomatic relationship and so on offer

fertile ground for scholarly investigations. Apart from the Muda, another principal river is the

Merbok, while the 1217 meter Mount Jerai is the highest landmark in the area. Situated in the rice

bowl region of Kedah, the valley was home to a prosperous kingdom around the 4th century A.D

(Maznah et al, 2010). With the increase of trade in the straits of Melaka, the Bujang Valley developed

into a collecting centre for the products of the Malay Peninsula, and by the 7th century it had evolved

into an entreport. In 670 A.D, the Bujang Valley Kingdom fell under the influence of Srivijaya, but

regained its power with the weakening of the Srivijaya Empire at the end of the 11th century. It was

still existence in the 14th century but declined with the coming of Islam and Melaka as an entreport.

The exploration on this site is still continuous, and their works are still yet to finish. This has been

supported with the latest evidence, which also revealed that this civilizations covers an area of over

1000 square kilometer compared to an area previously estimated, which was only 400 square

kilometer. However, recently news stated that many of these prehistoric sites are being rapidly

destroyed due to modern land use practices with the developments of new settlements and

constructions of new townships, causing a major destruction thus requiring urgent conservation by the

local authority. Over 50 mounds and hundreds of relics that were on displayed in the nearby Bujang

Valley archaeological museum were ruined because of these developments’ encroachment.

The issue on these pre-historic ruins at archaeological sites in Bujang Valley is that they were being

secretly demolished by land developers. Some sites have been dug up from its spot near Sungai Batu

with particular mounds hidden from sight and were believed to be an old palm estate, causing the

developer to demolish them first before clearing the oil palm trees. It is an outrage that those ancient

and significant archaeological sites were not only, unprotected but was also allowed to be dug up to

make way for development. At present, most of cultural heritage legislation and management is based

on expensive and old-fashioned methods of field survey which underpin regional and national

registers of cultural heritage sites. This old method which is influenced by realistic forecasting and

lack of reliable data are costly and time consuming due to their application over large areas and

introduces unnecessary conflicts (Grøn & Loska, 2002).

SAR system (synthetic aperture radar) is one of the recent active sensors used for archaeological

investigation which can be operated from satellites and facilitate registration of small-scale

topographical features which are penetrating vegetation, variation in ground moisture, and the

occurrence of stones. It was proved particularly useful for archaeology research. It was sensitive to

linear and geometric features on the ground. It is also important to include a method called ground

trothing or the process of physically visiting (on foot) the localities surveyed to verify the data, as it

helps form the interpretation. SAR data sets, with the ability to record data beneath the earth`s surface

have been applied to a number of archaeological investigations. In the central Iberian Peninsula of

Spain, SAR data (with a 2.4-13.7m resolution) found potentially buried architecture (Ayuga et al,

2006). SAR data has also been used to detect archaeological sites that were not discovered during foot

survey (Sarah, 2009). In examining structural patterns at Petra, Jordan, SAR detected previously

unknown linear features. The data also showed ancient pathways, open subterranean chambers, and

natural landforms related to known archaeological sites. This study continues at Beidha, Jordan

through a cultural sites analysis initiative, which identified the general landscape condition of the area

(Comer, 2003). AIRSAR has also been used extensively at Angkor Wat to understand more

complicated human-environment interactions (Evans et al, 2007). Work done at an early Bronze Age

site in Israel, Leviah Enclosure (not seen in the ground or in aramid photographs) was detected with

ATR and later confirmed with excavation (Ben-Dor & Saaroni, 1997). Therefore, the objective of this

study is to identify potential mounds in two study areas consisting of Bujang Valley and Sungai Batu


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Complex using RADARSAT in order to conserve the historical sites in the context of efficient land

use planning.

STUDY AREA

Bujang Valley is located at Sungai Petani, Kedah (northern part of Peninsular Malaysia), and

specifically in the Merbok district of Kuala Muda. It is one of the most significant findings of

evidences proving the earliest civilizations in the Malay Peninsula. Bujang Valley holds a significant

value as a physical prove of the earliest civilization in the Southeast Asia region. The specific study

area are divided into two main areas consist of Bujang Valley (Lembah Bujang) and Sungai Batu

Complex (Kompleks Sungai Batu) (Figure 1).

These sites are found during a scientific palaenvironmental reconstruction study. In general, a total 97

mounds were mapped and identified in a 3km2 area that has a great archeological potential including

this two sites as located in Figure 1. To date, excavation done by researchers from the Universiti Sains

Malaysia revealed ritual monuments, a riverside jetty built in the 2nd century CE, and iron smelting

sites that were used from the 1st century CE. These new findings give a more holistic and complete

picture of the Bujang Valley civilization and should lead to a significant re-evaluation of the evidence

that has been accumulated since the 1840s (Mokhtar et al, 2010). The earliest archeological report of

the Bujang Valley came from James Low, a government official in Penang who discovered the first

monument in early 1840. Later in 1984 Irby discovered the ruins of an ancient temple on the summit

of Gunung Jerai. In the 1920s and 1930s, Evans enriched the inventory of the Valley’s monumental

and artefact remains. Just before the Second World War, Quaritch-Wales and his wife undertook

extensive research and found more than thirty structural and numerous artefact remains. And after the

war, several researchers continued to investigate the archeology of the Bujang Valley, such as

Sullivan and Lamb in 1950s and 1960. Among their important works were excavations of Candi

(religious edifices) Bukit Batu Pahat and Candi Permatang Pasir. In the 1970s and 1980s, Malaysian

archeologists became directly involved in Bujang Valley archeological excavation and conservation

(Mokhtar et al, 2010).


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THEORETICAL REVIEW

a) Remote Sensing in Archeology

In the last few decades, archeology has benefited from the development of earth observation (EO)

technologist, including optical multispectral, LiDAR and Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote

sensing. The latter is gaining the attention of an expanding community of scientists and archaeologists

due to the increasing availability of multi-platform, multi-band, multi-polarization and very high-

resolution satellite SAR data. It is increasingly becoming an important tool in archeology owing to

specific characteristic of its operational modalities, e.g all-weather, penetration, polarization and

interferometry. Remote sensing techniques in archeology are increasingly important components of

the technical and methodological tool set available in archeology research. The use of remote sensing

techniques allows archaeologists to uncover unique data that is unobtainable using traditional

archaeological excavation techniques. This is a non-invasive method for mapping and monitoring

potential archeological sites in an ever changing world that faces issues such as urbanization, looting

and ground water pollution that could pose threats to such sites. In spite of this, this is mostly a tool

for broad scale survey. Focused excavation and all archeological projects require a ground work in

order to verify any potential findings.

Renowned because of that, the capability of remote sensing techniques offer the advantage of

providing a synoptic view, covering large areas, and demonstrating the capability to detect features

not easily visible on the ground that may be important for archaeological applications (Brivio et al.,

2000). Nevertheless, the availability of multi-spectral data proved to be an effective data source for

paleo-geographic environment studies (Brivio et al., 2000; Parry, 1992). The use of remote sensing

techniques in both historic and prehistoric sites is well documented (Lyons & Hitchcock, 1977;

Kruckman, 1972). RADARSAT-1 provides horizontal transmit and horizontal receiver (HH) data

(793-821 km altitude), RADARSAT-2 was launched 2008, provides VV polarization, cross

polarization (HV or VH), dual polarization (HH+HV@VV+VH) and quad-polarization

(HH+VV+HV+VH). This makes RADARSAT an incredibly versatile imagery type (798km altitude).

The application of radar to a later phase of development was because the multi-spectral technique

seems to be the most promising in terms of cultural heritage site localization and monitoring, and has

already shown its usefulness (Shennan & Donoghue, 1991).

Remotely sensed optical images from satellite sensors can meet most needs in practical applications;

considering that weather-dependence limits its functional deployment under some circumstances. In

practical applications, the optical satellite images, in particular with high resolutions from sensors

such as SPOT (Chevrel et al., 1981) and IKONOS (Tanaka & Sugimura, 2001), provides excellent

legibility, but they may be affected by the clouds and weather conditions. On the other hand, SAR

images are not influenced by climate and they can be obtained day-and-night, but they suffer from a

serious intrinsic speckle or noise (Franceschetti & Lanari, 1999; Lampropoulos & Boulter, 1997). In

relation to this, the joint application of these two different kinds of data information will be of great

interest for many geological problems that is associated with remote sensing (Chen et al., 2003).

b) Filtering techniques for RADARSAT

Reducing noise from a satellite imageries are a challenge for the researchers in digital image

processing. Generally speckle noise is commonly found in synthetic aperture radar images, satellite

images and in the ultrasound medical images. It is a granular noise that inherently exists in and

degrades the quality of the Active Radar and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Speckle noise

in conventional radar results from random fluctuations in the return signal from an object that is no

bigger than a single image processing element. It increases the mean grey level of a local area’s

demonstrated image with speckle noise (Mokhtar et al., 2010). Several approaches for noise reduction

was filtering. Filtering is a transformation of the pixel intensity values to reveal certain image

http://www.intechopen.com/books/geoscience-and-remote-sensing-new-achievements/registration-of-radar-and-optical-satellite-images-using-multiscale-filter-technique-and-information#B8






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characteristics such as enhancement of the images to improve contrast, smoothing which remove

noises known as speckles and template matching which detects known patterns by locating the

template in the images. The common filters that applied in radar imagery is local adaptive filters

including the Lee filter (Lee, 1980, 1981), Frost filter (Frost et al., 1981, 1982), Kuan filter (Kuan et

al., 1985), Gamma (MAP or Maximum A Posteriori) filter (Kuan et al., 1987; Lopes et al., 1993), and

Lee-sigma filter (Lee, 1983). All of these adaptive filters aim to effectively reduce speckle in radar

images without eliminating the fine details (Jensen, 2004).

Local Adaptive Filters, such as the Lee filter are based on the assumption that the mean and variance

of the pixel of interest are equal to the local mean and variance of all pixels within the user-selected

moving window (Lee, 1980, 1981). It was believed that it can reduce speckle/noise while preserving

the edges in the images. It removes the noise by minimizing either the mean square error or the

weighted least square estimation. This filter assumes multiplicative noise and stationary statistic.

The Frost filter replaces the pixels of interest with a weighted sum of the values within the moving

window (Frost et al., 1981, 1982). The weighting factors decrease with distance from the pixel of

interest and increase for the central pixels as variance within the window increases. The principles of

frost filters are the un-speckled pixel value estimated using a sub window of the processing window.

The size of the sub window varies as a function of the target local heterogeneity measured with the

coefficient of variation, meaning that the larger the coefficient of variation (standard deviation) the

narrow the processing sub-window. The Gamma (MAP: Maximum A Posteriori) filter was

developed by Lopes et al., (1993) based on the improved Kuan MAP filter (Kuan et al., 1987). A

priori knowledge of the probability density function of the scene is required before the filter can be

applied. It is derived under the assumption of the images scene having a Gamma Distribution, which

is believed to be more suitable to the realistic case. The advantage of this filtering technique is their

accuracy in estimating the backscattering coefficient inside homogenous area while preserving the

edge and texture of the images’ non-homogenous scene.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to understand the phenomenon of potential mounds locations, the basic requirement is the

availability of information of site existing land using categories, topography maps, on site verification

and skill of image interpretation. In this study all these required information have been compiled and

converted into digital forms that are readily used in both data processing in Digital Image Processing

system and Geographic Information System. The latest ENVI version has been used, while ArcGIS

10.2 software system in GIS was used to generate various thematic layers that supports the main

process in detecting potential shrines areas. A complete methodology is shown in Figure 2.

a) Material and Software

The data has been collected from primary and secondary data sources. The data collected from the

primary sources include topographic maps of the area and land use map. Imageries used in this study

are RADARSAT for years of 2003 and 2014. Table 1 shows the detail specification for imageries

used in this study.


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Table 1: Detail specification of RADAR imageries used in this study

SPECIFICATIONS IMAGE 1 IMAGE 3

Radarsat RADARSAT1 RADARSAT2

Acquisition Date Year 2003 Year 2014

Modes Standard Standard

Swath width Standard Standard

Band C-Band C-Band

Polarisation HH

Nominal resolution Standard: 25m Standard : 30m

Areas Bujang Valley and Sungai Batu

b) Methods

In this study, we have conducted a data collection in two different sites consisting of Bujang Valley

and Kompleks Sungai Batu. The specific inventory on material of mounds are identified and were

further used in next image processing. Complete methodology is shown in Figure 3.

Pre-Processing

The image pre-processing and data preparation techniques are the first to be carried out; these include

image rectification and subset. The image- to-map procedures has been applied to the Radar image

using a set of ground control points. The area appear in the same place both in the imagery and known

locations in the corresponding map. Urban plan was used as ancillary information in the rectification

process. The rectified data sets are then subset, producing the two sets of specific study areas. The

Radar satellite imagery shows the subset of the study area with the main shrine are located at Bujang

Valley and Kompleks Sungai Batu, Malaysia in multi-temporal images; 2003 and 2014. The process

has been done by via ENVI 4.8. The result of subset for two area of study are as shown in Figure 3:

(a) (b)

Figures 2: Subset of study area for three study area of (a) Bujang Valley;

and (b) Kompleks Sungai Batu


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Main Processing

Local adaptive filter or smoothing techniques had been applied to radar imagery such as Lee, Frost

and Gamma MAP filter. The advantage of adaptive filtering is its accuracy in estimating the

backscattering coefficient inside homogenous (stationary) area while preserving edge and texture

structure in non-stationary scenes. The performance of this proposed filter is evaluated and compared

to the pixel intensity values such as enhancement of the images by using Research System tool; ENVI

4.8 as a method in RADARSAT digital images processing. Various window sizes and six of iterations

3 × 3, 5 × 5, 7 × 7 and 15 x 15 window sizes were used in order to fully understand the effects

imposed by various window sizes and different number of iterations of each filter. Results below are

the findings and detail of the images after going through the filtering process.

Main Processing Result Analysis Data Preparation Pre Processing Multi-Temporal Image 2003 Multi-Temporal Image 2014 (Speckle Reduction) Adaptive Filters:

Lee

Frost

Gamma

(For Visual Interpretations) Edge Enhancement

High Pass Enhancement

Low Pass Enhancement


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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Exploiting the backscattering and movements (Dore et al, 2013), we can retrieve information on the

surface characteristic (revealing in some cases the presence of archeological features); whereas by

exploiting the phase information, we can obtain the topography and subtle deformations from

inferometric analyses based on multiple data acquisition, such as tandem configuration or a multi-

temporal dataset. Topography is an important factor influencing the detection and discovery of

heritage targets (e.g. proximity of ancient rivers if located in high level wetland platforms (Garrson et

al, 2011), whereas, the identification of subtle deformations has potential relevance for preventive

diagnosis of the vulnerability of monuments and surrounding environments, thus, providing early

warning risk (Zhou et al, 2015).

The 2 sets of RADARSAT have been successfully geometrically corrected and transformed to local

mapping coordinate with RMSE ± 0.5 pixel to ensure accuracy of shrine analysis. In fact this RMSE

had been widely used as a good practice in assessing good geometric output apart from ensuring

sound configuration of ground control point, evenly distributed in study area. To evaluate proposed

filter capability in identifying potential shrine areas in Lembah Bujang, all the filters available in

ENVI have been used using default system parameters, with Lee, Frost and Gamma applied with user

defined multiplier value 1.5 purposely to assess performance of the filters in detailing potential shrine

area in study area. The finding shows, Frost filter obscured the linear features and other fine details,

resulting in very “fuzzy” filtered images. The result of Lee filter shows better in visual analysis

comparing the other filters. (Figure 4 & 5).


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Figure 4: Result of Low pass filter image for different windows are tested for Bujang Valley

The term of enhancement is used to mend the alteration of the appearances of an image in such a way

that the information contained in the images are more readily interpreted by the viewer in terms of his

particular need. Four types of enhancement has been tested to compare the images’ appearances in the

study areas. The result of Edge Enhancement in Bujang Valley; and Sungai Batu imageries shows the

equation with Kernel Size at Field to 5 and Applied Images Add Back Field to 90% per 100% with

Laplacian techniques on convolution method. Same goes to high pass and low pass enhancement

Figure 5: Result of Low pass filter image for different windows are tested for Kompleks Sungai Batu


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techniques, the value of kernel size is 5 and Images Add Back Field to 90% per 100%. This

convergent study has provided refinements to the problem-solving process part of the detection of

mounds area by using geospatial application technique in the heritage site. The increasing values of

the concomitant windows show the increase in the value of the brightness of the images. However,

further studies in other filtering techniques can improve the radar images to minimize the speckle

texture.

Figure 6: Result of Image Enhancement for different techniques are tested for Bujang Valley

a) Gamma Filtering 3x3, b) Edge Enhancement, c) High Pass Enhancement, d) Low Pass

Enhancement


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Figure 7: Result of Image Enhancement for different techniques are tested for Kompleks Sungai Batu

a) Gamma Filtering 3 x 3, b) Edge Enhancement, c) High Pass Enhancement, d) Low Pass

Enhancement

RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE OUTLOOKS

Conservation of Bujang Valley historical site needs effective and non-invasive techniques for periodic

monitoring. The remote sensing technique highlighted in this paper is based on the filtering

techniques using microwave radar signals of RADARSAT satellite. Future challenges substantially

deal with the exploitation, as much as possible, of the data which are currently available from both

active and passive sensors, and in turn with setting up effective and reliable automatic and/or

semiautomatic data processing strategies and the integration of the traditional ground truth activity

with numerical scientific testing. This shows that there is a great need for ground truth verification of

the result as well as for a calibration of the instruments or improvements on existing algorithm.

However, from this perspective, it can be argued that methodologies applied in a specific

archeological environment might not adequately work in other sites (Beck, 2007). In addition,

archeological surveys and findings should always be linked with the interpretation results of the

remote sensing (and vice versa) achieved.

This study proved the filtering techniques that acquired from RADARSAT (k- band) are able to

deliver a good finding in detecting mounds at Bujang Valley area. However, the capabilities of its

resolution and technique chosen need to crucially to be improved. Remote sensing for archeology,

regardless of the technological tools and procedures employed for each case, seems to be widely

accepted and established through time. New technologies (such as radar satellite images has already

been applied at various archeological sites (Stular et al., 2012; Gaber et al., 2013; Tapete et al, 2015).

New satellite sensors such as Sentinel missions, are also expected to support archeological research in

the near future (Agapiou et al., 2014). The WorldView-3 sensor with a spatial resolution of 31 cm

highlights the latest achievement of space technology. Using data with such an improved quality,

scientist can seek even more elaborate details for sub-surface remains and a better understanding of

archeolandscape.

Next generation of satellite data for archeological applications are expected to offer improved

technical capabilities, with higher spatial and spectral resolution to support the diverse phases of

archeological research from discovery, to documentation, from preservation to valorization. This

approach can effectively support a smart management of cultural heritage including the sustainable

“touristic exploitation” and educational activities to spread new technologies and “attitude” in the

context of natural and cultural heritage management.

CONCLUSION

Remote sensing technologies are used to support archeologists in providing useful information for

sub-surface remains, documentation of sites and landscapes and monitoring of cultural heritage sites.

Remote sensing and image analysis algorithm have been merely applied in different archeological and

cultural heritage contexts with different rate of success. Along with the technological achievement of

remote sensing sensors, new topics of interest have been also raised and alongside it are new

terminologies which include, amongst others, archeoloandscapes, coastal archeology and radar


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images. In addition, remote sensing archeology can be considered as an innovative approach for

monitoring and protecting both existing sites of cultural interest and previously unsuspected buried

archeological remains. Driven from these technological innovations, the archeologists started

addressing new questions to guide their research, which can only lead to further improvements of all

the science and technologies involved. The promising, wide spread, knowledge is an indicator of what

to expect in the near future; even more institution working on remote sensing data to support

archeological investigation and cultural heritage and, at the same time, truthful transfer of knowledge

can be achieved. The goal of our research is to demonstrate the multi techniques of image processing

in attempt to identify shrine areas in heritage sites at Bujang Valley at once to improve the existing

tool of urban planning in preserving the historical sites. The use of radar images in this study shows a

good, significant, support system and is very competent for acquiring a better understanding in

identifying a potential mounds area. The future studies suggested here will provide a means for land

use planning development by using the remote sensing technology in the significant site area

especially on historical site.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors greatly acknowledged Universiti Malaya and International Islamic University of

Malaysia for Joint research grant on Program Rakan Penyelidikan, Malaysia Remote Sensing Agency

(ARSN) and Town and Country Planning Department (JBPD), Centre for Global Archaeological

Research (CGAR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Department of National Heritage and Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia for providing invaluable respective data used in this study. Authors sincerely

thank all referees for their suggestions to improve the manuscript.

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