RADAR METEOROLOGY Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali DENİZ. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION RADAR HARDWARE ELECTROMAGNETİC...
Transcript of RADAR METEOROLOGY Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali DENİZ. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION RADAR HARDWARE ELECTROMAGNETİC...
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RADAR METEOROLOGY RADAR METEOROLOGY
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali DENİZYrd. Doç. Dr. Ali DENİZ
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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
RADAR HARDWARE
ELECTROMAGNETİC WAVES
RADAR EQUATION FOR POINT TARGETS
METEOROLOGICAL TARGETS
DISCUSSIONS
REFERENCES
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RAdio Detection And Ranging
LIght Detection And Rangingwawelength
RADIO RADAR
Buderi – 1996 : THE INVENTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
Young and Taylor – 1934 : PULSES OF ENERGY
INTRODUCTION
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Doppler Radars
power
speed
Kısayol Bilgisayarım.lnk
RADAR DATA AUTOMATIC WARNINGS
POLARIZATION
KINDS
SHAPES
SIZES
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RADAR HARDWARERADAR HARDWARE
reflector
transmitter
modulator
Master Clock
receiver
display
antenna
waveguideduplexer
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How Does Radar Work?How Does Radar Work?
single antennatarget
short pulses of energysend
Return back
The antenna rotates about a vertical axis, scanning the horizon in all directions
To determine how high a storm is, met. radars can also aim their antennas above the horizon
Whole cycle10 to 20 elevation angles
+ 4 to 6 minutes
DATA ...DISPLAY
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TYPES OF RADARSTYPES OF RADARS
Monostatic and Bistatic radar
CW and pulsed radar
Doppler radarFM-CW radar
Wind profilers and aircraft radars
Airborn radar
Shipboard radar
Weather radar
Dual-wavelength radar
Polarization-diversity radar
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RADARS USED IN AVIATIONRADARS USED IN AVIATION
ARSRARSR ::
ASRASR ::
TDWRTDWR ::
ARDEARDE ::
L-band, =20 cmDetect aircraft
Provide information on the position of aircrafts
Detect microbursts, gustfronts, wind shifts, pecipitaion
Follow aircraft on the ground at some airports
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ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVESELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVES
Radio & radar electro-magnetic radiation
c
f f : 1 Hz=1 cycle / secondc: m/s: m
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Elektromagnetic spectrum
Skolnik, 1980.
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Radar bands and corresponding frequency bands, (Rinehart, 2001).
Radar Bands Frequency Wavelength
HF 3-30 MHz 100-10 m
VHF 30-300 MHz 10-1 m
UHF 300-1000 MHz 1-0.3 m
L 1-2 GHz 30-15 cm
S 2-4 GHz 15-8 cm
C 4-8 GHz 8-4 cm
X 8-12 GHz 4-2.5 cm
Ku 12-18 GHz 2.5-1.7 cm
K 18-27 GHz 1.7-1.2 cm
Ka 27-40 GHz 1.2-0.75 cm
mm or W 40-300 GHz 7.5-1 mm
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REFRACTIVE INDEXREFRACTIVE INDEX
u
cn
c : the speed of light in a vacuumu: the speed of light in a mediumn: refractive index
cu (always) n1 (unitless parameter)
Actually, it has two components ; iknm 1i
k Absorption of coefficient of the medium
For air; m=1.003
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REFRACTIVITY [N]
2710.03.44810
6.77
f
N
T
eP
TN e
Atm. Press. (mb, hPa)
Temp. (°K)
Vap. Press. (mb, hPa)
Num. of free electron / m3
Freq. of the radar (Hz.)
Under normal atmospheric contions;
Ground N
Z N
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RADAR EQUATION FOR POINT TARGETRADAR EQUATION FOR POINT TARGET
radar storms Rainrate and ...
radar Puls of energy into space by antenna
Power A spherically expanding shell of energy
24 rArea r : the range from the radar
Power density : S24 r
PS t
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24 r
gAPP t
P The power intercepted bye the target
target
The amount of energy detected by radar will be:
24
.
r
APP e
r
424
...
r
AAgPP et
r
4π
gλA
2
e
Ae : The effective area of the receiving antenna
43
22
64
..
r
AgPP t
r
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New!
THE BACK-SCATTERINGTHE BACK-SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONALCROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA OF THE TARGETAREA OF THE TARGET
A
Final FormFinal Form43
22
64
..
r
gPP t
r
SPHERICAL TARGETSSPHERICAL TARGETS
A sphere is LARGE 2r “Large” : 10/ D
A sphere is SMALLRAYLEIGH
region “Small” : 1.0/ D
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In the Rayleigh region :4
625
DK
2K :: related to the complex index of refraction of the material
Meteorological targets small RAYLEIGH REGION MET. RADAR USE
SOME STANDART POINT TARGETS :Spheres, birds, aircraft, buildings, water towers and radio towers....
In conclusion;
Point targets are imp. source of echo for many radars. By making careful measurements of the return from point targets, much canbe learned about the targets. Well-chosen point targets also make it possible to monitor the
health and quantitative reliability of a particular radar system.
(Battan, 1973)