Racial Identities in the Americas - FIU Latin American and … · 2015-10-12 · Primary racial...
Transcript of Racial Identities in the Americas - FIU Latin American and … · 2015-10-12 · Primary racial...
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Racial Identities in the Americas
Jorge DuanyFlorida International University
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Main ObjectivesDefine three main concepts of race in the Americas
Compare Latin American & U.S. racial terminologies
Examine race relations in Hispanic Caribbean
Analyze racialization of Latinos in the U.S.
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Charles Wagley,
“On the Concept of Social Race in
the Americas” (1959)
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Euro-America
Basic criterion: ancestry
Primary racial division: whites vs. nonwhites
Binary opposition between people of European & other origins
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The Southern
ConeMajority population of European ancestry
Small minority of indigenous or African descent
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Irish Dance School in Argentina
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Indo-America (Red) & Afro-America (Green)
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Indo-America (or Mestizo America)
Basic criterion: culture
Whites/ladinos/mestizos vs. indios/cholos
Continuum of groups of Amerindian & European origin
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Faces of Indo-America
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Castas in Colonial Mexico
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“Mulato and MestizaBeget Torna Atrás”
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Afro-America (or Plantation America)
Basic criterion: physical appearance
Primary division: whites & light-skinned mulattoes vs. blacks
Continuum of groups of African & European origin
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African Slavery
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The Caribbean
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Race in the Caribbean, ca. 2010
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• Blanco, rubio, blanco orillero, blanco lechoso, colorao, albino, blanco capirro
White
• Mulato, blanconazo, mulato color cartucho, mulato chino, moro, indio, mestizo, trigueño, moreno, jabao, chino
Brown
• Negro, negro-azul, negro color teléfono, negro coco timba, negro cabeza de puntilla
Black
Race in Cuba
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Race Relations in Contemporary Cuba
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Racial Inequality in Cuba
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“Yucas”
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A Marielito
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• Rubio, blanco, pelirrojo, blanco jipato, rosadito, albino, lechoso, desteñido
White
• Blanco jojoto, indio lavao, indio claro, indio fino, trigueño, trigueño claro
White/mulatto
• Pinto, pinto jovero, jabao, indio canelo, mestizo, ligado
Mulatto
• Trigueño oscuro, indio quemao, indio sucio
Mulatto/black
• Moreno, prieto, negro, cenizo, cocolo, azulito
Black
Race in the D.R.
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Haitian Immigrants in the D.R.
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Racial Diversity among Dominican Americans
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• Blanco, blanquito, colorao, rubio, cano, jincho, papujo, albino, guaynabito?
White
• Blanco con raja, trigueño, jabao, moreno, mulato, mestizo, indio, café con leche, piel canela
Mulatto
• Negro, grifo, prieto, de color, molleto, negrito, cocolo?
Black
Race in P.R.
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The Puerto Rican Case
Ambiguous & fluid racial categories
Emphasis on phenotype
(especially skin color & hair type)
Recognition of racially
intermediate types
Constant use of euphemisms &
diminutives
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Dominican Immigrants in P.R.
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The Dominant Discourse on Race in P.R.
Conflation of class & color
Silencing of race in public
discourse
Metaphor of the “three
roots”
Widespread celebration of
mestizaje
Hispanophilia vs.
Negrophobia
Ideology of blanquea-
miento(“whitening”)
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The “Whitening” of Puerto Rico in the Census (%)
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Blanqueamiento in the Arts
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Puerto Rican Migrants during the 1930s & 1940s
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Racial Classificationof U.S. Puerto Ricans (%)
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New York’s Puerto Rican Parade
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U.S. vs. Hispanic CaribbeanRacial Discourses
U.S.
• Hypodescent• Black/white binary• Jim Crow
segregation• Strong racially
based organizations
Hispanic Caribbean
• Phenotype/class• Tripartite/color
continuum• Myth of mestizaje/
racial democracy• Weak racially
based mobilization
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Racializing Latinos in the U.S.
Confusing “race” and “Hispanic
origin”
Creating non-Hispanic whites,
non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics
Difficulty of disaggregating
Hispanics by raceThe “some other
race” label
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Are Latinos Becoming a “Third Race”?
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Hispanic or Latino by Race, 2010
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Latinos Can Be of Any Race
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Multiracial Families
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Racial Discrimination Against Latinos in the U.S.
Residential segregation
•Inner-city barrios
Labor market segmentation
•Low-status occupations & industries
Educational disadvantage
•High school dropout rates
•Low proportions of college graduates
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Other Racially Based Issues Faced by Latinos
• Hollywood movies• Prime time TV
Media portrayals
• Rejection of bilingual educationLanguage politics
• Stigmatizing undocumented residentsRacial profiling
• 17% of population, 11% of voters, 7% of Congress
Electoral representation
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Conclusions
Increasing racialization of Latinos in the U.S.
Incongruence between Hispanic Caribbean & U.S. racial discourses
Different racial taxonomies in Latin America, Caribbean, & U.S.
Multiple constructions of race in the Americas