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List of Contributors

Preface

Section 1. New Vision for Future Aerospace

Vehicles and Systems

1.1. Learning rom Living Systems1.2. Revolutionary Vehicles1.3. Future Space Transportation1.4. Future Airspace System1.5. Needed: Intellectual Inrastructure1.6. Smart Vehicle, Heal Thysel1.7. Working or More Secure Airspace

Section 2. Engineering Mathematics, Units,

Symbols, and Constants

Part 1. Trigonometric Functions and General

Formulae

2.1. Mathematical Signs and Symbols2.2. Trigonometric Formulae2.3. Trigonometric Values2.4. Approximations or Small Angles2.5. Solution o Triangles2.6. Spherical Triangle2.7. Exponential Form2.8. De Moivres Theorem2.9. Eulers Relation

2.10. Hyperbolic Functions2.11. Complex Variable2.12. Cauchy-Riemann Equations2.13. Cauchys Theorem2.14. Zeroes, Poles, and Residues2.15. Some Standard Forms2.16. Coordinate Systems2.17. Transormation o Integrals2.18. Laplaces Equation2.19. Solution o Equations2.20. Method o Least Squares

Part 2. Calculus

2.21. Derivative2.22. Maxima and Minima2.23. Integral

2.24. Derivatives and Integrals2.25. Standard Substitutions2.26. Reduction Formulae2.27. Numerical Integration2.28. Vector Calculus

Part 3. Series and Transforms

2.29. Arithmetic Series2.30. Geometric Series2.31. Binomial Series2.32. Taylors Series2.33. Maclaurins Series

2.34. Laurents Series2.35. Power Series or Real Variables2.36. Integer Series2.37. Fourier Series2.38. Rectifed Sine Wave2.39. Square Wave2.40. Triangular Wave2.41. Sawtooth Wave2.42. Pulse Wave2.43. Fourier Transorms2.44. Laplace Transorms

Part 4. Matrices and Determinants

2.45. Linear Simultaneous Equations2.46. Matrix Arithmetic2.47. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors2.48. Coordinate Transormation2.49. Determinants2.50. Properties o Determinants2.51. Numerical Solution o Linear Equations

The Standard Handbook forAeronautical and Astronautical

Engineers

List of Chapters:

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Part 5. Differential Equations

2.52. Notation and Defnitions2.53. Ordinary Dierential Equations:

Analytical Solutions2.54. Ordinary Dierential Equations:

Approximate Solutions2.55. Partial Dierential Equations

Part 6. Statistics

2.56. Introduction2.57. Averages2.58. Dispersion2.59. Skewness2.60. Combinations and Permutations2.61. Regression and Correlation

2.62. Probability2.63. Probability Distributions2.64. Sampling2.65. Tests o Signifcance

Part 7. SI Units

2.66. Derived Units2.67. Gravitational and Absolute Systems2.68. Expressing Magnitudes o SI Units2.69. Rules or Use o SI Units and the

Decimal Multiples and Submultiples2.70. SI Quantities, Units, and Symbols

Part 8. Conversion of Existing ImperialTerms

Part 9. Abbreviations

Part 10. Physical and Chemical Constants

2.71. Atomic Number2.72. Atomic Weight2.73. Density2.74. Melting Point2.75. Linear Coefcient o Expansion2.76. Heat Conductivity

2.77. Electrical Resistivity

Section 3. Mechanical Engineering Principles

Part 1. Statics of Rigid Bodies

Part 2. Strength of Materials

Part 3. Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

3.1. Basic Defnitions3.2. Linear and Angular Motion in Two

Dimensions3.3. Circular Motion

3.4. Linear and Angular Motion in ThreeDimensions

3.5. Balancing

3.6. Balancing o Rotating MassesPart 4. Vibrations

3.7. Single-Degree-o-Freedom Systems3.8. Multi-Degree-o-Freedom Systems3.9. Random Vibrations

Part 5. Mechanics of Fluids

3.10. Introduction3.11. Fluid Statics3.12. Fluid Flow3.13. Flow Measurement3.14. Boundary Layer Flow

3.15. Pressure Transients3.16. Gas Flow3.17. Ideal Fluid Flow3.18. Conclusion

Part 6. Principles of Thermodynamics

3.19. Introduction3.20. The Laws o Thermodynamics3.21. Thermoeconomics3.22. Work, Heat, Property Values, Process

Laws and Combustion3.23. Cycle Analysis

Part 7. Heat Transfer

3.24. Introduction3.25. Basic Principles o Heat Transer3.26. Analysis o Heat Transer3.27. Use o Computers3.28. Heat Transer: Nomenclature

Section 4. Electrical and Electronic Principles

4.1. Basic Electrical Technology4.2. Electrical Machines4.3. Analog and Digital Electronics Theory

4.4. Electrical Saety

Section 5. Computing

5.1. Introduction5.2. Generations o Digital Computers5.3. Digital Computer Systems5.4. Categories o Computer Systems5.5. Central Processor Unit5.6. Memory5.7. Peripherals5.8. Output Devices

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5.9. Terminals5.10. Printers and Plotters5.11. Direct Input

5.12. Secondary Storage5.13. Digital and Analog Input/Output5.14. Data Communications5.15. Computer Networks5.16. Internet5.17. Sotware5.18. Database Management5.19. Language Translators5.20. Languages

Section 6. Microprocessors, Instrumentation,

and Control

Part 1. Summary of Number Systems

6.1. ASCII Code6.2. Gray Code

Part 2. Microprocessors

6.3. System Architecture6.4. Bus Structure6.5. Memory Devices6.6. Input/Output (I/O) Structure6.7. Memory Map

Part 3. Communication Standards

6.8. Serial Communication6.9. Parallel Communication

Part 4. Interfacing of Computers to Systems

6.10. Digital Interacing6.11. Controller Output Interace Hardware6.12. Analog Interacing6.13. Multiplexing6.14. Machine Tool Interaces6.15. Robot Control Interaces6.16. Signal Conditioning6.17. Analog and Digital Filtering

Part 5. Instrumentation

6.18. Introduction6.19. Dimensional/Geometrical

Measurements6.20. Volume and Level6.21. Measurement o Vibration6.22. Force/Weight Measurement6.23. Pressure6.24. Flow6.25. Temperature Measurement6.26. Bar Code Readers

Part 6. Classical Control Theory and Practice

6.27. Introduction6.28. Mathematical Models o Systems-Time

Domain Analysis6.29. Laplace Notation or Dierential

Equations-Frequency-Domain Analysis6.30. Stability Criteria6.31. Control Strategies

Part 7. Microprocessor-Based Control

6.32. Direct Digital Control6.33. Hardware Requirements6.34. Sotware Considerations6.35. Sampling Frequency in Digital Control

Loops

6.36. PID Digital Control Algorithm6.37. Speed Control6.38. The PC as a Controller

Part 8. Programmable Logic Controllers

6.39. The PLC in Automation Systems6.40. The PLC Versus the Microcomputer6.41. Ladder Logic Programming6.42. Controlling Pneumatic and Hydraulic

Systems6.43. Saety6.44. Networking o PLCs

Part 9. The z-Transform6.45. Representation o Discretely Sampled

Data6.46. The z-Transorm o a Closed-Loop

System6.47. Proportional Control Using Digital

Techniques6.48. The z-Transorm or a PID Controller6.49. A P + I Strategy Using Digital

Techniques6.50. Stability in Discrete Time Systems

Part 10. State Variable Techniques6.51. State Variable Representation o

Systems6.52. Application to a First-Order System with

A P + I Controller6.53. Application to a Second-Order System

with A P + I Controller6.54. Nonlinear System Elements (Method o

Isoclines)6.55. Sampled-Data Systems6.56. State Variable Transormations


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6.57. The State o Transition Matrix

Section 7. Aeronautical Propulsion

7.1. Newton and Propulsion7.2. Turbojets and Propellers7.3. Thrust Equation7.4. Engine Cycles7.5. Gas Turbine Engines7.6. Ideal Engine Cycle Analysis7.7. Goals o Cycle Analysis7.8. General Procedure or Cycle Analysis7.9. The Turbojet

7.10. The Turboan7.11. The Turboprop7.12. Gas Turbine Component Technology7.13. Real Gas Properties7.14. Ramjets and Scramjets7.15. Reciprocating Engines7.16. Aircrat Engine Emissions and Fuels7.17. Engine Noise

Section 8. Rockets and Launch Vehicles

8.1. Rocket Science8.2. Propulsion Systems8.3. Launch Vehicles

Section 9. Aerospace Structures

Part 1. Aircraft Loadings

Part 2. Properties of Materials

9.1. Metals9.2. Composites9.3. Smart Materials

Part 3. Structural Considerations

9.4. Structural Analysis9.5. Finite Element Analysis9.6. Beams

9.7. Tubes9.8. Plates and Shells9.9. Real Structures

9.10. Stress Concentrations9.11. Composite Structures9.12. Structural Tests

Part 4. Structural Dynamics

9.13. Introduction9.14. Multiple Degree o Freedom Vibration9.15. MDOF Free Vibration-Lumped Mass

Models

9.16. Setting Up Equations o Motion-Finite-Element Approach

9.17. Global Stiness and Mass Matrices-

Element Assembly9.18. MDOF Vibration-Setting Up Equations

o Motion-Rayleigh-Ritz Method9.19. Aeroelasticity9.20. Noise9.21. Helicopters9.22. Aircrat Airworthiness Certifcation9.23. Aeroelastic Design

Part 5. Spacecraft Structures

9.24. Role o Spacecrat Structures andVarious Interaces

9.25. Mechanical Requirements9.26. Space Mission Environment and

Mechanical Loads9.27. Project Overview: Successive Designs

and Iterative Verifcation o StructuralRequirements

9.28. Analytical Evaluations9.29. Test Verifcation, Qualifcation, and

Flight Acceptance9.30. Satellite Qualifcation and Flight

Acceptance9.31. Materials and Processes

9.32. Manuacturing o Spacecrat Structures

Section 10. Aerodynamics, Performance and

Stability and Control

10.1. Introduction

Part 1. Aerodynamics

10.2. Airoil Geometric and AerodynamicDefnitions

10.3. Wing Geometric and AerodynamicDefnitions

10.4. Fundamentals o Vector Fluid Dynamics

10.5. Fundamentals o Potential Flow10.6. Elementary Boundary Layer Flow10.7. Incompressible Flow over Airoils10.8. Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings10.9. Shock Wave Relationships

10.10. Compressible Flow over Airoils10.11. Compressible Flow over Finite Wings

Part 2. Airplane Performance

10.12. Standard Atmosphere and HeightMeasurement

10.13. Airspeed and Airspeed Measurement


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10.14. Drag and Drag Power (Power Required)10.15. Engine (Powerplant) Perormance10.16. Level Flight Perormance

10.17. Climbing and Descending Flight10.18. Turning Perormance10.19. Stall and Spin10.20. Range and Endurance10.21. Takeo and Landing Perormance10.22. Airplane Operations

Part 3. Aircraft Stability and Control

10.23. Mathematical Modeling and Simulationo Fixed Wing Aircrat

10.24. Development o the LinearizedEquations o Motion

10.25. Calculation o Aerodynamic Derivatives10.26. Aircrat Dynamic Stability10.27. Aircrat Response to Controls and

Atmospheric Disturbances

Section 11. Avionics and Astrionics

Part 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

11.1. Radiowaves in the Vacuum11.2. Antennas and Power Budget o a Radio

Link11.3. Radiowave Propagation in the Terrestrial

Environment11.4. Management o the ElectromagneticSpectrum

Part 2. The Spacecraft Environment

11.5. Introduction to the Space Environment11.6. Eects o the Space Environment on

Spacecrat, Launchers and Airplanes11.7. The Energetic Charged Particle

Environment

Part 3. Aircraft Environment

11.8. Typical Flight Profle or Commercial

Airplanes11.9. The Atmosphere

11.10. Other Atmospheric Hazards11.11. The Ionosphere

Part 4. Electromagnetic Compatibility

11.12. Introduction11.13. Background o EM Coupling11.14. EM Environment and EMC Standards11.15. EMC Tools11.16. Engineering Method11.17. Conclusion

Part 5. Introduction to Radar

11.18. Historical Background11.19. Basic Principles

11.20. Trends in Radar Technology11.21. Radar Applications to Aeronautics11.22. Overview o Military Requirements and

Specifc Developments11.23. Overview o Radar Applications to

Space

Part 6. Optical Fibers and Lasers

11.24. Optical Fiber Theory and Applications11.25. Lasers11.26. Specifc Laser Systems

Part 7. Photovoltaics

11.27. Solar Radiation11.28. Photovoltaic Cell11.29. The Solar Array

Part 8. Aircraft Flight Control Systems

11.30. Foreword11.31. Flight Control Objectives and Principles11.32. Flight Control Systems Design11.33. Airbus Fly-by-Wire: An Example o

Modern Flight Control11.34. Some Control Challenges11.35. Conclusion

Part 9. Space Borne Instruments

11.36. Space Borne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)

11.37. Other Microwave Instruments11.38. Spacecrat Sensors and Instrumentation11.39. Spectro-Imagers11.40. Active Instrumentation: Space Lidars11.41. Passive Sounding rom Space

Part 10. In-Flight Computing

11.42. Introduction to Avionics

11.43. Requirements or Avionics11.44. Physical Architecture11.45. Avionics Logical Architecture11.46. Avionics Example: The Airbus A320

Flight Control System11.47. Engineering o Avionics System11.48. Future Avionics

Part 11. In-Space Computing

11.49. Introduction11.50. Physical Architectures o Avionics11.51. On-Board Sotware


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11.52. Development o Avionics System11.53. Advanced Development Methods11.54. Future Avionics Functions

Section 12. Aircraft Systems

12.1. Introduction12.2. Air Conditioning (ATA 21)12.3. Electrical Power (ATA 24)12.4. Equipment/Furnishings (ATA 25)12.5. Fire Protection (ATA 26)12.6. Flight Controls (ATA 27)12.7. Fuel (ATA 28)12.8. Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)12.9. Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)

12.10. Landing Gear (ATA 32)

12.11. Lights (ATA 33)12.12. Oxygen (ATA 35)12.13. Pneumatic (ATA 36)12.14. Water/Waste (ATA 38)12.15. Airborne Auxiliary Power (ATA 49)12.16. Avionic Systems

Section 13. Aeronautical Design

13.1. Defnitions13.2. Introduction13.3. Overall Approach

13.4. Government Regulations13.5. Conceptual Design13.6. Military Aircrat Design13.7. Commercial and Civil Aircrat Design13.8. Lie Cycle Cost (LCC)13.9. Commercial Aircrat Operating Costs

13.10. Unmanned Air Vehicles13.11. Lighter-than-Air Vehicles (LTA)13.12. V/Stol Air Vehicles13.13. Perormance

Section 14. Astrodynamics

14.1. Orbital Mechanics14.2. Orbital Maneuvers14.3. Earth Orbiting Satellites14.4. Interplanetary Missions

Section 15. Spacecraft

Part 1. Introduction

Part 2. Platform Technologies

15.1. Spacecrat Structure15.2. Thermal Control

15.3. Solar Cells15.4. Attitude Control

Part 3. Launch and Reentry Vehicles

15.5. Semireusable Launch Vehicles15.6. Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELVs)15.7. Sounding Rockets15.8. Guns, Mass Drivers, Sled, Energy

Beam-Assisted Vehicles, ParabolicFlight Aircrat, and Drop Towers

15.9. Reentry Vehicles

Part 4. Satellites

15.10. Communications Satellites15.11. Satellite Navigation15.12. Meteorology

15.13. Earth Resources Satellites15.14. Military Satellites15.15. Satellite Instrument Packages

Part 5. Orbital and Mission Spacecraft and

Space Stations

15.16. Orbital Spacecrat15.17. Transer and Supply Vehicles and Upper

Stages15.18. Planetary Orbiters15.19. Planetary Landers15.20. Orbital Laboratories

15.21. Space Stations15.22. Manned Interplanetary Spacecrat and

Landers15.23. Manned Planetary Bases

Part 6. Payload Management

15.24. Overview15.25. Planetary Mission Instrument Packages15.26. Space Laboratory Rack Systems15.27. Space Medicine Experiments15.28. Exposed Payloads15.29. Sounding Rocket Payloads

Part 7. Human Factors15.30. Substantive Overview15.31. Design Guidelines15.32. Discussion o Selected Human Factors

Principles15.33. Health Care

Part 8. Nutrition and Sanitation

Part 9. Space Suits

15.34. Pressure Suits15.35. EVA Suits


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Section 16. Earths Environment and Space

Part 1. The Earth and Its Atmosphere

16.1. The Earth in Space16.2. Properties o the Earths Atmosphere16.3. How the Earths Atmosphere Works16.4. Atmosphere Dynamics and Atmosphere

Models16.5. Electrical Phenomena in the

Atmosphere

Part 2. The Near-Earth Space Environment

16.6. Background16.7. The Plasma Environment16.8. The Neutral Gas Environment16.9. The Vacuum Environment

16.10. The Radiation Environment16.11. The Micrometeoroid and Space Debris

Environment

Part 3. The Solar System

16.12. Physical Properties o the Planets16.13. Space Age Discoveries

Part 4. The Moon

16.14. Origin o the Moon16.15. Orbital Parameters16.16. Lunar Geography

16.17. Lunar Geology16.18. Physical Surace Properties16.19. Lunar Surace Environment

Part 5. Mars

16.20. Orbital Characteristics16.21. Solid Geophysical Properties and

Interiors16.22. Surace and Subsurace16.23. Atmosphere16.24. Satellites16.25. Search or Lie on Mars

16.26. ExplorationPart 6. The Sun-Earth Connection

16.27. Introduction16.28. The Sun and the Heliosphere16.29. Structure and Dynamics o the

Magnetospheric System16.30. The Solar-Terrestrial Energy Chain16.31. Dynamics o the Magnetosphere-

Ionosphere-Atmosphere System16.32. Importance o Atmospheric Coupling16.33. Sun-Earth Connections and Human

Technology

16.34. Summary

Part 7. Space Debris

16.35. Introduction16.36. Spatial Distribution o Space Debris16.37. The Collision Risk16.38. The Geostationary Orbit16.39. Long-Term Evolution o the Space

Debris Environment and MitigationMeasures

Section 17. Aircraft Safety

Part 1. Organizational Safety Program

17.1. Introduction17.2. Saety Concepts17.3. Accident Causation17.4. Principles o Saety Management17.5. The Accident-Prevention Process17.6. The Elements o an Organizational

Saety Program17.7. Conclusion

Part 2. Aviation Law

17.8. Introduction17.9. Federal Statutory Law

17.10. State Codes17.11. Regulations

17.12. The Common Law17.13. Industry Standards17.14. The Scope o Aviation Law17.15. FAA Enorcement Administrative

Actions17.16. International Treaties/ICAO17.17. Aviation Business Disputes17.18. U.S. Federal Agencies that Regulate the

Aviation Industry17.19. The Roles o an Aviation Saety

Proessional in Aviation Law17.20. FAA Regulatory Compliance17.21. Accident Investigation17.22. Litigation Support17.23. Litigation Avoidance (Preventive

Medicine)17.24. The Engineer as a Technical Witness17.25. The Engineer as an Expert Witness17.26. The Engineer as Architect o

Demonstrative Evidence17.27. Aviation Product Liability17.28. Conclusion


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Part 3. Accident Analysis Data

17.29. Zero Accidents: The Quest or BetterPrevention

17.30. Hazard Identifcation: The Pursuit oInormation

17.31. The Need or Data-Driven Processes17.32. Flight Operations Quality Assurance:

The Pursuit o Knowledge17.33. Conclusion

Part 4. Risk Management

17.34. Introduction17.35. Risk Management Guidelines17.36. The Risk Management Process17.37. Summary

Part 5. Aircraft Accident and IncidentInvestigation

17.38. Introduction17.39. Why Investigate Accidents and

Incidents?17.40. Systems Approach17.41. The Importance o Investigating

Incidents17.42. Accident Investigation17.43. The Role o an Aeronautical and

Astronautical Engineer in an

Investigation17.44. Summary

Section 18. Aircraft Maintenance

Part 1. The Economics of Maintenance

18.1. Airplane Maintenance18.2. Design Service Objective (DSO)18.3. Airplane Aging and Maintenance Cost18.4. Airplane Functionality18.5. Total Operating Cost18.6. Direct Operating Cost

18.7. Maintenance Cost18.8. Scheduled and Unscheduled

Maintenance18.9. Maintenance Cost Comparison

18.10. Turnaround Time (TAT)18.11. Passenger Yield18.12. Discretionary Maintenance18.13. High Cost o Airplane Components18.14. Component Reliability18.15. Schedule Reliability18.16. Fix or Fly?18.17. Economics o a Maintenance Event

18.18. Maintenance Risk18.19. Airplane Lease (Dry Lease or Wet

Lease?)

18.20. In-House or Outsource?18.21. Power-by-the-Hour (PBH)18.22. Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) and Shop

Replaceable Unit (SRU)18.23. Airplane Parts18.24. Summary

Part 2. National and International

Regulations

18.25. Background18.26. Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)18.27. FAA Certifcation

Part 3. Maintenance Programs18.28. Airplane Maintenance18.29. Maintenance Program Requirements

and the Historical Development oAircrat Maintenance Theories

18.30. Maintenance Steering Group -1(MSG-1) Decision Logic

18.31. Maintenance Steering Group - 2(MSG-2) Decision Logic

18.32. Maintenance Steering Group - 3(MSG-3) Decision Logic

18.33. Developing the Maintenance ProgramProposal

18.34. Operations Specifcations

Part 4. Aircraft Structural Corrosion

18.35. Introduction18.36. Thermodynamics o Corrosion18.37. Aircrat Materials18.38. Types o Aircrat Material Corrosion

Part 5. Aerospace Paints and Protective

Coatings

18.39. Inorganic Coatings

18.40. Anodizing18.41. Chemical Conversion Coatings18.42. Plating18.43. Thermal Spray Coatings18.44. Organic Finishes18.45. Primers18.46. Topcoats18.47. Specialty Coatings18.48. Sealants18.49. Corrosion Inhibiting Compounds18.50. Changes Due to Environmental Regulations18.51. Maintenance


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Part 6. Airframe Maintenance

18.52. Introduction18.53. Maintaining Structural Saety

18.54. Maintaining Aircrat Certifed DamageTolerance Using MSG-3 Process

18.55. Structural Maintenance ProgramDevelopment

18.56. Rating Environmental Deterioration(EDR)

18.57. Rating Fatigue Damage (FD)18.58. Impact o Combined Fatigue and

Corrosion Damage18.59. Rating Accidental Damage (ADR)18.60. Use o EDR/ADR Systems

Part 7. Engine Maintenance18.61. Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM)18.62. Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM)

Program18.63. Methods o Inspection18.64. Cleaning18.65. Crack Detection18.66. Shop Processes18.67. Balancing18.68. Testing18.69. Summary

Part 8. Maintenance Human Factors

18.70. Preace18.71. Defnition

18.72. Human Factors Principles, Standards,and Tools

18.73. Regulatory Requirements RegardiigMaintenance Human Factors

18.74. Maintenance Human Factors inAircrat/Component Design

18.75. Maintenance Human Factors inMaintenance Product Design

18.76 Maintenance Human Factors in AircratMaintenance Program Applications

18.77. Summary

Part 9. Extended Twin Operations (ETOPS)18.78. Introduction: What Is ETOPS?18.79. Maintenance Program Requirements or

ETOPS18.80. Additional Requirements18.81. Comments about the ETOPS

Maintenance Program18.82. ETOPS Maintenance on Non-ETOPS

Airplanes

Index follows Section 18


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