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R32 - A Step Towards M ore Environm entally Friendly AC - System s andHeat Pum ps

The refrigeration and air conditioning industry has m ade trem endous progress over the past two decades in reducing the use of ozone depleting refrigerants. The

original targets of the M ontreal Protocol, established in 1987 to reduce em issions of ozone depleting substances, are being m et and exceeded. Another consequence of

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these initiatives is that during the 1990s and the early part of the present century, there was considerable uncertainty regarding future refrigerant options. Now a new

path has started to appear, defined by the global agenda on clim ate change and global warm ing.

Our handling of the environm ent m ust be changed. Governm ents around the world are therefore introducing regulations in an effort to lim it the negative environm ental

im pacts.

Seen from a global perspective, the tendency is that the industry is m oving m ore and m ore toward natural refrigerants where this is technologically feasible. Synthetic

refrigerants are still likely to play a large role in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry, but this will be in system s with the sm allest possible charge of refrigerant

and with new low GW P substances.

Refrigerant m anufacturers are responding with the developm ent of new products, and equipm ent m anufacturers are designing m ore efficient technologies and system s

that m inim ize refrigerant charge. They are also testing, selecting and qualifying new refrigerants.

Danfoss encourages the further developm ent and use of low-GW P refrigerants to help slow – and ultim ately reverse – the process of global warm ing while helping to

ensure continued global wellbeing and econom ic developm ent along with the future viability of our industry. W e will enable our custom ers to achieve these refrigerant

goals while continuing to enhance the energy efficiency of refrigeration and air conditioning equipm ent.

The list of suitable substances is very short, but growingA new class of m ildly flam m able refrigerant called A2L is one of the topics in this discussion. Custom ers are specifically testing the refrigerants R32, R1234yf, and R1234ze,

as they provide low Global W arm ing Potential (GW P), zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP), and a relatively low flam m ability.

Previously perform ed tests with R32 were satisfactory and it seem s possible that this substance could stay in the m arket. The HVAC industry in China is focusing on this

refrigerant. In Table 1, the ODP and GW P im pact data are shown. R32’s GW P level is m oderate, but com pared with R410A, R32 is only one third of its GW P.

Refrigerant ODP

(R11=1.0)

GW P

IPCC AR4

(CO =1)

R22 0.055 1810

R410A 0 2088

R407C 0 1770

R32 0 675

R1234yf 0 4

R290 0 6.3

CO 0 1

Flam m ability and toxicity are the two evaluation indexes of safety. In general the lower the flam m ability of a refrigerant is, the larger its GW P. R32 is classified as 2,

m eaning it is a m ildly flam m able refrigerant, while R290 has a higher flam m ability and is classified as 3.

The toxicity class of R32 is equal to current refrigerant like R410A and R22 and is classified as level “A” – lower toxicity.

Therm odynam ic property has a big im pact on system and com pressor perform ance. The figure 1 is a short sum m ary of the com parison between R32 and R410A.

2

2

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• Saturated pressure: R32 has a sim ilar pressure as R410A. This can ease the developm ent on an R32 system based on an R410A platform .

• Critical tem perature: R32 has a higher critical tem perature which yields a higher COP.

• Latent heat of vaporization: The heat needed to evaporate R32 is greater than that of R410A so that the required m ass flow rate per unit cooling capacity is sm aller and

the COP is higher.

• Isentropic exponent: This can im pact the pressure ratio of the system and also the discharge tem perature. So R32’s pressure ratio is a little higher than R410A.

• Volum etric cooling capacity: R32 has got a significantly higher volum etric cooling capacity than R410A, which can help to reduce the system pipe size and increase the

efficiency.

• Density: R32’s density is m uch sm aller than R410A, so the am ount of charge is sm aller, and since the GW P is m easured per kg, the total clim ate im pact from the

refrigerant in the system is even sm aller than suggested by the GW P.

From the above m entioned, R410A, R32 has a better system efficiency, and it needs a sm aller refrigerant charge. The significant problem is that R32 has a high discharge

tem perature. Its direct consequence is the oil degradation which can cause various com pressor failures like bearing seizure, low system and com pressor efficiency. So the

discharge tem perature should be lim ited at an acceptable level to m ake sure that system and com pressor could work norm ally. Usually is to control discharge

tem perature by refrigerant. Liquid injection could be a good solution for high discharge tem perature directly. As shown in Figure 2 a portion of the condensed fluid is

injected into scroll through an electronic injection valve, which will absorb the heat of interm ediate com pressed gas to vaporize. Thus the discharge tem perature can be

lower down effectively. And the injected m ass flow rate can be easily m odulated by injection valve.

Putting together the afore-m entioned reasons, R32 could be an environm ent friendly refrigerant for using in AC system s and Heat Pum ps.

Danfoss proactively develops product for low-GW P refrigerants, like R32.

Danfoss offers a new range of R32 Scroll com pressors on Chillventa 2012. The com pressors are tested by custom ers in China and will be ready now also for tests in Europe.

Our M CHE and M PHE heat exchangers are designed to require a m inim al refrigerant charge, which m akes them ideal in use with R32. Custom ers are currently testing our

products in their own applications.

Danfoss tested with success line com ponents and developed therm ostatic expansion devices. Furtherm ore controllers and electronic expansion devices are available for

test by custom ers.

For further inform ation about tests and to order com pressors, please contact your local Danfoss sales com pany.ALL DANFOSS PRODUCTS RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS PARTNER

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