R Video Scan Line De-Interlacing - MIT - Massachusetts Institute

XAPP285 "Video Scan Line De-Interlacing" v1.0 (9/01)Summary One of the more frequent video conversions needed between various consumer video input devices, video processing, and output devices is interlaced to non-interlaced conversion. This process is sometimes called de-interlacing, scan-line doubling, or progressive scanning. This application note and reference design provides technical details surrounding video de-interlace and how it is implemented in the MicroBlaze™ and Multimedia development board.
Introduction Analog video is sampled, converted to digital data, and de-interlaced by the MicroBlaze and Multimedia development board for further processing. The format for the digital video input from the video decoder (Analog Devices ADV7185) on the development board is described by the standard ITU-R BT.656 and explained in application notes: XAPP248 "Digital Video Test Pattern Generator" and XAPP286 "Video Line Field Decode". The component video from the Analog Devices decoder in Y'CrCb interlaced format is presented to the FPGA for further processing.
An entire picture, or frame, requires two passes of the electron beam across the face of a display. Each of these events is termed one field. Interlaced video draws the odd lines in a frame, the odd field followed by the even field. Historically, this concept allowed the overall pixel bandwidth to be reduced by a factor of two over frame rate displays requiring all of the lines to be drawn every frame. Although it results in cheaper displays, PC boards, and digital logic designs, the downside of this method is noticeable flicker and other artifacts.
For vertical field and frame detail, as well as horizontal line detail, refer to XAPP248 and XAPP286. For an official copy of the ITU-R BT.656 standard, go to the International Telecommunication Union web site and for a small fee obtain a PDF or DOC describing the specification: http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-r/rec/bt/656-4.html
There are several methods of accomplishing de-interlace, each with a performance or cost trade off. Four common methods examined here are: field scan-line duplication, field scan-line interpolation, and multiple field processing or field merging, and frame scan-line interpolation. The description of the de-interlacing process that follows is centered on the national television standards committee (NTSC), but can be extended to the phase alternating line (PAL) format as well. Design files for frame scan line interpolation (Method 4) are included with implementation results.
For NTSC, the MicroBlaze and Multimedia development board builds non-interlaced images assuming the first line of video in the non-interlaced or progressive image comes from the interlaced image line 21 (field 1 or the odd field). The next progressive line comes from the interlaced line 284 (field 2 or the even field), and so on. Figure 1 shows interlaced active video fields combined to form non-interlaced active video images in the development board.
Application Note: MicroBlaze and Multimedia Development Board
XAPP285 (1.0) December 17, 2001
Video Scan Line De-Interlacing Author: Gregg Hawkes
R
© 2001 Xilinx, Inc. All rights reserved. All Xilinx trademarks, registered trademarks, patents, and disclaimers are as listed at http://www.xilinx.com/legal.htm. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. All specifications are subject to change without notice.
Video Scan Line De-Interlacing R
Method 1 Simple Field Scan-Line Duplication or 2X Vertical Zoom The first method is simple field scan-line duplication (sometimes referred to as 2X vertical zoom). The basic algorithm takes a field in the interlaced picture and forms a non-interlaced picture requiring double the lines. To do this, each scan is simply output twice to the output frame buffer. The destination addresses for the two pixels are exactly 1 line different. With this method, vertical resolution is not doubled, even though the number of scan lines is. This method will exhibit artifacts, such as single pixel width lines will flicker or jitter at the field rate. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show how the frames are composed from the separate fields.
Figure 1: Non-Interlaced Image from Interlaced Fields
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NTSC line 283, Field 2 NTSC line 21, Field 1 NTSC line 284, Field 2 NTSC line 22, Field 1
NTSC line 261, Field 1
NTSC line 260, Field 1 NTSC line 523, Field 2
NTSC line 285, Field 2 NTSC line 23, Field 1 NTSC line 286, Field 2 NTSC line 24, Field 1
SMPTE 170M FIELD 1 and 2 242 1/2 lines
Progressive Line 1 Progressive Line 2 Progressive Line 3 Progressive Line 4 Progressive Line 5 Progressive Line 6 Progressive Line 7
Progressive Line 478
Figure 2: Progressive Image from Duplicating Lines from Field 1
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SMPTE 170M FIELD 1 242 1/2 lines
484 total active lines
The MicroBlaze and multimedia development board has ZBT RAM for frame buffers. With ZBT RAM there is latency for read or write, but any address can be accessed in any order. This feature allows groups of pixels to be composed, out of order, and written into the frame buffer.
Each pixel consists of 24 bits (eight-bit video components) or 30 bits (ten-bit components, studio quality) Y’CrCb in 4:4:4 pixel format. This assumes the conversion from 4:2:2 format to 4:4:4 format as described in the application note: XAPP294: "Digital Component Video Conversion - 422 to 444" has happened earlier in the video pipe. The video development board supports studio quality, 10-bit video components, with 12-bit accuracy throughout the video calculations.
For the case of simple field scan-line duplication, as the line of video is input to the FPGA from the external video device, the task will be to duplicate it and write the two new lines into the frame buffer at twice the speed of the incoming line. A small dual port RAM (either distributed memory or block memory) makes this task easy. The incoming data is written to the dual port RAM at the incoming video rate. After a small block of pixels is written to the dual port RAM, it is available to send to the ZBT frame buffer. This block of pixels is sent twice, that is, read from the dual port RAM and written to the ZBT frame buffer to two separate line locations. This effectively writes the same line twice, thereby duplicating the video line. Figure 4 shows the block diagram for this implementation.
Figure 3: Progressive Image from Duplicating Lines from Field 2
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SMPTE 170M FIELD2 242 1/2 lines
Method 2 Field Scan-Line Interpolation The next two implementations are in the category of field scan line interpolation. Similar to scan line duplication, the basic algorithm takes a field in the interlaced picture and forms a non- interlaced picture requiring double the lines. However, instead of just duplicating lines, two or more interlaced scan lines (in a given field) are used to create phantom scan lines. The phantom scan lines are then interspersed between the real scan lines in the output non- interlaced image. Some algorithms use more than two lines for better performance at the expense of increased silicon area. To produce phantom scan lines, two ways are presented.
Phantom Line Generated Using Two Source Lines in a Given Field In this method, the phantom scan line of the output non-interlaced picture is a combination of ½ of each of the two source lines, one above and one below.
Of course the division by two can be accomplished with simple "wire shifting." Therefore, the only math element required is an adder. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show how the lines are composed and Figure 7 shows the block diagram for this implementation. In Figure 5, because there is not enough input data to compose progressive line 484, the progressive line is a duplicate from above (line 483). In Figure 6, because there is not enough input data to compose progressive line 1, the progressive line is a duplicated from below (line 2). In many display devices, the edges of the display fall into an "over-scanned" or "out-of-view" region and are not of any real importance.
Figure 4: Creating a Progressive Image from Duplicating Lines from Field
Address Counter
Address Counter
Scan Line N
Duplicate Line N
Scan Line Out and Duplicate Line Out. Output is at twice the rate as input.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=
Figure 5: Progressive Image from "Interpolating 2 Lines" from Field 1
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SMPTE 170M FIELD2 242 1/2 lines
Phantom Line Generated Using Four Source Lines in a Given Field Different filters, with different frequency response, can be designed that use more line buffers (i.e., more input scan lines) and different filter coefficients. For example, four input lines in a given field can be used to construct a phantom line positioned between the four lines with filter coefficients of 1/6, 1/3, 1/3, and 1/6 as shown below:
Straight forward implementation of the math hardware is four multiplies and three adds. Simplification of this implementation is described in Reducing Math Requirements. Figure 8 and Figure 9 show how the lines are composed and Figure 10 shows the block diagram for this implementation. In Figure 8, because there is not enough input data to compose progressive lines 2, 482, and 484, the field 1 lines above are duplicated. Similarly, in Figure 9, because there is not enough input data to compose progressive lines 1, 3, and 483, the field 2 lines below are duplicated. As mentioned earlier, the edges of the display are not very important and in some cases can not be seen.
Figure 7: Creating a Progressive Image from Interpolating Two Lines from Field
Pixel adr
Note: Sometimes two lines are read from here without alternating
Scan Line N-2
Scan Line N
Phantom Line N-1
------------------------------------------------ Pixel Line N 1+( ) 3
------------------------------------------------ Pixel Line N 1–( ) 3
----------------------------------------------- Pixel Line N 2–( ) 6
-----------------------------------------------+ + +=
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Reducing Math Requirements The multipliers shown in Figure 10 can be reduced by a factor of two, Figure 11, by simply rearranging the equation. Like terms are added before the multiply in the following equation:
Further math reductions are considered in application note: XAPP249 "Efficient Math for Video in Virtex™ Devices".
Figure 10: Creating a Progressive Image from Interpolating 4 Lines from Field
Pixel Write Address
Pixel Read Address
Pixel In Pixel Out Read Address
Write Address Pixel In Pixel Out
Read Address
Read Address
Read Address
10 10
Scan Line N−4
Output Pixel Line N Pixel Line N 2+( ) Pixel Line N 2–( )+ 6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pixel Line N 1+( ) Pixel Line N 1–( )+ 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+=
Method 3 Multiple Field Processing The simplest version of field processing requires two fields to be stored and then output together as a single frame. This method is sometimes referred to as "weave." It produces the highest resolution output picture, but also has undesirable visual artifacts (double imaging) on any part of the image that is moving. Figure 12 illustrates this concept. Because the box has moved between field one and field two the re-combination no longer resembles a box.
A more complicated version of this algorithm requires motion detection on a per pixel basis. Wherever the image is not moving, field merge is used giving the highest output resolution. On pixels under motion, line interpolation is typically used. Care must be exercised when transitioning from one method to the other, in a given frame composition, as artifacts will again be visible. Sometimes the transition between the two algorithms is filtered in various ways, reducing the artifacts, but causing some reduction of clarity at the edges of moving objects.
Figure 11: Creating a Simpler Progressive Image from Interpolating 4 Lines from Field
Pixel In
Note: Sometimes two lines are read from here without alternating
Figure 12: Progressive Image Arrived at by Field Merge Shows Motion Artifacts
Box in Motion
Method 4 Frame Scan Line Interpolation A twist on interpolation of field lines, that approaches the more complex Multiple Field Processing in performance, but requiring no motion detection and therefore a much reduced silicon area is known as Frame Scan-Line Interpolation. It is similar to interpolating several lines in a field to compose a phantom line, with the difference being that the interpolation is done on several lines in a "merged frame" or two consecutive fields.
The approach calculates a new frame from two consecutive fields stored in ZBT RAM by alternating from copying a line directly to the output frame and applying a parallel FIR filter to several lines, with the center tap at the line to be replaced. This approach is shown in Figure 11 using a five-tap FIR filter. A typical equation for the parallel FIR filter would have tap values of [-1/8, 1/2, 1/4, 1/2, -1/8].
Using Virtex™ and Spartan-II Features
The high-speed block RAMs in the Virtex and Spartan-II devices form excellent line buffers (Figure 11). At this stage, 10-bit-wide data for each video component Y’CrCb is used in development board designs. A line of video is 858 pixels for NTSC or 864 pixels for PAL (including blanked pixels). Control is simplified if the blanking pixels are just handled like visible pixels. A block RAM in a Virtex device is 18K bits and can be configured in many widths. This way 36-bit wide data can accommodate three each, 10-bit components (Y’CrCb), 1024-pixels deep, in two block RAMS. A system speed of 13.5 MHz on the input side or double (27 MHz) on the output side, can easily be supported by even the slowest Virtex device speed grades.
The little known but key feature for small fast multipliers, MULT_AND forms the multiplications partial products to summing them at the correct bit weight.
Efficient Video Math for SDTV and HDTV
There are a number of arithmetic techniques available in Virtex and Spartan-II devices. First, the multiplication and other math requirements should be analyzed. Remember, for video applications, there are only two pixel sample rates of concern: 13.5 MHz for Standard- Definition Television (SDTV) and 72.5 MHz for High-Definition Television (HDTV). Big multipliers are also not necessary since consumer equipment has 8-bit color components and studio quality equipment has 10-bit representations.
The analysis and detailed information for some video applications is provided in a separate application note: XAPP249 "Efficient Mathematics Implementations for Video in Virtex FPGAs".
More detail on the MULT_AND, LUTs, and carry logic used to form general, efficient multipliers in is provided in the application note: XAPP215 "Design Tips for HDL Implementation of Arithmetic Functions". Briefly, the MULT_AND forms all of the two-bit partial products in a multiplication. For a 10 x 10 there are 100 such partial products all formed without consuming a single LUT. Next, the efficient and extremely fast ADD and CARRY LOGIC sums the partial products for the final result.
Based on these results, the MicroBlaze and Multimedia development board designs can use two mathematical approaches. Synthesized multipliers from a multiplication equation expressed in HDL using the inferred MULT_ANDs are preferred when targeting HDTV video rates. The constant coefficient version of these multiplies, on average, equates to very few LUTs. The multiplies are able to run at HDTV rates even in slower Virtex devices.
If the design needs to push the limits of small size and targets mainly SDTV rates, then the Xilinx Core Generator - COREGEN should be used. At SDTV rates and for cases where many multiplications contribute to a single result (as in deinterlace, parallel FIR filters, FFTs, etc.) the Core Generator will by far give the most efficient result.
Many of the DSP and Math cores are designed to take advantage of separating the summation of many multiplications, i.e. a polynomial, into distributed partial products to be collected at the
Output Pixel Line N Pixel Line N 2+( ) 8
------------------------------------------------– Pixel Line N 1+( ) 2
------------------------------------------------ Pixel Line N( ) 4
-----------------------------------------------–+ + +=
correct scaling and summed as a final step. The work of designing a distributed arithmetic solution is handled by the software, including easy input of data and coefficient widths, coefficient data, number of pipeline stages, etc. Some of the solutions do require multi-sample rate clocks, but this tool is the most efficient. The standard definition clock rate is 13.5 MHz. Even using 10-bit studio quality samples, a bit rate clock is only 135 MHz. The Virtex-II Digital Clock Managers (DCM) easily generate the high-speed bit rate clock from the pixel clock. For Virtex and Spartan-II devices an external 135 MHz crystal can be used.
After installing the tool, download the latest libraries from the Xilinx web and look through the GUIs folder arrangement for possible solutions. The FIR filters are under the DSP folder. The online data sheets provide detailed implementation descriptions as well as expected size, shape, and speed in targeted devices. An RLOCed version of most cores are available to guide the Xilinx map, place, and route software.
Reference Design Results
Frame Scan Line Interpolation design files for Method 4 are covered in this reference design. Table 1 shows the results after “place and route” of the various modules implemented in this application note. All results were obtained using the Verilog versions of the designs with Xilinx ISE version 4.1i using XST as the synthesis tool. Results using the VHDL files are not shown, but are essentially identical. Virtex-II device results are for a –5 speed grade device. Spartan-II device results are for a –6 speed grade device. These files are available on the Xilinx web site at: ftp://ftp.xilinx.com/pub/applications/xapp/xapp285.zip
Conclusion As indicated at the start of this application note, there are several ways to de-interlace a video scan line. The quality of the results can be a trade-off with FPGA resources including silicon cost. Method 1, duplicating scan lines, is the simplest solution requiring only a block RAM and two counters for a line buffer. Method 2 describes using line buffers, multipliers, and adders to interpolate field scan lines and form phantom scan lines between. Method 3 is by far the most complex taking into account and altering the processing for objects in motion. Motion detection will be addressed in future Xilinx video application notes, but is beyond the scope of this paper. The Microblaze and Multimedia Demonstration Board will use Method 4. This method alternates between copying field lines to a frame buffer or interpolating phantom scan lines from the frame data using a five-tap FIR filter.
References The video standards beginning with ITU come from the International Telecommunication Union. ITU-R BT.656 and by ITU-R BT.601 standards are available on the International Telecommunication Union web site, http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-r/rec/bt/ for a small fee. The SMPTE or Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers standards can be found on http://www.smpte.org and will also require membership or a fee.
"Video Demystified", by Keith Jack, published by Harris, ISBN 1-878707-23-X, is a good beginners guide to video techniques. It can be read or purchased on line at: http://www.video-demystified.com
Analog Devices ADV7194 Encoder and ADV7185 Decoder Data Sheets can be found at: http://www.analog.com
Table 1: Reference Design Results
Design Name Size
"XAPP249: MicroBlaze and Multimedia Development Board: Efficient Mathematics Implementations for Video" by Gregg Hawkes, Senior Staff Applications Engineer, Advanced Products Division can be found on the Xilinx web site at: http://www.xilinx.com/xapp/xapp249.pdf.
"XAPP215, Design Tips for HDL Implementation of Arithmetic Functions" can be found on the Xilinx web site at: http://www.xilinx.com/xapp/xapp215.pdf.
Revision History
The following table shows the revision history for this document.
Date Version Revision
12 www.xilinx.com XAPP285 (1.0) December 17, 2001 1-800-255-7778
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BT.266 Phase pre-correction of television transmitters
BT.417 Minimum field strengths for which protection may be sought in planning an analogue terrestrial television service
BT.419 Directivity and polarization discrimination of antennas in the reception of television broadcasting
BT.470 Conventional analogue television systems
BT.471 Nomenclature and description of colour bar signals
BT.472 Video-frequency characteristics of a television system to be used for the international exchange of programmes between countries that have adopted 625-line colour or monochrome systems
BT.500 Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures
BT.565 Protection ratios for 625-line television against radionavigation transmitters operating in the shared bands between 582 and 606 MHz
BT.601 Studio encoding parameters of digital television for standard 4:3 and wide-screen 16:9 aspect ratios
BT.653 Teletext systems
BT.654 Subjective quality of television pictures in relation to the main impairments of the analogue composite television signal
BT.655 Radio-frequency protection ratios for AM vestigial sideband terrestrial television systems interfered with by unwanted analogue vision signals and their associated sound signals
BT.656 Interfaces for digital component video signals in 525-line and 625-line television systems operating at the 4:2:2 level of Recommendation ITU-R BT.601 (Part A)
BT.709 Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international programme exchange
BT.710 Subjective assessment methods for image quality in high-definition television
BT.711 Synchronizing reference signals for the component digital studio
http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-bt/en (1 of 8)4/11/2006 3:41:54 PM
BT.796 Parameters for enhanced compatible coding systems based on 625-line PAL and SECAM television systems
BT.797 Parameters for 4:3 enhanced television systems that are NTSC-compatible
BT.798 Digital terrestrial television broadcasting in the VHF/UHF bands
BT.799 Interfaces for digital component video signals in 525-line and 625-line television systems operating at the 4:4:4 level of Recommendation ITU-R BT.601 (Part A)
BT.800 User requirements for the transmission through contribution and primary distribution networks of digital television signals defined according to the 4:2:2 standard of Recommendation ITU-R BT.601 (Part A)
BT.801 Test signals for digitally encoded colour television signals conforming with Recommendations ITU-R BT.601 (Part A) and ITU-R BT.656
BT.802 Test pictures and sequences for subjective assessments of digital codecs conveying signals produced according to Recommendation ITU-R BT.601
BT.803 The avoidance of interference generated by digital television studio equipment
BT.804 Characteristics of TV receivers essential for frequency planning with PAL/SECAM/NTSC television systems
BT.805 Assessment of impairment caused to television reception by a wind turbine
BT.806 Common channel raster for the distribution of D-MAC, D2-MAC and HD-MAC signals in collective antenna and cable distribution systems
BT.807 Reference model for data broadcasting
BT.808 The broadcasting of time and date information in coded form
BT.809 Programme delivery control (PDC) system for video recording
BT.810 Conditional-access broadcasting systems
BT.811 The subjective assessment of enhanced PAL and SECAM systems
BT.812 Subjective assessment of the quality of alphanumeric and graphic pictures in Teletext and similar services
BT.813 Methods for objective picture quality assessment in relation to impairments from digital coding of television signals
BT.814 Specifications and alignment procedures for setting of brightness and contrast of displays
BT.815 Specification of a signal for measurement of the contrast ratio of displays
BT.1117 Studio format parameters for enhanced 16:9 aspect ratio 625-line television systems (D- and D2-MAC, PALplus, enhanced SECAM)
BT.1118 Enhanced compatible widescreen television based on conventional television systems
BT.1119 Wide-screen signalling for broadcasting (Signalling for wide-screen and other enhanced television parameters)
BT.1120 Digital interfaces for HDTV studio signals
BT.1121 User requirements for the transmission through contribution and primary distribution networks of digital HDTV signals
BT.1122 User requirements for emission and secondary distribution systems for SDTV, HDTV and hierarchical coding schemes
BT.1123 Planning methods for 625-line terrestrial television in VHF/UHF bands
BT.1124 Reference signals for ghost cancelling in analogue television systems
BT.1125 Basic objectives for the planning and implementation of digital terrestrial television broadcasting systems
BT.1126 Data transmission protocols and transmission control scheme for data broadcasting systems using a data channel in satellite television broadcasting
BT.1127 Relative quality requirements of television broadcast systems
BT.1128 Subjective assessment of conventional television systems
BT.1129 Subjective assessment of standard definition digital television (SDTV) systems
BT.1197 Enhanced wide-screen PAL TV transmission system (the PALplus system)
BT.1198 Stereoscopic television based on R-and L-eye two channel signals
BT.1199 Use of bit-rate reduction in the HDTV studio environment
BT.1200 Target standard for digital video systems for the studio and for international programme exchange Note - Suppressed on 03/05/01 (CACE/215)
BT.1201 Extremely high resolution imagery
BT.1202 Displays for future television systems
BT.1203 User requirements for generic bit-rate reduction coding of digital TV signals (SDTV, EDTV and HDTV) for an end-to-end television system
BT.1204 Measuring methods for digital video equipment with analogue input/output
BT.1205 User requirements for the quality of baseband SDTV and HDTV signals when transmitted by digital Satellite News Gathering (SNG)
BT.1206 Spectrum shaping limits for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1207 Data access methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1208 Video coding for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1209 Service multiplex methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1210 Test materials to be used in subjective assessment
BT.1298 Enhanced wide-screen NTSC TV transmission system
BT.1299 The basic elements of a worldwide common family of systems for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1300 Service multiplex, transport, and identification methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1301 Data services in digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1302 Interfaces for digital component video signals in 525-line and 625-line television systems operating at the 4:2:2 level of Recommendation ITU-R BT.601 (Part B)
BT.1303 Interfaces for digital component video signals in 525-line and 625-line television systems operating at the 4:4:4 level of Recommendation ITU-R BT.601 (Part B)
BT.1304 Checksum for error detection and status information in interfaces conforming with Recommendations ITU-R BT.656 and ITU-R BT.799
BT.1305 Digital audio and auxiliary data as ancillary data signals in interfaces conforming to Recommendations ITU-R BT.656 and ITU-R BT.799
BT.1306 Draft revision of Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306-2 - Error correction, data framing, modulation and emission methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
BT.1358 Studio parameters of 625 and 525 line progressive scan television systems
BT.1359 Relative timing of sound and vision for broadcasting
BT.1360 Capture characteristics for high-definition images
BT.1361 Worldwide unified colorimetry and related characteristics of future television and imaging systems
BT.1362 Interfaces for digital component video signals in 525- and 625-line progressive scan television systems
BT.1363 Jitter specifications and methods for jitter measurements of bit-serial signals conforming to Recommendations ITU-R BT.656, ITU-R BT.799 and ITU-R BT.1120
BT.1364 Format of ancillary data signals carried in digital component studio interfaces
BT.1365 24-bit digital audio format as ancillary data signals in HDTV serial interfaces
BT.1366 Transmission of time code and control code in the ancillary data space of a digital television stream according to Recommendations ITU-R BT.656, ITU-R BT.799 and ITU-R BT.1120
BT.1367 Serial digital fibre transmission system for signals Conforming to Recommendations ITU-R BT.656, ITU-R BT.799 and ITU-R BT.1120
BT.1368 Planning criteria for digital terrestrial television services in the VHF/UHF bands
BT.1369 Basic principles for a worldwide common family of systems for the provision of interactive television services
BT.1377 Labelling of video and audio apparatus throughput (processing) delay
BT.1378 Basic requirements for multimedia-hypermedia broadcasting
BT.1379 Safe areas of wide-screen 16:9 and standard 4:3 aspect ratio productions to achieve a common format during a transition period to wide-screen 16:9 broadcasting
BT.1380 Standards for bit rate reduction coding systems for SDTV
BT.1381 Serial digital interface-based transport interface for compressed television signals and packetized data in networked television production based on Recommendations ITU-R BT.656 and ITU-R BT.1302
BT.1382 Assessment of the picture quality of multi-programme services
BT.1434 Network independent protocols for interactive systems
BT.1435 Digital sound and television broadcasting interaction channel through the PSTN/ISDN
BT.1436 Transmission systems for interactive cable television services
BT.1437 User requirements for digital coding for multi-programme television transmission
BT.1438 Subjective assessment of stereoscopic television pictures
BT.1439 Measurement methods applicable in the analogue television studio and the overall analogue television system
BT.1508 Interaction channel using global system for mobile communications (GSM)
BT.1532 The MPEG-2 recoding data set for the preservation of picture quality in cascade of MPEG-2 codecs
BT.1533 Editing information for MPEG-2 video elementary streams for applications in television production
BT.1543 1 280 × 720, 16 × 9 progressively-captured image format for production and international programme exchange in the 60 Hz environment
BT.1549 Data link protocol for interaction channel
BT.1550 MPEG-2 recoding data set for the preservation of picture quality in cascade of MPEG-2 codecs compressed stream format
BT.1551 Transport of MPEG-2 recoding data set as ancillary data packets
BT.1562 Consistency in the alignment of displays in production rooms and control rooms
BT.1563 Data encoding protocol using key-length-value
BT.1564 Interaction channel using local multipoint distribution systems
BT.1576 Transport of alternate source formats through Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120
BT.1577 Serial digital interface-based transport interface for compressed television signals in networked television production based on Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120
BT.1578 Content package format, elements, and metadata definition for applications in television production utilizing interfaces based on Recommendation ITU-R BT.1381
BT.1614 Video payload identification for digital television interfaces
BT.1616 Data stream format for the exchange of DV-based audio, data and compressed video over interfaces complying with Recommendation ITU-R BT.1381
BT.1617 Format for transmission of DV compressed video, audio and data over interfaces complying with Recommendation ITU-R BT.1381
BT.1618 Data structure for DV-based audio, data and compressed video at data rates of 25 and 50 Mbit/s
BT.1619 Vertical ancillary data mapping for serial digital interface
BT.1620 Data structure for DV-based audio, data and compressed video at a data rate of 100 Mbit/s
BT.1662 General reference chain and management of post-processing headroom for programme essence in large screen digital imagery applications
BT.1663 Expert viewing methods to assess the quality of systems for the digital display of large screen digital imagery in theatres
BT.1664 Representation of various image aspect ratios into the image of large screen digital imagery applications that use a 16:9 raster
BT.1665 Considerations for colour encoding and spatial resolution for large screen digital imagery display
BT.1666 User requirements for large screen digital imagery applications intended for presentation in a theatrical environment
BT.1667 Terrestrial return channel for interactive broadcasting services operating in the VHF/UHF broadcast band based on Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306
BT.1674 Metadata requirements for production and post-production in broadcasting
BT.1675 System design and operational practices for minimizing disturbance from loop delay in broadcast systems
BT.1676 Methodological framework for specifying accuracy and cross-calibration of video quality metrics
BT.1680 Baseband imaging format for distribution of large screen digital imagery applications intended for presentation in a theatrical environment
BT.1683 Objective perceptual video quality measurement techniques for standard definition digital broadcast television in the presence of a full reference
BT.1685 Structure of inter-station control data conveyed by ancillary data packets
BT.1686 Methods of measurement of image presentation parameters for large screen digital imagery programme presentation in a theatrical environment
BT.1687 Video bit-rate reduction for real-time distribution* of large-screen digital imagery applications for presentation in a theatrical environment
BT.1689 Guidelines on the presentation in large-screen digital imagery environments of programmes that are provided in image formats conforming to Recommendation ITU-R BT.601
BT.1690 Assumed characteristics of venues intended for large-screen digital imagery programme presentation in a theatrical environment
BT.1691 Adaptive image quality control in television systems
BT.1692 Optimization of the quality of colour reproduction in television
BT.1699 Harmonization of declarative content format for interactive TV applications
BT.1700 Characteristics of composite video signals for conventional analogue television systems
BT.1702 Guidance for the reduction of photosensitive epileptic seizures caused by television
BT.1720 Quality of service ranking and measurement methods for digital video broadcasting services delivered over broadband Internet protocol networks
BT.1721 Objective measurement of perceptual image quality of large screen digital imagery applications for theatrical presentation
BT.1722 Harmonization of procedural content formats for interactive TV applications
BT.1727 Terrestrial and satellite delivery of programme material to to large screen digital imagery venues
BT.1728 Guidance on the use of flat panel displays in television production and postproduction
BT.1729 Common 16 x 9/4 x 3 aspect ratio digital television reference test pattern
BT.1735 Methods for objective quality coverage assessment of digital terrestrial television broadcasting signals of System B specified in Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306
BT.1736 Broadcasting of redistribution signalling for television
BT.1737 Use of the ITU-T Recommendation H.264 (MPEG-4/AVC) video source-coding method to transport HDTV programme material
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New Fourth Edition! Use this comprehensive, one-volume source to help you master video system design! This practical reference covers the essentials of analog and digital video:
Introduction to Video Color Spaces Analog Video Formats and Interfaces Digital Video Formats and Interfaces Video Processing NTSC/PAL/SECAM Overview, VBI data NTSC/PAL Encoding and Decoding H.261 and H.263 DV MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 and H.264 ATSC Digital Television OpenCable Digital Television DVB Digital Television ISDB Digital Television IPTV
960 pages, over 400 illustrations. More
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R Video Scan Line De-Interlacing - MIT - Massachusetts Institute

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Transcript of R Video Scan Line De-Interlacing - MIT - Massachusetts Institute