R & T S 1 TV Systems Content: d CRT scanning d composite video signal d colour systems d satellite...
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Transcript of R & T S 1 TV Systems Content: d CRT scanning d composite video signal d colour systems d satellite...
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R & T S1
TV Systems
Content:CRT scanning
composite video signal
colour systems
satellite orbit
earth station
satellite TV
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R & T S2
CRT principle
Electrostaticdeflection
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R & T S3
CRT principleElectromagnetic deflection: use of magnetic energy to
deflect electron beam both vertically & horizontallypractically all TV display devices use electromagnetic
deflection
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R & T S4CRT
principleDeflection yoke: two sets of coils for generating electromagnetic deflection both vertically & horizontally
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R & T S5CRT
principleBeam focusing: an electromagnetic focusing coil is placed around the neck of a CRT
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R & T S6
Scanning process
Deflection process: positions the electron beam on the inner surface of CRT
Scanning process: controls the deflections of electron beam so as reconstruct images on the screen
Rectilinear scanning: two separate scanning procedures occurs simultaneously,
vertical scanninghorizontal scanning
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R & T S7Simplified
scanningSimplified scanning lines are scanned sequentially dashed lines represent beam retrace beam retrace occurs very rapidly & is blanked by disabling the beam simple but required wide BW not used in TV receivers
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R & T S8Simplified
scanning
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R & T S9
Interlaced scanning
Each completed picture is divided into two fields:ODD fieldEVEN field
Each field is scanned one after another: ODD field => EVEN field => ODD field….
Two interlaced fields make up one frame
frame rate: 60/2 or 30Hz (50/2 or 25Hz for H.K.)
Complicated scanning
required half BW of simplified scanning
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R & T S10Interlaced
scanning
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R & T S11
New development
Interlaced scanning Progressive scanning
Horizontal frequency: 50Hz => 100Hz
HDTV (High Definition) : double resolution
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R & T S12
Aspect ratioDefined as the width versus the height of raster typical values 4:3 & 16:9pictures then more pleasing to eyes
Standard 4:3aspect ratio
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R & T S13Synchronizatio
n Why synchronization is needed ?Electron beam scanning the CRT surface of TV receiver must be exactly follow the video signal sent from a station.Sync pulses are included as part of a video signalTwo types of sync pulses:
horizontal sync pulsesvertical sync pulses
Sync pulses trigger the flyback of electron beam at the end of lines or end of a field
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R & T S14
Synchronization
Vertical syncHorizontal sync
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R & T S15
BW of video signal
Max BW is required when sending patterns of alternate black & white vertical lines
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R & T S16
BW of video signalNo. of lines =625; Aspect ratio 4:3Pixel per line = 625x4/3 = 833 Horizontal freq = 625x25=15,625HzScan one horizontal line needs 1/15625 sec. or 64µs
t=(64/833)x2µs=0.154µs
Thus BW=1/t = 6.5MHz (practical BW:5.5MHz)
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R & T S17B&W composite video
signal
Horizontal sync pulse
Control beam intensity
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R & T S18B/W TV block
diagram
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R & T S19B/W TV block
diagramVideo detector : demodulates the video signal (AM)
Video amplifier: a wide band amplifier used to amplify the video signal to drive the cathode of CRT
Sync separator: separates the vertical sync and horizontal sync from the video signal
High voltage supply: generates an EHT voltage to drive the anode of CRT
Horizontal oscillator: controls the horizontal deflection of electronic beam
Vertical oscillator: controls the vertical deflection of electronic beam
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R & T S20
Colour composite video signalY signalluminance signal (control brightness of picture)monochrome receiver uses Y to display B/W imageY=0.59G+0.3R+0.11B
R: Red colour voltage, G: Green colour voltage, B: Blue colour voltage
I signalformed by (R-Y)modulates 3.58MHz subcarrier directlyQ signalformed by (B-Y)modulates a 90º shifted 3.58MHz subcarrier
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R & T S21
NTSC colour systemNTSC stands for National Television Systems CommitteeColour TV in US, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines used
NTSC systemCompatible with monochrome receiverConsists of :
luminance signal Y (control brightness)colour signal I-Q (chrominance)
3.58MHz subcarrier (suppressed at transmitter) line rate:15,750Hz field rate: 60Hz525 lines
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R & T S22NTSC colour
system
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R & T S23
Colour composite video signal
used as a reference for colour demodulation
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R & T S24Frequency spectrum of colour
composite video signal
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R & T S25
PAL colour system
Phase Alteration by LineTV broadcast standard developed in Germany
and used in the H.K.,U.K, and most of Europe, Africa, Australia,etc.
PAL produces interlaced 625-line, 25 frames/second
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R & T S26Generation of PAL
system
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R & T S27Launch
sequence
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R & T S28
History of satellite Comm.Before 1960s, most long-range communications via HF
bandHF band was overcrowded & unreliableSatellite communication provides:
greater communication capacityhigher qualitybetter reliability
In 1960s, a series of passive satellites were launchedEcho satellites like large metal balloons that reflected
radio waves
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R & T S29
History of satellite Comm.Placed in low orbits
Active satellites were then launchedan active broadband repeatersignal from earth station is converted to another freq &
sent down to the eartha stronger signal can be received at the earth compared
with passive satellitebut the satellite can’t be accessed at any time since it
was placed at low orbitToday, communication satellites are placed in
synchronous orbits
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R & T S30
Satellite comm. systems
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R & T S31Uplink &
downlink
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R & T S32
Satellite orbitsWhen satellite is in orbit:
force due to gravity F1 = centrifugal force F2
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R & T S33Freq. band for sat.
comm.
BandUplink
Frequency (GHz)Downlink
Frequency (GHz)C 6 4
Ku 14 11/12K 29/30 19/20
Notice that the downlink freq < uplink freq since attenuation depends on freq: lower freq => lower attenuation => lower tx power needed for downlink
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R & T S34
Satellite orbits
Gravitational force is proportional to distance
Centrifugal force is proportional to distance & velocity
The farther from earth, the slower the orbital speed
The closer to earth, the faster the orbital speed
low-altitude sat travels at higher speed
low-altitude sat completes one orbit faster due to higher speed and shorter distance
low-altitude sat appears to be moving when viewed from the earth
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R & T S35
Satellite orbits
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R & T S36
Types of orbit
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
height < 1600km
round the earth in less than 2 hours
complicated tracking mechanism
used in early days of sat due to limited launching power
applications: - maritime & aviation navigation, weather forecasting & surveillance
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R & T S37
Types of orbit
Geostationary(Synchronous) Orbit (GEO)
height : 35,860km from equator
orbital period: 24 hours
no tracking of antenna required
sat appears to be stationary observed from the earth
good for telecommunication, e.g. voice
worldwide coverage by 3 sat
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R & T S38Look
angleThe coordinates to which an earth station antenna must be pointed to communicate with a sat are called look angle:
azimuth (Az)elevation (El)
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R & T S39
Earth station
Collection of equipment on the surface for communicating with the satellite, may be:fixedground mobilemaritimeaeronautical
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R & T S40
Earth station
Desired characteristics:high gain in the direction of wanted signals low gain in the direction of unwanted signals low noise for receiving systemhigh antenna efficiencycontinuous satellite pointingminimum performance variations caused by
weatheravailability of power resources
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R & T S41
Earth station
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R & T S42
AntennaA ‘dish’ to collect very weak microwave signals to a
focus point.
•size depends on of signal•made from steel, aluminium or fiberglass embedded reflective foil => highly reflective surface
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R & T S43Transmitte
rVary from simple single transmitter of few Watts to multi-channel transmitters using 10-kW (water cooling needed)Klystron
500~5000W output powersmall bandwidth, 40MHzmedium cost
Travelling Wave Tube (TWT)100~2500W output powerlarge bandwidth, 500MHzhigh cost
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R & T S44
Receivers
signal from sat is received via an antenna
signal is then amplified by LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)
down-converted to lower frequency immediately before sending to receiver equipment via coaxial cable for demodulation
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R & T S45
used to separate the transmitted signal & received signal since the same antenna is used for transmission & receiving
dual polarization (vertical & horizontal) to allow frequency reuse
Diplexer
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R & T S46
Tracking to ensure the precise pointing of a narrow beamwidth
antenna automaticdetermine velocity of sat small earth stations with large beamwidth
=> no tracking
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R & T S47Advantages of sat
comm.Signals from sat cover large area (footprint)
determined by beamwidth of transmitting antenna
only 3 sat to cover almost entire earth surface
distance insensitive cost
much cheaper for long distance comm. & regional
broadcasting
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R & T S48Advantages of sat
comm.high reliability
EM wave propagation only slightly affected by atmosphere
flexibility
provide multi-channel TV, thousands of telephone channels & data transmission
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R & T S49Limitations of sat
comm. sat transmitter power
limited by available power (solar) in sat
limited by payload of launch vehicle
sat receiver sensitivity
sat antenna intercepts only a small radiated energy
sat availability
only sat at geostationary orbit can provide continuous service
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R & T S50Limitations of sat
comm.
long transmission time delay:
time delay=distance/velocity of light
distance = 2 X 36,000km (round trip)
velocity of light = 3X108m/s
time delay = 0.25s
time delay causes echo in telephone communication.
Limited life-time: approx. 10 years
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R & T S51
Sat TV system
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R & T S52
Feedhorn installed at the focal point of dishcollect all incident microwave & couples to
the LNAprevents noise from entering the LNA
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R & T S53
LNB (Low Noise Block Converter)
LNB: down-converts signal from antenna to I.F. (coaxial cable can then be used) before transmission to receiver for demodulation
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R & T S54Sat
receiver
Limiter: Limits the amplitude of signal before demodulation
I.F. Amp 2: Selects difference component output from 2nd mixer