R. Shanthini 20 Oct 2009 If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet,...

R. Shanthini 20 Oct 2009

If we do not design ways to live within the means of one

planet, sustainability will remain elusive.

Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development Practice

Energy, Technology & Engineering

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/


Sustainable Development Goals:

MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality

MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health

MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

Energy, Technology & Engineering should make it possible


UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)

HDI = LI3

+ EI3

+ GDPI3

LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25

85 - 25

GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)

ln(40000) - ln(100)

EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy

3 100

2 School Enrollment

3 100+


• EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology.

• EF does not include an economic indicator.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

Sustainable global EF per capita

= Total Biocapacity per capita

= 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha

Ecological Footprint (EF)


0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005

EF

20

05

(g

ha

pe

r ca

pita

)

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

EF < 2 gha per capita

HDI > 0.8

High HDI (>0.8) is accompanied by

unsustainable levels of Ecological Footprint.


0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005

EF

20

05

(g

ha

pe

r ca

pita

)

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

good

OK

medium

poor

Sri

Lank

a to

US

A


How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet?

The challenge ahead of us (technologists, may be) is to assist development

to attain HDI > 0.8 while maintaining a healthy Ecological Footprint per capita

HDI = LI3

+ EI3

+ GDPI3


Energy OptionsFossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)

HydropowerNuclear energy

Solar energyWind energy

Geothermal energyOcean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy

Biomass energyBiofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy

Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy


Wind Energy

5 turbines

600 kW power produced per

turbine

Total cost wasRs. 280 million

in 2000s

3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota


Wind Energy

- produces 250 W at 8 m/s wind speed

- cost was Rs. 60,000/=

- lifetime is 20 years

- 12 m tall

- powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television.

- at peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries.

Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya


Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

Photovoltaic Power for

Rural HomesIn Sri Lanka


Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity.

Solar Energy - Thermal

The 'right to dry' is specifically protected by the Florida legislation

and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.


Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

Non-conventional<0.1%

Biomass48%

Hydro8.6%

Petroleum43.3%

Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

How would development affect the percentages?


Renewable Energy (Biomass, Hydro, Wind & Solar)

56.7%

Petroleum43.3%


Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

How would coal power affect the percentages?

R. Shanthini 20 Oct 2009 Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe)

Petroleum

Biomass

Hydro


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year

Total emissionsGlobal CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the manufacture of cement (in 109 kg CO2)

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html

Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming and Climate change


275

300

325

350

375

400

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/siple2.013 and http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.html

Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming and Climate change

CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (in ppmv)


Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008

Fossil Fuel Type

Reserves–to-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the remaining reserves (most

optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at

the 2007 level

Oil 41.6 years

Natural Gas 60.3 years

Coal 133 years

Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil fields, such as Cantarell oil field (largest) in Mexico


Law of Nature: When heat is converted into work in a machine, part of the heat energy must be wasted

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

DieselEngine

GasTurbine

SteamTurbine

CombinedPowerplant

NuclearPowerplant

% Energy Wasted % Energy Used



Solar lanternAbout Rs 2500/=

7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year


Inorganic Solar Cells

Bulk

2nd GenerationThin-film

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon

NonocrystallineSilicon

3rd GenerationMaterials

CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs

Light absorbing dyes


Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a

conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains.

Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C.

And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced.


Direct CO2 emissions from burning

(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)

1017

575

362

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear

Upper rangeLower range

IAEA2000

Direct CO2 emissions from burning


1017

575

362

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400




Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle


4 2148

236 280

1306

688

439

910

966

100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400



IAEA2000


Biomass56.5%

Electricity9.7%

Petroleum33.8%


How dependent is development on electricity?

Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

HDI2005

Ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tion

p

er

cap

ita 2

00

4 (

kW-h

rs)

Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

HDI > 0.8

High per capita electricity consumption

is required to reach super high HDI (>0.9).


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

HDI2005

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

pe

r ca

pita

20

04

(to

nn

es

of C

eq

uiv

ale

nt)

Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

Sustainable limit

HDI > 0.8

Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions

are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9)


Agriculture<0.1%

Household, Commercialand Others

48.1%

Transport25.4%

Industry26.3%


Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

Could we reduce the energy consumption in any sector?


Global transport greenhouse gas emissions by transport type (WBCSD, 2004)

LDV means Light Duty Vehicles

Gigatonnes CO2-equivalent GHGs emissions per year


Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s

- BRT system is different from conventional bus service.- BRT run in dedicated lanes. - BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped at red lights.- Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic or parking lanes.


BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people daily, which is 70% of the cities population.

GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the national average during 1980 to 1996.

BRT board passengers through all doors after paying fares at station platforms.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s


$120 million

Paris created an individualized mass transit

system called Vélib (“Freedom Bikes”).

http://asymptotia.com/wp-images/2007/07/velib.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/laughtonb/21588421/

http://intelligenttravel.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/09/28/paris_bikes.jpg


William Kamkwamba of Malawi

http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com


Biomimicry (or Bionics)

Eastgate centre (shopping centre and office block) at central Harare, Zimbabwe is modelled on local termite mounds and is ventilated and cooled entirely by natural means.


Super-grip gecko tape modelled after gecko’s feet



Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and the toxic byproducts are horrible.


Spider makes equally strong and much tougher fiber at body temperature, without high pressures, heat, or corrosive acids. If we could act like the spider, we could take a soluble, renewable raw material and make a super-strong water-insoluble fiber with negligible energy inputs and no toxic outputs.

Janine Benyus, 1997


We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903, and by 1914, we were dropping bombs

from the sky.

Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change in technology that will bring us to the

biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a humbling that allows us to be attentive to

nature's lessons.

- Janine Benyus, 1997



Power required to drive an electric car:Heat energy in coal (or oil) to

Generation of steam to Mechanical power of the turbine to

Generation of AC electricity to Transmission of AC electricity to

DC electricity in battery to Mechanical power needed to drive the car

Power required to drive a IC engine car: Heat energy in oil to

Mechanical power needed to drive the car

Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the car?


But to answer your question Shanthini... I believe Electric Vehicles would be

more efficient in the long run and definitely environmentally friendly,

if the technology is explored and further researched.


A way of life

Gliricidia Sepium


Additional Material


Comparing Sri Lanka with USA

Sri Lanka USA

HDI2005 0.743 0.951

EF2005 per capita 1 gha 9.4 gha

CO2 emissions per capita in 2004

0.16 tonnes of C

5.62 tonnes of C

Electricity consumption per capita in 2004

420 kW-hr

14,240 kW-hr

GDP per capita in 2006

3,896 PPP US $

43,968 PPP US$

R. Shanthini 20 Oct 2009 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Total

Cropland Footprint

Grazing Footprint

Forest Footprint

Fishing Ground Footprint

Carbon Footprint

Built-up Land

Biocapacity(gha per capita)

EF2005 (ghaper capita)

For Sri Lanka

R. Shanthini 20 Oct 2009 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

0 2 4 6 8 10

Total

Cropland Footprint

Grazing Footprint

Forest Footprint

Fishing Ground Footprint

Carbon Footprint

Built-up Land

Biocapacity(gha per capita)

EF2005 (ghaper capita)

For USA


Renewable energy

are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible.

- Dr. Raymond Wright

Sustainable energy

is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term

damages to the environment.

Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html


What are the problems with hydroelectric power? barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from

migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities

the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually

hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge

failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences

loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements

The future generations must pay for destroying dams

Hydroelectric power

Is it a sustainable form of energy?


Hydroelectric power

The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in 2012.

Removal of dam will restore

the fish habitats, will create an

additional 715 acres of

terrestrial vegetation, and

improve elk habitats. estimated cost

$308 million ± 15%


0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2006

LI2006EI2006GDPI2006

Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/


0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2006

HD

I20

06

Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/

Is there a cost for keep on increasing GDP per capita which gives only a marginal increase in HDI?

HDI > 0.8 gives high HD


Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in kilotonne oil equivalent)


Non-conventional3.91

Biomass4,626.13

Hydro828.18

Petroleum4,172.25

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