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S. Massoud Amin, D.Sc.Director, Technological Leadership InstituteHoneywell/H.W. Sweatt Chair in Technological LeadershipProfessor, Electrical & Computer EngineeringUniversity Distinguished Teaching Professor

Greener, Resilient, Secure and SmartPower Grid and Energy Infrastructure

Material from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and support from EPRI, NSF, ORNLHoneywell and SNL for my graduate students doctoral research is gratefully acknowledged.

NSPE 2013 Leader Conference & Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MNJuly 19, 2013

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An Example: Hurricane Charley

• Duration Aug. 9 14, 2004• Highest winds 150 mph (240km/h) sustained

• Areas affected Jamaica,Cayman Islands, Cuba,Florida, South Carolina

• Damages $15 17 billion• Fatalities 15 direct, 20indirect

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Hurricane Charley– August 13, 2004

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Hurricane Charley (…went over our home in Bokeelia, Fl inPine Island with winds >145 m/hr gusting to over 150 mi/hr)

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Example:Midway – Vincent 500 kV line tower damage, 2003

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Midway – Vincent 500 kV line damage

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Vincent Substation before Transformer Explosion & Fire

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500 / 230 kV Transformer Explosion & Fire, March 21, 2003, Vincent Substation

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The Energy Crises Taught Us Interdependency

EconomicSecurity

EnvironmentalSecurity

EnergySecurity

NationalSecurity

System of Systems:No “magic bullets” but there are many

innovative bullets, including:1) Green the power supply,

2) Energy systems & end use efficiency,3) Electrify transportation,

4) Build a stronger & smarter grid withmassive storage integrating greener

electrical energy.5) With full cyber security.

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Powering ProgressSmart Grids, the future of cities

and smart infrastructure

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A personal observation on rural electrification and societaltransformation: A few glimpses of Tabriz, Iran

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000

RenewablesNuclearGasOilHydroCoalWood

Context: US Energy Supply Since 1850

Author: Koonin Source: EIA

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Energy map adapted from the U.S. DOE and LLNL

Energy System: Complex and

Inefficient

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End-to-End Energy InefficiencyLosses as high as 98.4%

Opportunities to improve the situation:• Use more efficient power plants, energy storage, modern transmission systems• Use co generation plants where useful (electricity and heat or desalination)• Upgrade efficiency of use (change to many times more efficient LED or fluorescent lamps)

Source: NRC, 2009© 2013 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.

End-to-End Energy Inefficiency

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Context and the Global Macro Environment:Cities with 10 million people

By 2020, more than 30 mega cities* in the now lessdeveloped world. By 2050, nearly 60 such cities.

Note: * Mega city 10 million population or greater

• World's electricity supply will need to triple by2050 to keep up with demand, necessitating nearly10,000 GW of new generating capacity.

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Transforming Society

The vast networks of electrification are the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century

– U.S. National Academy of Engineering

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Trends in Electricity Use (2000 2010)

Electronics and Continued Electrification Drive the Growth

Source: EPRI, 2011

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Capital Invested as % of electricity revenue

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Utility construction: Overharvesting

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Less Reliable GridPower Outages have steadily increased

Source: Massoud Amin, “U.S. Electrical Grid Gets LessReliable” IEEE Spectrum, January 2011

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Blackouts

• On any given day the equivalent of 500,000 people in the US are without power for 2 hours or more.

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A Toll Felt Throughout the U.S. Economy:Over $100B per year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PQ DisturbancePower Outage

Total Annual Cost of Power Outages and PQ Disturbances

by Business SectorCost of:

$14.3$6.2

$34.9

$66.6-135.6

Source: Primen Study: The Cost of Power Disturbances to Industrial & Digital Economy Companies

DigitalEconomy

ContinuousProcess

Mfg.

Fabrication& Essential

Services

Other USIndustry

$Billion

TOTAL$119 - $188 Billion

40% GDP 60% GDP

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Interview on 3/8/2013 at: http://lnkd.in/qbw3Sg and at AP: http://lnkd.in/yQQ63t

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Context: Transmission investment in the United States and ininternational competitive markets

Source: IEEE PES, 2006

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Smart Grid: Integrate Dispersed Energy Sources into a Modern Grid to ProvideEnergy to Centers of Demand

Source: Massoud Amin’s Congressional briefings on March 26 and Oct. 15, 2009

Emerging Supply and Demand Patterns

A Multi-layer Grid System in need of Strengthening and Protection

Recommendations for moving to energy systems tomeet demand of tomorrow• Build a stronger and smarter electrical energy infrastructure

– Transform the Network into a Smart Grid– Develop an Expanded Transmission System– Develop Massive Electricity Storage Systems

• Break our addiction to oil by transforming transportation

– Electrify Transportation: Plug In Hybrid ElectricVehicles– Develop and Use Alternative Transportation Fuels

• Green the electric power supply– Expand the Use of Renewable ElectricGeneration– Expand Nuclear Power Generation– Capture Carbon Emissions from Fossil PowerPlants

• Increase energy efficiency

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Emerging Supply and Demand Patterns

Map adapted from the U.S. DOE National Electric Transmission Congestion Study

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Map adapted from the U.S. DOE National Electric Transmission Congestion Study© 2013 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.

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Should we have a high voltage power grid “OR”a totally distributed generation/microgrids?

• We need both: Not a matter of “OR" but "AND“

• To enable an overall energy system efficiency, ecofriendly, reliability, security and resilience, we needboth:1. Microgrids that can be as efficient and self sufficient as

possible, and to island rapidly during emergencies, AND2. Stronger and smarter high voltage power grid as

backbone to efficiently integrate energy sources intothe overall system.

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End to End Smart Grid Players/Opportunities

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FunctionalityCommon themes:

EfficiencyDemand responseConsumer savingsReduced emissions

TechnologyTwo-way communicationAdvanced sensorsDistributed computing

ReliabilityInterconnectivityRenewable integrationDistributed generation

IEEE: “The term ‘Smart Grid’ representsa vision for a digital upgrade ofdistribution and transmission gridsboth to optimize currentoperations and to open up newmarkets for alternative energyproduction.”

Wikipedia: “A Smart Grid deliverselectricity from suppliers toconsumers using digital technologyto save energy, reduce cost, andincrease reliability.”

FERC: “Grid advancements will apply digitaltechnologies to the grid and enablereal time coordination of informationfrom both generating plants anddemand side resources.”

DOE: “A smarter grid applies technologies,tools, and techniques available nowto bring knowledge to power –knowledge capable of making thegrid work far more efficiently…”

GE: “The Smart Grid is in essence themarriage of information technologyand process automation technologywith our existing electrical networks.”

Smart Grid Definitions

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Secure

A-Secure

System not intact System intact

Reduction in reserve margins and/or

increased probability of disturbance

RestorativeResynchronization

E I

EmergencyHeroic Action

E ISystem splitting and/or

load lossIn extremisCut losses, Protect

Equipment

E I

NormalObjective: Load tracking, cost minimization, system coordination

E I

InsecureAlertPreventive Control

Violation of inequality

constraints

E I

E = Demand is metI = Constraints are met

Dynamics of Power System Operating States

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NASA/MDA/WU IFCS: NASA Ames Research Center, NASA Dryden, Boeing Phantom Works, and Washington University in St. Louis.

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Critical System Dynamics and Resilience Capabilities

Anticipation of disruptive events

Look ahead simulation capability

Fast isolation and sectionalization

Adaptive islanding

Self healing and restoration

re·sil·ience, noun,1824: The capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by compressive stress; An ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change

Resilience enables Robustness : A system, organism or design may be said to be "robust" if it is capable of coping well with variations (internal or external and sometimes unpredictable) in its operating environment with minimal damage, alteration or loss of functionality.

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Dependability/Robustness/Self-Healing

Autonomy/Fast Control

VulnerabilityAssessment Agents

Hidden Failure Monitoring Agents

ReconfigurationAgents

RestorationAgents

Event identification Agents

Planning Agents

Event/Alarm Filtering Agents

Model Update Agents CommandInterpretation Agents

Fault Isolation Agents Frequency

Stability Agents

Protection Agents Generation Agents

Knowledge/Decision Exchange

Triggering Events Plans/DecisionsCheck

Consistency

Events/Alarms

Controls

Inhibitor Signal

Controls

Power System

Inputs

(sec)

(msec)

(min-hours)

EPRI/DoD CIN/S Initiative

Self-Healing Grid

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7/19/2013 66

3332

31 30

35

80

78

74

7966

75

77

7672

8281

8683

84 85

156 157 161 162

vv

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158 15915544

45 160

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147

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114

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108

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102

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15213649

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150149

143

4243

141140

50

57

230 kV345 kV345 kV500 kV

Self-Healing Grid: Intelligent Adaptive Islanding

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Past Scheme New Scheme

57.5

58.5

59.5

60.0

59.0

59.4

59.8

60.0

59.2

59.6

58.0

59.0

0.0 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 0.0 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5Time in Seconds Time in Seconds

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Smart Self Healing Grid

“Preventing Blackouts,” Scientific American, May 2007

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Highly Instrumented withAdvanced Sensors and

Computing

Interconnected by aCommunication Fabric that

Reaches Every Device

• Engaging Consumers• Enhancing Efficiency• Ensuring Reliability• Enabling Renewables &Electric Transportation

Visualizing the Smart GridMany Definitions – But One VISION

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Evolution of Smart Grid Programs at DOE andEPRI

EPRI CommonInformation

Model (CIM) forEnergy

ManagementSystems (EMS)

EPRI UtilityCommunicationArchitecture(UCA) forSubstationAutomation

EPRI IntelliGridArchitecture

US NISTSmart Grid

InteroperabilityRoadmap

1990 1995 2000 20102005

Smart GridDemonstration

Projects

EPRI/DOD ComplexInteractive

Networks/SystemsInitiative (CIN/SI),including Self

healing Smart Grid

US DOEGridwise andModern GridInitiatives

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The Smart Grid: 14 Years in the Making

• Self Healing Grid (May 1998 Dec. 2002)– 1998 2002: EPRI/DOD Complex Interactive Networks/Systems

Initiative (CIN/SI):– 108 professors and over 240 graduate students in 28 U.S.

universities funded, including Carnegie Mellon, Minnesota, Illinois,Arizona St., Iowa St., Purdue, Harvard, MIT, Cornell, UC Berkeley,Wisconsin, RPI, UTAM, Cal Tech, UCLA, and Stanford.

– 52 utilities and ISO (including TVA, ComEd/Exelon, CA ISO, ISO NE,etc.) provided feedback; 24 resultant technologies extracted.

• Intelligrid (2001 present): EPRI trademarked• Smart Grid: Final name adopted at EPRI and DOE

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Definition: “Self Healing” Smart Grid (1998 present, M. Amin)

• What is a smart grid?The term “smart grid” refers to the use of computer, communication,sensing and control technology which operates in parallel with an electricpower grid for the purpose of enhancing the reliability of electric powerdelivery, minimizing the cost of electric energy to consumers, improvingsecurity, quality, resilience, robustness, and facilitating the interconnectionof new generating sources to the grid.

• What are the power grid’s emerging issues? They include1) integration and management of DER, renewable resources, and “microgrids”;2) use and management of the integrated infrastructure with an overlaid sensor

network, secure communications and intelligent software agents;3) active control of high voltage devices;4) developing new business strategies for a deregulated energy market; and5) ensuring system stability, reliability, robustness, security and efficiency in a

competitive marketplace and carbon constrained world.

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The Emerging Smart Grid or Energy Web:

A Complex Adaptive Infrastructure System

“The best minds in electricityR&D have a plan: Every node inthe power network of the future

will be awake, responsive,adaptive, price smart, ecosensitive, real time, flexible,humming and interconnected

with everything else.”Wired Magazine, July 2001

http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.07/juice.html

“… not to sell light bulbs, but to create anetwork of technologies and services

that provide illumination…”

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Energy Independence and Security Act

• Passed by U.S. Congress in 2007.

• “It is the policy of the United States to support themodernization of the Nation's electricity transmissionand distribution system … that can meet future demandgrowth and to achieve each of the following, whichtogether characterize a Smart Grid:1. Increased use of digital information and controlstechnology to improve reliability, security, andefficiency of the electric grid.

2. Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources,with full cyber security…”

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End to End Smart Grid Opportunities

Source: BC Hyrdo, Canadian Smart Grid Summit, Oct. 2009

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What are we working on at the U ofMinnesota ?

• Integrating PHEVs into the grid• Grid agents as smart and distributed computer• Fast power grid simulation and risk assessment• More Secure and Smarter Grid• Security of cyber physical infrastructure

University of Minnesota Center for Smart Grid Technologies (2003 present)Dept. of Electrical & Computer EngineeringFaculty: Professors Massoud Amin and Bruce WollenbergPhD Candidates/Research Assistants: Anthony Giacomoni (PhD 11/11), Jesse Gantz (MS 6/12), LaurieMiller (PhD’13), and Sara Mullen (PhD 9/9)PI: M. Amin (support from EPRI, NSF, Honeywell, SNL, ORNL, and UofM start up research funding)

Center for Smart Grid Technologies

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Objectives• Our strategic goal is to better understand the truedynamics of complex interdependentenergy/communications/economic networks inorder to enable stronger, greener, more secure andsmarter power grids.

• The objective of this project is to model, designand develop reconfigurable and distributed smartenergy systems supported by securesensing/wireless communication network overlayand fault resilient real time controls.

Center for Smart Grid Technologies

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Smart Grid InterdependenciesSecurity, Efficiency, and Resilience

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Our team’s Smart Grid Research

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Fast Power Systems Risk AssessmentDoctoral Dissertation: Laurie Miller (June 2005 present)ORNL contract, the U of MN start up fund (2005 2008), and NSF grant (2008 2009), PI: Massoud Amin

Connection Machine 2: $5 million in1987, only a few dozen made

NVIDIA Tesla C870: $1300 in 2009,over 5 million sold

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Building a super computer from many small processors

• The IBM Blue Gene computer

Up to 65,536processors

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Fast Power Grid Simulation

• Use Nvidia GeForce GPU card to gain 15 times faster power flowcalculation on PC (Laurie Miller)

CRAY Supercomputer

Nvidia GeForce GPU card for PC

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Smart Grid Protection Schemes & CommunicationRequirements

Type of relay Data Volume (kb/s) Latency

Present Future Primary(ms)

Secondary(s)

Over current protection 160 2500 4 8 0.3 1

Differential protection 70 1100 4 8 0.3 1

Distance protection 140 2200 4 8 0.3 1

Load shedding 370 4400 0.06 0.1 (s)

Adaptive multi terminal 200 3300 4 8 0.3 1

Adaptive out of step 1100 13000 Depends on thedisturbance

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Smart Grid: Tsunami of Data Developing

New devices in the homeenabled by the smart meter

You are here.

AMI Deployment

ProgrammableCommunicating ThermostatCome On line

Distribution ManagementRollout

Mobile Data Goes Live

RTU Upgrade

GIS System Deployment

OMS Upgrade

Distribution Automation

Substation Automation System

Workforce Management Project

Time

Annu

alRa

teof

Data

Intake

200 TB

400 TB

600 TB

800 TB

Tremendous amount of data coming from the field in the near futureparadigm shift for how utilities operate and maintain the grid

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Examples of SG Technologies & Systems

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Paradigm Shift – Data at MN ValleyCoop

• Before smart meters– Monthly read– 480,000 data points per year

• After smart meters– 15 60 minute kWh– Peak demand– Voltage– Power interruptions– 480,000,000 data points per year

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Battery Powered1B Water Meters1B Gas Meters

Industry Needs to Connect 50 Billion Devices by 2020An unsolved problem costing billions per year in wasted resources requires radically

improved wireless performance and lower cost

© On Ramp Wireless, Inc. All rights reserved.

UndergroundMillions of miles of Pipelines & Circuits

In Vaults100M meters

Indoors1B sensors

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Smart Grid: Technological InnovationsCustomer

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• How many watts used per iPhone, Smart Phone & Blackberrydevice?

• What infrastructure quality of service and security do weexpect?

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UM Morris Potential SmartGrid projects• Location: Morris, MN

• Size: 1,800 student residential campus

• Energy Sources:– Biomass gasification plant– Solar thermal panels– Solar photovoltaic system– Two 1.65MW wind turbines

(provides ~70% of campus s electricity needs)

• Load 300,000 750,000 kWh/month

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Going Carbon Negative…

UM Morris Net Energy Balance

(20,000)

(10,000)

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year

Ener

gy B

alan

ce, M

Wh

(4,000)

(2,000)

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Net C

O2

(Eq)

Foo

tprin

t, M

etric

Ton

s

Net Campus Energy Balance, MWh Campus Purchased Fossil Fuel + Elec use, MWhNet Campus CO2 Footprint, Metric Tons

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An Example: Smarter I 35W bridge

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To improve the futureand avoid a repetition ofthe past:

Sensors built in to the I35W bridge at less than0.5% total cost by TLIalumni

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Technological Leadership Institute (TLI)at the University of Minnesota

Established in 1987 with an endowmentfrom Honeywell Foundation.

An interdisciplinary center housed in theInstitute of Technology (engineering,mathematics, and physical sciencescollege)

TLI has five endowed chairs/professors,and has an additional 47 top notch facultyfrom across the eight UofM colleges,government and industry.

Expertise in the interface of science,technology, infrastructure security,management, business, strategy,innovation, leadership, and policy.

Developing Local and Global Leaders forTechnology Enterprises.

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What Does TLI Do?Master of Science degrees– Management of Technology (1990)– Infrastructure Systems Engineering (2000)– Security Technologies (2010), with options for the MS, and

MS/PhD minors

Short Courses, Seminars, and Certificates– Certificate Programs and Summit Certification– Fall Signature Series “Best of Technology Management”– Customized Leadership Training and Courses– Foresight After FourResearch and Consulting

Web site: <tli.umn.edu>

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Smart Grid U™• Lessons learned and key messages:

– Consider all parts together (Holistic Systems approach)– Focus on Benefits to Cost Payback– Remove deficiencies in foundations– The University as a Living laboratory– Education and Research Implement new solutions

• Consumer engagement critical to successful policy implementation to enableend to end system modernization

• If the transformation to smart grid is to produce real strategic value for our nationand all its citizens, our goals must include:– Enable every building and every node to become an efficient and smart

energy node.

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… pathways forward?… SECURITY

… Self healing & adaptive

… Local “power quality”: locally self adjusting

… Evolvable architecture, open, predictive

… Power Electronics (control, quality, locality…)

… Modularity/flexibility & Management

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Communication & Data Management

• Flexible and robust communication architectures (wireless tooptical backbone? wireline schemes?), protocols

• Dealing with latency, variable time delay• Data management, calibration & validation (bad or missing or

malicious data), sharing and distribution, archiving, hierarchicalaggregation

• Dynamic, distributed databases• Appropriate computer network architectures

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West Virginia Business Case

Source: National Energy Technology Laboratory

AMI Advanced Meter InfrastructureIT Information TechnologyDR Demand ResponseDMS Distribution Management SystemDER Distributed Energy Resources

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Awareness:• ~68% of consumers in the U.S. don't

know what "Smart Grid is…

Costs:• $17 $24 billion/yr

Benefits:• Increases efficiency by 5% ($20.4

billion in savings annually)• Reduces costs of outages by about

$49 billion per year• Reduces emissions by 12 18%

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• Smarter transportationStockholm, Dublin, Singapore and Brisbane are workingwith IBM to develop smart systems ranging frompredictive tools to smart cards to congestion chargingin order to reduce traffic and pollution.

• Smarter policing and emergency responseNew York, Syracuse, Santa Barbara and St. Louis areusing data analytics, wireless and video surveillancecapabilities to strengthen crime fighting and thecoordination of emergency response units.

• Smarter power and water managementLocal government agencies, farmers and ranchers inthe Paraguay Paraná River basin to understand thefactors that can help to safeguard the quality andavailability of the water system. Malta is building asmart grid that links the power and water systems, andwill detect leakages, allow for variable pricing andprovide more control to consumers. Ultimately, it willenable this island country to replace fossil fuels withsustainable energy sources.

• Smarter governanceAlbuquerque is using a business intelligence solution toautomate data sharing among its 7,000 employees inmore than 20 departments, so every employee gets asingle version of the truth. It has realized cost savingsof almost 2,000%.

Source: IBM and Economist

Smarter about education, safety, energy, water, food, transp.,e gov, … Innovative Cities:

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The difficulty lies not with the new ideas, but in escaping the old ones. . . .

John Maynard Keynes

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Bottom Line:

“Only three things happen naturally in organizations:

friction, confusion and underperformance.Everything else requires leadership.”

-- Peter Drucker

© 2013 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization. © 2013 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.M. Amin, Chairman, IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter http://smartgrid.ieee.org/publications/smart grid newsletter

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A few Smart Grid resourcesTwo nuggets for your consideration:

• IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter:– A monthly publication, the IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter features practical and timely

technical information, and forward looking commentary, on Smart Grid developmentsand deployments around the world.

– Designed to foster greater understanding and collaboration between diversestakeholders, the newsletter brings together experts, thought leaders, and decisionmakers to exchange information and discuss issues affecting the evolution of theSmart Grid.

– To subscribe (free of charge) to the IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter, please visithttp://smartgrid.ieee.org/publications/smart grid newsletter

– For details on all IEEE Smart Grid, please visit http://smartgrid.ieee.org/

• For additional pertinent information, presentations, selected videos, andpublications, please see http://umn.edu/~amin

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Discussion and the Road Ahead:• What are the key energy andinfrastructure issues facing ourcities, our regions, our nation, andthe world?– What is your vision for the future– what

will it like or how will it perform in 2014-2015?

– What are the difficult challenges to overcome to achieve your vision?

– What enabling technologies and policies are needed to address these?

– What critical issues should we consider in beginning plans for 2014 and beyond?