FALL 1963

HIGHLIGHTSOF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY

, -VAflV 3'lIASBSV

VOLUME 10

NUMBER 3

I(il(L~-~

-

-IGHLIGHTS ofAgricultural Research

A Quarterly Report of ResearchServing All of Alabama

VOLUME 10, No. 3 FALL, 1963

PROSPECTS GOOD FOR RESEEDING VETCH - May Soon bePerfected at Auburn 3

MILK PRODUCTION OF BEEF COws - Tells how Much theAverage Beef Cow Produces...... 4

DATE OF PLANTING RYE FOR SEED PRODUCTION- GoodYields Result from Seeding at Proper Time 5

TYPES OF FARMS DIFFER- Records Show Land, Labor,Capital, and Management Are Major Differences--- 6

CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS FOR BROILERS - Shows thatEnvironment Affects Broiler Quality 7

NEMATODES AND PEANUTS - Soil Testing for NematodesNeeded to Prevent Damage 8

WEATHER RESEARCH PROGRAM - Aimed at Much-NeededTechnical Studies to Aid Farmers 9

COTTON GROWN ON GRAY, SANDY SOILS NEEDS MAGNESIUM

- Yields Upped by Supplemental Applications 10

SCHOOL MILK PROGRAMS - Points out that School MilkPrograms are Major Outlets -11

SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZER - A New Effective Fertilizerfor Home Use- 12

LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR $5,000 INCOME - Reports onSize Farm and Crops Needed 13

SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA PRODUCES VALUABLE FOLIAGE - Canbe Grown Like Other Crops 14

ATTITUDES OF RURAL RESIDENTS - Majority of Those In-terviewed Would Accept Factory Job - 15

GERMINATION OF CLOVER SEED- Affected by Grass RootExtracts in Laboratory Studies 16

Of de ComL Cold weather played an important role in thetesting of fifth-generation plants from the reseeding vetch breedingproject. Most lines planted in this nursery at the Main Station, Au-burn, were killed by last winter's -1 low temperature. However,the lines that survived were vigorous and produced heavy yields ofhard seed in the spring of 1963. In effect, the cold weather elimi-nated lines that were cold susceptible. The remaining lines, whichcombine cold hardiness with vigor and hard seed, hold promise forsuccessful development of reseeding vetch varieties in the nearfuture.

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION of

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

Auburn, Alabama

E. V. SMITHCOYT WILSON ....

CHAS. F. SIMMONS_

KENNETH B. ROY--E. L. McGRAW ...R. E. STEVENSON_

--- DirectorAssociate Director

... Assistant Director----- - -- ----- Editor

-----Associate Editor---- Associate Editor

Editorial Advisory Committee: COYTWILSON; H. T. ROGERS, Agronomy andSoils Department Head; J. H. BLACK-STONE, Professor of Agricultural Econom-ics; H. J. AMLING, Associate Professorof Horticulture, AND KENNETH B. RoY.

PUBLICATIONSListed here are timely and new publicationsreporting research by the Agricultural Ex-periment Station.

Bul. 327. Establishment and Maintenanceof White Clover-Grass Pastures in Alabama.

Bul. 329. Planting Dates for Oats for For-age and Grain.

Bul. 335. Crimson Clover in Alabama.

Bul. 345. Father-Son Farming.

Bul. 346. Effect of Seed Size on Vigor andYield of Runner Peanuts.

Cir. 144. Meat Buying and Preparation Prac-tices of Professionally Employed Women.

Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-White Clo-ver.

Leaf. 67. Arrowleaf Clover.

Leaf. 69. Performance of Peach Varietiesin Alabama.

Prog. Rept. 86. Performance of SorghumSilage Varieties.

Free copies may be obtained from ourCounty Agent or by writing the AuburnUniversity Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn, Alabama.

,r:q

A (G001) HAR Sil)siI )1I) \(,tchll eiits\ (11111( bet 1ist0i it) se\-

crop, t) slipplt\ oitltn.(ei to sitnillet i.yrass sotSds i it liiiter'

cial seed'( clop, fnr ens(I toil iroadt shoiuiider s i i le tilt'at s.aiii as X ildilitt' fee(d. Fiiloiiss n a good seed cirnp of at iecsteediiig \at iet , v it inalit be possible' tn get niie nr mori c' rops

of(ivelt hlimlIr seittit i'tt'!lit'iitI sIlahs atIXii

Present had seeded \tches, sac it tsslov~a Vii

slittttr pribems elini~ ofS(ttlt s ec si e iii as i 195\1 it hiti Iiajiii io s-its Agil sedt ripeiiiiTet ptatblei, Nmeiin'it at)ltt'ipt seed iiiauleti l tid s sec Sceitrstict iiihoiie heseai

chatraeter ist its.

W. safbra) X lianl~vel \ss(t t elh 0. ti1"tigil). This5 c'nlss\\.is tiescei iltel iti l eai liei issue ofIhm iii ( IN't elntitiNeiw Vctel s, VolI. 8, Nit. :3, 1961 ) .The 'laiuc comtitll

\etch paittit, Alat. I1894, pitoduies goodt \ ieits of foriage alit]

settd ill Althtaiiai 1nsI's t i ., it has at oiss p'c eeitage of hardLseetd. H'it( male iii115leat s\etch pitrntt iitintlietimi 1212-75tfrom Tuirkev, is lass iii s 1go bit his ai highi perctiac atha iti( sced. Bthti pat ci its ii e anti-sliattciy lug hiit iir

We ev il resistait, andti ttti ature seetdc ittili hI

Motre tllii 11,00(0 tirtd, fiouth it nti tiltll-geiierittiiipliits tirom tiht sptecies tcross ii~t ]l,it stuiedct. Ill eachgrce tittiil t'in1phiasis ss as plaedt il stltectinig 1tiits that ss citV1ig0ti011s, tutu siiatttt tugr, alth gatiti seedt ptrodueers. Perceiit-algc hii seed s ils dtetiliied anod the tfoltlowing gener'tatioin

Here are pods and seeds of parents and first and fourth-genera-tion plants of a vetch species cross. Photo 1: Narrowleaf vetchparent tright) is non-shattering, but the familiar form of the samespecies (left) shatters its seed. Photo 2: Pods of the female com-mon vetch parent (right) and the narrowleaf male parent (left)were well filled with seed; pods of the highly sterile first-genera-tion plants (center) contained only 1 or 2 seed per pod. Photo 3shows desirable common vetch type and Photo 4 is of intermed-iate type, both of which were selected in the fourth generation.

This graph shows frequency distribution of second, third, andfourth-generation plants from cross between Ala. 1894 (commonvetch) and P.1. 121275 (narrowleaft by percentage hard seed.

Percentagefrequency

30 /THIRD GENERATION, 481 PLANTS/

IV TSECOND GENERATION, 163 PLANTS //A\

20- / \/FOURTH GENERATION ,633 PLANTS /

1 00 3 0 0 6 70,0" 0 0

Percentage hard seed

PROSPECTS GOOD forRESEEDING VETCH

t. D. DONNELLY, Dept, of Agronomy and Soils

ss is tiltaitwditch ii phitlits that pirodicedt high peceitilgts ot'hiirtl sect].

I iist-gcierittitii p)iiiits ss crc' highl ' steilet ititi piiotdicedtritatisc tIs tts seet] phtti 2. Matiy secititt it] thir-d gt'iiti atioti platnts alsol pittliuced ldll a itfess seed. Hlnsscsr ci maniy

Ill the Itit tcli t'it tilt tsso agemlicta ts pes oft planits ss cit(fou i t](. i it reemb'letd the iai iss leit' parl tt, yet stime ot

thtese' plaits ss cit ilitet tnlei'tite bes cithe tss i patenlts illvigor, phioto 4. A seecoid ty pe, phottio -3, reembtledt tiht ciliittit i settc paren t. WiXithiit etch of thest typtes, plaints swecist'et'ed that xx etc s i,l tits. unit -sh attecii i g gilt it seed pittdclis. ici Ihaird seetdtetd.

Tht iiiier mitd freuiency tljstrihtiitii of scectoid, titdt,iti tutu (ii gtliitttiiii pliits b\x pteititgc itt haiti sect]

atrc shiown ii i the gfraph. A ]atgt' iicicast ini jituittht ot pltss i th it la ig pcrcct'uiw e of] Ihartd setti \\,as in iait 55ith iitc!

hiss tt'tiopii .tiii 's it' the past ss luitet. [hiss est ettili liuesstits isc -- I IF. at Atubtuin ill tbitagiass imt ]tcriitcagm asssilt. Sioiic ot thilt' iies thalt stiils is c wirss cit x g i ls amidjt iuiic]lic 'i s sOiddLs itt se'edt ill tht' sping ott 963. 'his,tht'st' hut's toitiie cot]ld thiiiess ss ith i ro miida himrd seedi.

pu aciietise. litittisttt'titig. i escet huilg st tcii s ioittics tall hedesveiltpet].

men

Herethe

MILK PRODUCTION of B[1R. R. HARRIS, W. B. ANTHONY, V. L. BROWN,

J. G. STARLING, E. L. MAYTON, and L. A. SMITH'

I I tMx xii iA \11xiiiK (IMits i tit iix i\ it()

o) P roduiction Rlecordils Kept llll

xxitl tli i 1 i f iix I il t o islitxx i

xxix l lii liixx ii it l~ildc T i if iu t2.er

if 111 ix i tii 1 iti t ii tliiit A ici i ti l ii l

tIt ic I I I it i ilk t i x I i i S.\ 1 sl I I i I l I 5S

iiitailc iil l oft ixi ut x i i(li ilxc

2 I iacd i Ioil ilk ic i i .it iis im ix kc iiiii

xxii ii tlt A i tt1 li c Iiii l x Illiti

xit ii tI (d Sti\t ii I\ it~t il sutil ii

itk xx , x \ thu Ilu i xx it\ it \ iii il l t IxT "itt

lo ii T tic milk \\ itstt th(itI iiis kit-

cixxlti ( litctttlut ilux i l utu uxutitt

til i t' xl~ e o i 2-i ll, L tc r

4 c c il ( \ i ,. SIIIcc ( iI

itk milklt Iiii

talf is :t0 ilx x

tii tistN \i

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C ilit xiii

(oli-xc to )(Itiii

utiog 25t0 dix\ s)

% it it l '111 %\(I (, fill] fI (m iii i i l

ern milking equip- (Ii~ti ]it\ (,Iit" Ix fit\ . stlt ;1u f \ Vt( tI.twas used in milk- litxitltx tliitit :3 x rar xtitlxk at thetbeef cows on test.Jerry Coldwell does Wii tt cJrss Stittti I itl )ald 2, shoiwtx

miilking of one of the that xx (11 fri tiliziJ (:oaxtlIti b'1dittiasxcows. i t t0 11 i i Si l t ixf aitii \ to mppoij fitlt latt

;Ii) lof i Iot xaiai i beef it\\', lipp tif liti

1 tif iof il i e iilit itit l-N Ii itt t1 dit

to tixx ~ l~t xbltc o il

lit s\itlrdxtitii ti t iti ll x l i li(fill,I i Ii iiilk soils M osititii tt xs il it t hi

11, \i4 if imxlk itiillxiot iidttititp i

itt 1t ixx ixIi it~i i t ti t ft tlax x1- itht a I I iltIif iltxxled Nll I 115 t iti c \j~ Ili itt ;IIIt ii. i iis

I(.2 tit2 4 )\ l cttiii xxlii' xx ill t It ilf il a lixil

EFttiig CO W St~t i( sii xtixxnlI "till i lft

tiiiii ii l i iHii iiiit~iiii DIt ilit i C tit i ti

x iiic i wtug Ii iit :3 tt (fi'( hut thetintutu

Daix1ta xi ti ti ill i tblt xx friiii the

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tkit it' iiili\ Iii ilx Tibf tIi xiii

27 11). titx i itt xx ta iig thit tlttix

IN(, 0)xx \ It ixi ixH,1 DAt1)\t11,tHii i xx t)ti -N I

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I I 1 7.21 9. 1 2

11.i oit it tix~rtil ill\-

DATE of PLANTINGRYE for SEEDPRODUCTION

( 0OFER KING...... ,' Aq '), y -d1 S..

.5 Ild Iroml 15,000) to 75,009) aci-cs Ii

i'( ti 'lti_(1g iioitllX X\%1)111(1 ]fit\(- ill-

Il a c (\(, I] 1itt i (t til i st' l itpii ofi

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thi itStot ifi pI a t e i ii l( pr1111 1. i tt't ill'

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IOutobc110 20

TI To. I I i(Il lest \ icids (If ,l ill] I \\ cl I. ()Itit if wd I I ( ill I t I w S(vto,'1111 wl :3( ) ilT I( I ( )(.t(

1wr 20 (Lites ()I planthig. ( S(.(. titble.Liltcr plillitilig (lilt(", prodliccd Imichlo\\ cI icId"'. Lml,-Ill" %\ it,., Ilot sc\ crcIMF \\ its therc ilm pi0tcrit (If lodgim" itsit ['('Slilt ()I secdiwr (lilt(,. Exccllciit stim(IsI\ocre ()btitilicd ilt ;ill (lilt(", (d scvdilw it Iit]] _\cais, cvvpt thc Pecciii1wi 20, N62.plitiltilig. Birds \\(-I(' Ivsp()IIsibIc Im dc-stro\ I I w 50", of thc sccdIhws ()I thisplillitill" (lilt(,. V) stilild w(hictioll Iloillwiliter killim, ()(vill-red itt ill)\ secdilwdatc it) illr\ \cilr cvcpt I)ccelillwi 20,1962 sec(liw, ,I'llis plillitill" "1111cled ifillodcratc itillmillt of \\ illtcr killillo, (1 11 ITH,flic 0 F. tcIllpel ).

-:1till-c ill jillm ill\ W i.,

Dilt(i ()I plillitilig, did Ilot itfl(vt tll(i I I cv-d I t

of Wivil's Abiliz/i ilt Illittlirit\

'I'lic I 10-11cialed stil(,(. \\ifs lised is it

111(lil'sill'(1 (of Illittill-it Plots plalitcd S('I)-

telillwl :30 Ivilchwd tll(, I 10-1wilded

stiwc Maich 1 :3 oil tlic if\ ci io_,c, butralwed IT ()Ill its cark its \lilt (.11 6 toits late its March 2:3. Eitch 20-dit dc-lit\ ill "c(dim, (lilt(, I.c."IlItcd ill it dclit\of appl()Xililatch I \\('('k ill Icitchill" OwI I Wlicitdcd stiwc. Thc cal k diacs ()Illcildilw iTI(li(iIt(, that \oilwl) I\c is Iwillo,

liscd 1()I- booth (,rilzill(r illid Iitlll, oflit/Illo,

should bc stopped 1) .v eild -v to Illid-F(A)-

1 )5859 50 5I 050 9t) 1 196 1 )i -62 1 (i2-)33 A'x cr1(41 ) tc, 5 ct

25 4.5.6 58.8 .37. : 3 3.:3 43.5 1:2 1 0010.2 48.-1 30.3 .;36. 3. .10.5 9 100)

29.5 :38.8 3). 1 21.) 27.2 31.2 16 1S5

27(.6 2t6.6 :3)). 1))0 11.1 21.7- II 1 t97

26.5 20 2) 271.) 1 .5 .3.0- 17_.6 1 I 8:3

Good seed yields of rye con be produced inAloboma by planting ot the proper time.

111(n it (t I it XI1

() ittitit') 11111 iX tl l

\iX Ii t li c Ixp i t' itsc ()i IX. I X ll li t

Re _1ICcirlomended P~lnig o D itsta

Ili . ltTI It is \it tl 1(.11 it I I ltc It \ i th theIXI

')1~I' l X '.1, li i l \ i iiiiittl It'k11tt1 1 1 iltledXXIT k ~I liv i 11111pe tiat Ici \t1 1t tti

tithis l tll ( \ it d" of tIri \lt II 11.\cs

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P0. 1 Icics

0 57T

7 5 8

[) it 1 10lwi 111(,I tI ( Xt

Marchti 1:3

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\pt il I

\pttl 8April I I

I)ittc at XXI ict ii 1 (of) it II 1111' II ' ) (liltt, hiil 1rdu IliIX.

)'Il. II)S _,I) it 0],%nm:] I Illsi Ics ()I.- Ill I: NVIII.:N PI-\\ I I'l) \ I ])[I I-I'm -, r I),\ I vs.

LAND, labor, capital, and managementmake the economic differences amongfarms!

Analysis of records kept by farmersin 1961 revealed these major differences.The study was made jointly by the Au-burn University Agricultural ExperimentStation and Cooperative Extension Serv-ice. Farms included in the study areabove average in the State. To be clas-sified as a special type of farm, receiptsfrom one enterprise must have amountedto 50% or more of the total.

Size and Capital Investment

Beef cattle farms were largest in totalacres operated. (See table.) In termsof capital investment and cash receipts,dairy farms were largest. Both dairyand beef farms had average capital in-vestments of over $50,000. The smallestin terms of acres operated were the hogand commercial egg (layer) farms.

Dairy farmers reported an average of53 dairy cows, while beef cattle farmersaveraged 79 brood cows. Thus, totalcapital investment was almost $1,200per cow on dairy farms as comparedwith $700 per brood cow on beef cattlefarms.

One measure of volume of business isthe PMWU (productive man work unit)or a man-day of work on crop and live-stock enterprises. Dairy and cotton farmswere largest by the PMWU measure.Based on business volume per manequivalent, cotton, dairy, and layer farmsranked high in relation to hog and beeffarms.

On beef cattle farms, there was a cap-ital investment in land, buildings, ma-chinery, equipment, livestock, and feedinventory of $14.85 for each dollar ofnet farm income. However, on hogfarms the investment was only $5.55

per dollar of net farm income. For eachman-equivalent (one man full time fora year) of labor, there was an invest-ment of over $29,000 on beef farms ascompared with slightly over $10,000 oncotton farms. Layer and hog farms didnot differ greatly in capital investmentmatched with a man-equivalent of labor.

Income and Expense

As an average, dairy farms had the

highest net farm income and operator'slabor income. Although average net farmincome was over $3,700 on beef farms,interest Charged at 5% on the averagecapital investment resulted in a labor in-come to the operator of less than $1,000.Cash receipts, net farm income, and op-erator's labor income were second high-est on layer farms.

Farmers who operated layer farms av-eraged 4,400 hens, with 14.6 doz. eggssold per hen per year. Hog farmers re-ported an average of 10 sows and 13.7

TYPES of FARMS DIFFER

J. H. YEAGERDepartment of Agricultural Economics

COMPARISONS AMONG TYPES OF FARMS, ALABAMA, 1961

Item Type of farmCotton Dairy Hog Beef Layer

Number of farms 105 73 32 22 21Acres operated - - 228 330 173 666 144

Investment $27,281 $62,887 $20,013 $55,664 $28,420Investment per dollar

of net farm income ............. $ 6.69 $ 7.65 $ 5.55 $ 14.85 $ 5.81Investmentper ME.1 ....... $10,104 $2,291 $13,342 $29,297 $14,210

Cash receipts $12,758 $25,654 $ 8,968 $12,816 $17,065

Cash expenses $ 9,450 $20,931 $ 6,238 $10,228 $14,116Expenses as % of receipts----- 74 82 70 80 83

Net farm income --------------------- $ 4,079 $ 8,224 $ 3,608 $ 3,748 $ 4,895Operator's labor income----- $ 2,715 $ 5,094 $ 2,608 $ 965 $ 3,474

Total PMWU's 643 776 322 461 501PMWU's per M.E.'-----............ 242 292 217 209 247

SM.E., man-equivalent of labor used on the fann.

market hogs sold per sow per year. Av-erage milk sold per cow on the dairyfarms was 6,800 lb. per year, and theaverage calf crop on beef farms was89%. Cotton farmers had 46 acres ofcotton and an average lint yield of 495lb. per acre.

Differences in cash expenses as a per-centage of cash receipts were not greatamong farm types. Hog and cottonfarms were below others in expenses foreach dollar of receipts.

Implications

Economic characteristics should betaken into account when selecting andmaking adjustments in farm enterprises.Personal preference by the farm operatorfor a particular enterprise is an impor-tant factor to consider, but economiccharacteristics can be more important.

Farmers with limited land area gen-erally should select enterprises that willprovide a large volume of business withlittle land. Those with limited capitalas compared with labor should considerenterprises through which labor can besold with little matching capital. Farm-ers with large areas of land and those ina stronger capital position may find enter-prises that require a large capital invest-ment per unit of labor or per dollar ofnet farm income satisfactory.

Land, labor, capital, and managementare the resources used in farming. Apart of the job of a good farm manageris to distribute resources among farmenterprises to take advantage of eco-nomic characteristics, or he may con-centrate resources in only one enterprise.Taking into account economic differ-ences among enterprises can mean dollargains in net income.

i n lici i i I I. lillI I iT I iit 1111 I

X Il1III it S I (Ii \tll Ic e eil i cIi lcv l' i iliiX

Ti I 11(1 ti il I . il i 11 ;1\ c wo R

po~ tted l tby ( I T it 11 l is pt ia ell\ I-

lo)iltal T coil I At iiesil 1 ltii cmt

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toibl ht t1111 il i t11111ilit s of1 il Ichll yt

c lltiii c Til 4 i (i 11( Ilo i. t' ts lli, iii I

pets i tl T tT11( I i IX wcec liTc to lI itl ii111

1cX ' ofI Ttli tt ote 9tt i'l i i till tt il 1)I.l

p i t)hitiitiit A i t itii tf l2(it irit t i

cit lh r itiI X I th li I ) [Ii\i ,I tiit. iiitI

Thc liltlilI'Icill c l ti lt X l t I \ iti X Itied

A ilT I tile tii scmi hlo4c cI1XXII1hk

\\)Ilic I IX till1

all exl illX IcTit s. i igiitxwciii IL X ti l iS il l F tiltl t)111 I i111

il]t~ii lili lt s dli till~ XXII t Itt i it ell

pitilre \\it s iii lii ii Tili llc uot siiijic

pis or11 1,111] ii 2li lilT IScr usiii t wIi th itC

212i \I ) I t ii Iol Ii1t it XX 1.S h i s Ii iii

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All irdsi ilIX l lotte II till X It o11 f IlolSI

1.11111is of iiti Sex r1 I iX t i I I i t .1Ii I c tl

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31 326

25

2n

15

10

M

2 40 2 26

F M F M F M I F

FIG. 1. Above are 8-week dressed weights,in po0unds, of carcasses of male and femalebroilers raised in three controlled environ-ments, 60, 75 , and 90 F. and for similarbirds grown under variable farm conditions.

CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTSProduce Better BroilersJ. R. HOWES, Deprtmeiunt of Poultiy Scienc

WALTER GRUB and C. A. ROLLO, Departmnent of Agricutural Engineering

III I IIst iii ts, iii jitcittil 4ts, 11,1St

tractts. Thtse I iittXSii 4 fiittiiIS XXtIV leiss

heit ibl t i ll t Xil b i ti il IllS iii laiiit

inciTts il,1l ill iii (It . ITSe caTcasses o It

140 ,

30

24

107

M F M F60 750

[MFVAR A,

FIG. 2. The mean percentages bone in thecarcasses described in Fig. 1 are given inthe above chart.

tjIiX IiiIiIil I li e~ tillXtii lite

X Iloli XXlit. Ill e illS lT ii lsits of ,Ite It

Jtt Ic hitUc eIiX ili vI.11 t hilse i it - isI

exper~imenlts is prt'st.ittediIll ligiT 2._

Tite pt r cIlt ililit XXs IS ete titt l TIiiiltcs

4-

Houses such as thesements on controlledbroilers.

were used in experi-environments for

tili ttiiiilIs Ill all ti itloilit. Tl (Ill-ll

ic-licc bgii t hi ll ll I itll(( co 111i llr llc

ileiiiiil XXI' l iil i it X f 1 litt ill I-

lilts~ frotmd t il .1iilililld il de iii )11(' 1151(

l iti oll i \ iii tlis i~ll IX lit iii ittu till

(tI)\iil litl illtt This 1 il 11ctusX tIa I h t

IT lT d l il illliisIXlit cllt iill lo e c i

blli Ili T tTITli atSS lilt1 ofbrilerl~lS r isc

XII ll.illlit XX lldSitills lsttiofi teiiil

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walT less CiT ll rits I I IT i sc iT I lili XX i .iits

compaed \ iththos Iro the 7 ,

NEMATODESandPEANUTS

E J.CAIRNS, Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology

N. E. M'GLOHON, Cooperaive Exte~nsio'n Service'

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Stunting of peanuts as a result of sting nematode damage isshown by comparison between infested plants at left and nema-tode-free plants. (Photo courtesy J. R. Christie, Gainesville, Fla.)

I t il lot. itet ttxt'pit' i xatt it tt too to t i ii aiix\ I i'oati tlt'\xtfjtil tllo' tixxitex.

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Recordings of soil and air temperatures, net radiation, and rain-fall are used to determine factors affecting rates of populationncreases or decreases of cotton insects under field conditions.

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pl'iiv ill p ll'ol xxiii in xt nt x iiiiii \\lx iiii eiicd Otheri

iliiii'. t lipid wl fiair anflltoidt,\ \j

42,.

WEATHER RESEARCHPROGRAM forAGRICULTURE

JT. COPE, JR. and PAUL A. MOTT'

(lilt tie ll' ica tol iiicixii ' x Ictilli collfpill'iitx tha~t afflct

t(iiix iu tiic X itis ix 1, it ha\ufl d t id i ii a ii li foe ti lT Stii' ilx

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F YOUR COTTON LAND is a gray, sandysoil, about 30 lb. of magnesium will payoff in increased seed cotton yields.

Magnesium is lost from soil either bycrop removal or leaching. Annual re-moval of magnesium from soil by cropsgenerally ranges from 5-30 lb. per acre.As yield levels for the various crops areincreased, rate of crop removal of mag-nesium from soil is also increased. How-ever, the greatest loss usually resultsfrom leaching. Such losses increase asthe soil becomes more acid. Thus, anypractice that increases soil acidity, suchas use of ammonium fertilizers, resultsin an increased loss of soil magnesium.

The native supply of magnesium inAlabama soils is frequently inadequatefor maximum yields of cotton. However,general use of dolomite filler in mixedfertilizers in the past has prevented wide-spread occurrence of magnesium de-ficiencies.

A high grade dolomite contains about12% Mg (magnesium). Thus, 500 lb.per acre of a fertilizer containing 400 lb.of dolomite filler per ton would add ap-proximately 12 lb. of Mg per acre to thesoil. However, the trend is toward highanalysis and acid-forming fertilizers thatcontain no dolomite.

Research on magnesium has been con-ducted periodically by the Auburn Uni-versity Agricultural Experiment Stationfor more than 30 years. Field experi-ments on the Mg requirement of cottonwere first begun in 1930 with a cotton-corn-legume rotation at four widely sep-arated sites by comparing dolomitic andcalcitic limestones. These early testsshowed no advantage for dolomite.

Recent Research

Additional research on availability ofsoil Mg was started in 1958. A primaryobjective of the greenhouse experimentswas to determine deficient levels of Mgin the plant and in the soil. Deficientlevels of Mg can be measured by plant

10

analysis or by soil analysis. The datafrom greenhouse experiments show thatadequate Mg was usually supplied plantsby sandy soils containing more than 59lb. of exchangeable Mg per acre.

Results from field experiments con-ducted since 1958 have shown significantincreases in cotton yields on some soilsfollowing the addition of Mg. Data inTable 1 show that the gray, sandy soilswere relatively low in Mg and that theaddition of magnesium sulfate to thesesoils resulted in average seed cottonyields being increased up to 360 lb. peracre. On the other hand, additional Mghad no effect on cotton yields on De-catur clay loam, a soil relatively highin Mg.

Magnesium rates of 0, 30, and 120 lb.per acre were used in the experimentsat Alexandria, Monroeville, and Brew-ton, Table 1. Yields were about thesame from the 30- and 120-lb. rates. Asubsequent experiment with rates. of 0,10, 20, and 40 lb. of Mg per acre frommagnesium sulfate was established at

the Sand Mountain Substation in 1960.The average seed cotton yield for the1960-62 period was increased 400 lb.per acre where 40 lb. of Mg per acrewas added annually, Table 2.

Since 30 lb. of Mg was adequate atBrewton and Monroeville and 20 lb. was

TABLE 1. YIELD INCREASE OF SEED COTTONFROM ADDITION OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE

AT FouR LOCATIONS, 2-YEAR AVERAGE

Location and Soil mag- Yieldsoil type nesium* increase

Lb./A. Lb./A.

Alexandria,D ecatur c.1 --------------------- 110 0

Monroeville,M agnolia f.s.1................. 40 80

Crossville,Hartsells f.s.1.................. 28 280

Brewton,Kalmia s.1. 20 360* Exchangeable.

COTTON GROWN onGRAY, SANDY SOILSNEEDS MAGNESIUMFRED ADAMS, Department of Agronomy and Soils

Location andkind of

limestone

Soil pH range

5.3-5.5 5.6-5.8 6.2-6.4Lb. of seed cotton/A.

BrewtonDolomite ........ 1,520 1,770 2,070Calcite ----------. 1,580 1,710 1,650

Monroeville

Dolomite -------- 1,370 1,630 1,800Calcite --------- 1,260 1,370 1,530

PrattvilleDolomite -. 2,490 2,270 2,230Calcite...... 2,400 2,380 2,270

inadequate at Sand Mountain Substation,it appears that Mg should be added ata rate of about 30 lb. per acre annuallyfor cotton.

Magnesium sulfate and magnesium-potassium sulfate are satisfactory wa-ter-soluble sources that may be used onany Mg-deficient soil. Only water-sol-uble sources should be used on calcare-ous soils (high pH) and on soils thatcannot be limed.

Magnesium from Dolomite

The data in Table 3 show that agri-cultural-grade dolomite is an excellentsource of Mg on acid soils. The onlysignificant difference between the lime-stones was the Mg content of the dolo-mite. The data show the soils at Brew-ton and Monroeville to be deficient inMg. The greatest response to Mg wasat the higher soil pH values. There wasno response to lime or Mg at Prattville.

In addition to neutralizing soil acidity,dolomite supplies magnesium as well ascalcium. Each ton of dolomite containsabout 250 lb. of Mg and is by far thecheapest source of Mg available. Mag-nesium deficiency will be avoided by aliming program in which dolomite isused at every other application.

Since Mg is released from dolomiteonly when the acid soil and dolomitereact, dolomite must be finely pulverizedfor it to be a good source of Mg. Coarsedolomite is equally worthless as a lim-ing material or as a source of Mg.

TABLE 2. EFFECTS OF RATES OF MAGNESIUMON YIELDS OF SEED COTTON AT SAND

MOUNTAIN SUBSTATION, 1960-62AVERAGE

Rate of Yield YieldMg increase

Lb./A. Lb./A. Lb./A.

0 2,27010 2,440 17020 2,550 28040 2,670 400

TABLE 3. EFFECT OF KIND OF LIMESTONEON YIELD OF SEED COTTON AT VARIOUS

SOIL PHl LEVELS, 1960-6.1

H OW LARGE should a farm be to pro-vide a given net return to operator laborand management?

This question is the topic of a studybeing conducted in the Wiregrass Areaby the Department of Agricultural Eco-nomics, Auburn University AgriculturalExperiment Station. Budgets based onutilization of advanced technology andrecommended production practices havebeen developed for eight crop and threelivestock enterprises.

Enterprises Selected

Crops selected were cotton, peanuts,corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, oats,wheat, and Coastal bermuda. Peanutsare restricted to a 1 year in 3 rotation.Per acre yields used in the program arecotton, 594 lb.; peanuts, 0.9 ton; corn,55 bu.; and Coastal bermuda, 5 tons. Insome situations, crop yields and productprices are varied in order to study theeffect of their variability on optimum or-ganization.

The livestock operation includes hogs,a cow-calf beef enterprise, and steers.Hog production is on a 2-litter-per-yearbasis. Sows are on millet pasture in thesummer and oats and rye in the winter.Market hogs are self fed on pasture. Thesteer feeding operation begins with thepurchase of good and choice calvesweighing around 400 lb. Calves are inthe feedlot from December 1 to April30 on a ration consisting of corn silage

OPTIMUM FARM PLAN FOR Two INCOMELEVELS, ONE-MAN LABOR FORCE, AD-

VANCED TECHNOLOGY, BASE PRICES,

WIREGRASs AREA OF ALABAMA

Item Unit $5,000 $7,000income income

Open landrequired acre

Crops:Cotton acrePeanuts acreCorn for feed acreCoastal bermuda acrePasture for hogs acre

Livestock:Hogs sows

Seasonal laborhired hour

Gross receipts dol.less

Operating expense dol.Land charge' dol.Seasonal labor' dol.Fixed overhead dol.

Net return tooperator

labor andmanagement dol.

'$6.25 per acre.2 $0.60 per hour.

105.5

12.817.622.344.6

8.2

S 7 10

663 81814,302 18,286

7,103 7,915659 924398 491

1,142 1,956

5,000 7,000

and 2 lb. of concentrate per day. Theyare transferred to Coastal bermuda pas-

ture from May I to July 15. The steersare then returned to the feedlot for 120days and marketed.

Linear Programming

Linear programming techniques areused to determine the combination ofthese enterprises that will provide the

desired income with a minimum amountof land. Fifty-eight per cent of the openland was assumed to be available forrow crops. An additional 28% was plow-able, but not suitable for row crops. Eachacre of land has a 12.2% cotton allot-ment and a 16.7% peanut allotment.Wheat is restricted to 15 acres per farm.

Open land is valued at $105 per acrewith an annual charge of $6.25 per acre

to cover interest and taxes on this in-vestment. Operating capital was charged

at 6% interest. Also a fixed overhead ex-pense was charged to cover machineryoverhead and interest, telephone, insur-ance, bookkeeping and tax service, and

pickup truck operation.

Farm Plans Compared

The table summarizes the optimumfarm plan for two income levels. The

remaining discussion deals with possibleenterprise combinations that yield a$5,000 net return to operator labor andmanagement. Given current conditions,the optimum program includes 106 acresof open land, 13 acres of cotton, 18 acresof peanuts, 45 acres of Coastal bermuda,and 7 sows. The hog enterprise requires

22 acres of corn for feed and 8 acres ofpasture.

When the market price for hogs is in-creased from 160 to 180 per lb., the opti-

mum farm size is 95 acres. More cornand hogs are produced and the acreageof Coastal bermuda is reduced. The

farm plan is composed of 12 acres ofcotton, 16 acres of peanuts, and 30 acresof Coastal bermuda. The hog enterpriseis enlarged to nine sows. Twenty-sevenacres of corn for feed and 10 acres ofpasture are required.

If the corn yield is increased and hogssell for 160, the hog enterprise is ex-

panded and Coastal acreage reduced.The result is a decrease in total land re-quirement. With a yield of 60 bu. peracre, the plan calls for 103 acres of openland. Similarly, the optimum programwith 70-bu. yield is 96 acres. In eachcase, the cotton and peanut acreage re-mains at the full level of allotment. With

60 bu. yields, the organization includes10 sows, 30 acres of corn, and 32 acresof Coastal. If the yield is 70 bu., thebest program is 11 sows, 28 acres of corn,and 28 acres of Coastal bermuda.

If only crop enterprises are consid-

ered, 110 acres of land are required. Ofthis total, 24 acres are planted in cornfor sale. Approximately 1,300 bu. willbe sold at a price of $1.05 per bu. Theother crop enterprises included are 14acres of cotton, 18 acres of peanuts, and55 acres of Coastal bermuda.

In all cases studied, cotton and pea-nut acreage came into the program at thefull level of allotment. As corn yieldsincrease or if hog prices increase, thehog operation becomes larger and lessCoastal bermuda is planted. Both ofthese changes lead to reduced land re-quirements for a given net return.

13

LAND REQUIREMENTSfor a $5,000 INCOME

GARY C. JONES, Department of Agricultural Economics

i

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Source of Plants

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Southern Magnolia ProducesValuable Foliage

Left: Correct framework of branches of ayoung Southern Magnolia is shown. Center:The ideal orchard tree produces clean, well-shaped foliage on multiple salable branchesfrom buds on stubs of previous year'sg rowth. Right: Two named varieties ofS outhern Magnolia are Glen St. Mary (left)a nd Margaritta; both produce dark greenfoliage with heavy brownness underneath.

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Afitpr it i.i iii x i it , ii' I ci ii iC its

HENRY P. ORR and TOK FURUTA, Dept. of Horticuliure

PROGRAMS TO IMPROVE social and eco-nomic conditions in low-income ruralareas almost always involve industrializa-tion. But does industrialization reallyhelp rural residents in the labor forcewho need aid the most? And, do thesepeople have the desire and the necessaryqualifications for entering industrial em-ployment?

Results of a 1961 study in four low-income counties in Alabama supply in-formation about the attitudinal and so-cial potentials of the people for factoryjobs. In this study 145 male heads ofrural households, 18 to 65 years of age,and physically able to work were con-tacted.

Three Attitude Types

From the data collected on attitudesit was possible to identify three types ofindividuals in terms of their willingnessto change to industrial jobs: (1) thosetotally favorable, (2) those conditionallyfavorable, and (3) those totally unfav-orable.

Assuming that a favorable attitudetoward industrial employment is an in-dication of aspiration, it can be con-eluded that there is a highly receptiveattitude toward industrialization amongrural residents in low-income areas ofAlabama. However, this is only half ofthe picture. Do these men have the so-cial characteristics sought by industry?Presence or absence of these characte-

CONTRASTING CHARACTERISTICS OF MENMAKING UP GROUPS TOTALLY FAVORABLE

AND TOTALLY UNFAVORABLE TOCHANGING JOBS

Selected Status, by groups

characteristics Totally Totallyfavorable unfavorable

Residence ---------- nonfarm farmHome tenure ...... nonowner ownerColor nonwhite whiteAge- 18-29 yr. 50-64 yr.Education ---------- under 12 yr. over 12 yr.Occupation ........ blue collar white collarIncome, family- $750-3,999 over $4,000Homemaker's no, or earn- no, or earn-employment_ ing under ing over

$1,500 $1,500Living level .... low highHousehold size_ mixed 1-4 personsOutlook ........ pessimistic optimisticSatisfaction ..... dissatisfied satisfiedValues ......... job church

NOTE: Characteristics of each type werechosen on the basis of percentages, ratherthan actual numbers. For example, therewere only 36 respondents for whom job wasthe most important value, but a high pro-portion (56 %) had a conditionally favorableattitude toward changing jobs.

ristics is revealed in detailed informationabout the people holding these threetypes of attitudes.

Totally favorable. This group, makingup 42% of the total sample, wouldchange jobs regardless of conditions-even if it meant moving to a new com-munity. Men of this opinion are most

likely to be nonfarm residents, non-homeowners, and employed in "blue collar"jobs (skilled, semi-skilled, or unskilled).

Total family income is usually lessthan $4,000 per year from all sources.

The wives are either not employed oremployed only on a part-time basis withannual earnings of less than $1,500. Thefamily consists of either a recently mar-ried couple or a young couple with sev-eral pre-school age children. A low levelof living usually exists, as measured bysuch household conveniences as running

water, indoor bathroom, refrigerator, andvacuum cleaner.

Personal characteristics of men withthis attitude show they are more likely

to be nonwhites, 18 to 30 years old, andhave less than 12 years of schooling(48% had completed fewer than 8 yearsof school). These men tend to be morepessimistic about their chances in lifeand to be dissatisfied with their presentjob and income situation. Moreover,they place a high value on their job asa source of personal satisfaction.

Totally unfavorable. At the oppositeextreme are 15% of the men interviewedwho would not, under any circumstances,change to a factory job. These are mostlikely to be farm residents and homeowners having a high level of living.Men employed in "white collar" jobs witha total family income exceeding $4,000per year usually are of this attitude.Their wives are either not employed or

are steadily employed and earning morethan $1,500 annually. Family size is oneto four persons.

This group is made up mostly of whitemen 50 to 64 years of age who have

completed 12 or more years of school.They are generally optimistic and satis-fied with present job and income. Theytend to find their greatest satisfaction inchurch and related activities.

Conditionally favorable. The third at-titude group, accounting for 43% of thesample, falls between the two extremes.Men with this attitude have fewer dis-

tinctive characteristics and show greatervariation. They are most likely white,

30 to 49 years old, with families largerthan four persons, including children of

all ages. This tendency to have largefamilies is reflected in a strong valueplaced on family as the greatest sourceof satisfaction in life. M-n employedeither full-time or part-time in farmingare most likely to hold this attitude. Thesame is true of families in which the

homemaker has steady employment pay-ing more than $1,500 annually.

Differences Are in Degree

These descriptions show that the main

differences between men of the three at-titude groups are in their degree of com-mitment to the rural neighborhood and

their present level of socio-economic ad-justment. Such ties as farm or homeownership, a good job including farmand nonfarm work arrangements, andsteady employment for the wife create a

less favorable attitude toward jobchange. On the other hand, failure tomake such adjustments causes dissatis-faction with the present situation and agreater willingness to attempt any changethat offers the possibility of improvement.

Educational levels are seen to be ma-jor limiting factors from industries' pointof view. Those with the more favorableattitudes were colored men with low lev-els of education. However, this is offsetby their favorable attitudes and rela-tively young ages (under 50). Thesecharacteristics must be considered asrural development programs are de-signed for low-income areas.

15

ATTITUDES OFRURAL RESIDENTS

TOWARD CHANGING JOBS

J. E. DUNKELBERGER, Department of Agricultural Economics

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FREE Bulletin or Report of ProgressAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

AUBURN UNIVERSITYE. V. Smith, DirectorAuburn, Alabama

Permit No. 1 132-8/63- IOM

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Germination of Clover SeedAffected by Grass Root Extracts

C. S. I-OVELAND, Deportment of Agronomy and Soils

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