R. Nickel, A. Schummer, E. Seiferle The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals

Volume 3

The Circulatory System, the Skin, and the Cutaneous Organs of the Domestic Mammals

The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals founded by Richard Nickel, August Schummer, and Eugen Seiferle

Volume 1: The Locomotor System of the Domestic Mammals by Richard Nickel, August Schummer, Eugen Seiferle, Josef Frewein, and Karl-H. Wille (prob. published 1983)

Volume 2: The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals by August Schummer, Richard Nickel, and Wolfgang Otto Sack, 2nd revised Ed. 197 9

Volume 3: The Circulatory System, the Skin, and the Cutaneous Organs of the Domestic Mammals by August Schummer, Helmut Wilkens, Bernd Voll­merhaus, and Karl-H. Habermehl. Translation by Walter G. Siller and Peter A. L. Wight 1981

Volume 4: The Nervous System, the Endocrine Glands, and the Sensory Organs of the Domestic Mammals by Eugen Seiferle (prob. published 1984)

Volume 5: Anatomy of the Domestic Birds by August Schummer. Translation by Walter G. Siller and Peter A. L. Wight 1977

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

The Circulatory System, the Skin, and the Cutaneous Organs of the Domestic Mammals by August Schummer, Helmut Wilkens, Bernd Vollmerhaus, and Karl-Heinz Habermehl

Translation by Walter G. Siller and Peter A. L. Wight

With 439 illustrations, 173 in colour

1981

[$] Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

This volume is an authorized translation of R. Nickel, A. Schummer, E. Seiferle (Ed.), Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere (The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals), Volume 3: Kreislaufsystem, Haut und Hautorgane (The Circulatory System, the Skin, and the Cutaneous Organs of the Domestic Mammals) by A. Schummer, H. Wilkens, B. Vollmerhaus, and K.-H. Habermehl, © 1976. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, Germany. Richard Nickel t, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Anatomy, Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hanover, D-3000 Hanover, Germany

August Schummer t, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, D-6300 Giessen, Germany Eugen Seiferle, Dr. med. vet., Dr. med. vet. h. c., Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Universitaet Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Helmut Wilkens, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Anatomy, Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hanover, D-3000 Hanover, Germany Bernd Vollmerhaus, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, D-8000 Munich, Germany Karl-Heinz Habermehl, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, D-6300 Giessen, Germany Walter G. Siller, Dr. med. vet., Ph. D., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.C. Path., F.R.S.£., Universiry of Edinburgh

Peter A. L. Wight, F.R.C.V.S., Ph. D., D.V.S.M., F.R.C. Path., F.R.S.£., Universiry of Edinburgh

Synopsis of the English edition: The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals Volume I: Locomotor System of the Domestic Mammals. By R. Nickel, A. Schummer, E. Seiferle, J. Frewein, and K.-H. Wille. Translation from the German. Approx. 560 pages, with about 517 illustrations in the text and on II colour plates. In preparation Volume 2: The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals. By A. Schummer, R. Nickel, and W. 0. Sack. 2nd revised edition. Translated and revised from the 4th German edition. 1979. 446 pages, with a total of 559 illustrations in the text and on 13 colour plates Volume 3: The Circulatory System, the Skin, and the Cutaneous Organs of the Domestic Mammals. By A. Schummer, H. Wilkens, B. Vollmerhaus, and K.-H. Habermehl. Translated from the German by W. G. Siller and P. A. L. Wight. 1981. 630 pages, with a total of 439 illustrations, 173 in colour Volume 4: Nervous System, Sensory Organs, Endocrine Glands of the Domestic Mammals. By E. Seiferle. Translation from the Ger­man. Approx. 442 pages, with a total of about 250 illustrations, about 95 in colour, in the text and on 10 colour plates. In preparation Volume 5: Anatomy of the Domestic Birds. By A. Schummer. Translated from the German by W. G. Siller and P. A. L. Wight. 1977. 214 pages, with 141 illustrations in the text and on 7 colour plates

Synopsis of the German edition: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Volume I: Bewegungsapparat. By R. Nickel, A. Schummer, E. Seiferle, J. Frewein, and K.-H. Wille. 4th revised edition. 1977. 560 pages, with a total of 517 illustrations in the text and on II colour plates Volume II: Eingeweide. By A. Schummer and R. Nickel. 4th edition. 1979. 446 pages, with a total of 559 illustrations in the text and on 13 colour plates Volume III: Kreislaufsystem, Haut und Hautorgane. By A. Schummer, H. Wilkens. B. Vollmerhaus, and K.-H. Habermehl. 1976. 662 pages, with a total of 439 illustrations, 172 in colour Volume IV: Nervensystem, Sinnesorgane, Endokrine Drusen. By E. Seiferle. 1975. 442 pages, with a total of 250 illustrations, 95 in colour in the text and on I 0 colour plates Volume V: Anatomie der Hausviigel. By A. Schummer. 1973. 215 pages, with a total of 141 illustrations in the text and on 7 colour plates

CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek

Nickel, Richard: The anatomy of the domestic animals I founded by Richard Nickel, August Schummer, and Eugen Seiferle. - Berlin ; Hamburg : Parey

Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Nickel, Richard: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. -Vol. 2 u. 5 erschienen nicht als Teil d. Gesamtwerks

NE: Schummer, August: ; Seiferle, Eugen:

Vol. 3. ->The circulatory system, the skin and the cutaneous organs of the domestic mammals

The circulatory system, the skin and the cutaneous organs of the domestic mammals I by Au~st Schummer ... Trans!. by Walter George S1ller and Peter Albert Laing Wight. - Berlin ; Hamburg : Par_9., 1981.

(The anatomy of the domestic animals I founded by Richard Nickel, August Schummer, and Eugen Seiferle ; Vol. 3) ISBN 978-0-387-91193-9

NE: Schummer, August [Mitverf.]

Cover design: Christian Honig, D-5450 NeuwiediRhein, Germany _ _ .. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the matenal1s conce~ned, spe~1f1cally th?se rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopymg machme or s1mliar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54, I of the German Copyright Law where single copies are made _for other than _pnvate use, a fee is payable to the publisher according to§ 54,2 of the German Copyright Law. The amount of the fee IS to be determmed by agreement with the publisher. © 1981 by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Originally published by Verleg Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg in 19BI Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 ISBN 978-0-387-91193-9 ISBN 978-1-4899-7102-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-7102-9

Dedicated to the memory of

Richard Nickel

Richard Nickel (1905-1964), Dr. med. vet. habil., Dipl.-Landwirt, Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology at Hanover 1948-1964

Translators' preface

The publication of this translated volume provides English versions of three of the five books which comprise the "Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere". Some revision was necessary in the English edition of the second volume largely to adapt the nomenclature, but this was not required in the present book in which terms listed in the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria were used in the original German text. This is, therefore, an unrevised, unabridged translation which follows faithfully the German text. As in the English version of Volume V, translated by ourselves, the Latin terminology is used the first time a name occurs but subsequently the Englisch equivalent is generally substituted.

It should be pointed out that some of the breeds of farm animals mentioned may not be well known outside their native Central Europe, but descriptions of many of them can be found in Mason, I. L. (1951) "A world dictionary of breeds, types and varieties of livestock," Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, England.

In the chapter on the lymphatic organs, many references will be found to meat inspection and the German legal requirements for the examination of lymph nodes in the abatoir. We were in some doubt whether these should be omitted from the English edition because obviously legislation is not identical in all countries. However, it was decided to retain them because they may be found useful as a general guide but it must be remembered that they are based on the German regulations.

It is our pleasant duty to acknowledge the invaluable advice on the integument given by Dr. W. M. Stokoe of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, and Dr. M. L. Ryder of the Agricultural Research Council's Animal Breeding Research Organisation, Edinburgh. We would also like to thank Mrs. Kathleen Wight for the accurate preparation of the typescript. Finally, we must thank Dr. F. Georgi and his staff at the publishing house Paul Parey, Berlin, for their patience and friendly consideration.

Edinburgh, March, 1981. W. G. Siller and P. A. L. Wight.

Preface to the German Edition

The publication of volume III completes the five-volume Textbook of Anatomy of Domestic Animals.

The authors of the chapter on the blood vascular system are Professor A. Schummer of Giessen (blood vessels -general considerations, blood and heart) and Professor H. Wilkens of Hanover (blood vessels- arterial and venous systems). The section on the lymphatic system was compiled by Professor B. Vollmerhaus of Munich and that on the skin and cutaneous organs was written by Professor K.-H. Habermehl of Giessen. Dr. W. Munster of Hanover also contributed to the section on arteries and vems.

This summarizes the general content of volume III in which the individual species of animals are treated according to the same basic principle as in the previous volumes.

The introductory chapter discusses the cardiovascular system in a general way because the clinical

VIII Preface to the German Edition

diagnosis of pathological conditions depends on a thorough knowledge of the entire system. The formation, composition, function and destruction of the blood are dealt with and this is followed by a discourse on the structure and function of the blood vessels, including their nervous and hormonal control. The description of the heart follows the same scheme, the first part dealing with fundamental cardiac anatomy applicable to all mammals while subsequently consideration is given to species peculiarities and the comparative characteristics of the organ.

In describing the origin, course and topography of the blood vessels it was important to include all pertinent detail and yet avoid too lengthy a text. This could only be achieved by a comparative presentation of the vessels of all species, region by region. This chosen method also served to emphasize the fact that in each region the organization and distribution of the blood vessels is basically similar in all species, thus allowing rules of nomenclature to be established for individual blood vessels. Once this fundamental concept is understood, it is possible to extract all the desired information about any one species from the descriptive text and illustrations. The principle is used throughout except in the blood vessels of the foot where, because of the obvious differences in the structure of the extremities, it is necessary to give a detailed description for each species of animal.

The discussion on the function of the lymphatic system is appropriate to the importance of this subject, because much current research on it is of great medical interest. For this reason it seemed advisable to record the present ( 1975) state of our knowledge in this field, although we are well aware that theories are more quickly outdated in this area than in other medical disciplines. In accord with the general principal of the book, the systematic description of the lymphatic organs in the various species has been compiled so as to provide both basic knowledge and information of value in veterinary practice.

The fundamental descriptions of Baum and his students and the more recent investigations of other authors proved of great service in compiling this chapter. Numerous valuable illustrations from older monographs, long out of print, were reproduced by kind permission of Springer Verlag.

As befits the importance of the carnivores, pig and ruminants, these species are dealt with more liberally in the chapter on skin and the cutaneous organs than has been the custom in previous textbooks of anatomy. Particular stress is placed on the account of special skin glands which are of great importance as scent, marker and signal glands in conspecific communication.

We had numerous collaborators in the Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy in the Universities of Giessen and Munich and of the Veterinary School of Hanover and we thank them all for their valuable assistance.

Our thanks go to Mrs. V. Gube of Giessen for illustrating the chapters on the heart and skin and cutaneous organs, which she accomplished with the artistic skill, understanding and insight for which she is well known. We also thank Mrs. S. Pletscher of Zurich for some illustrations in the section on the hoof. Dr. K.-H. Wille of Giessen provided expert criticism and correction of these chapters and, last but not least, we are grateful to the secretary of the Institute at Giessen, Miss H. Seip, for the careful preparation of the typescript.

We thank Mrs. R. Rochner, Mr. W. Heinemann and Mr. G. Kapitzke of Hanover for the careful graphic work and exemplary artistic illustrations to the chapters on the blood vascular system and the skin and cutaneous organs. We thank M.-L. Meinecke for the conscientious typing and Mrs. G. Voigt and many other members of the institute for their help. We are grateful to Professor Dr. Wissdorf for his valuable and stimulating cooperation.

We are indebted in Munich to Mrs. L. Korner for the drawings, to Dr. H. Roos, Dr. B. Hossenfeldner, Dr. H. Waibl and Dr. H. E. Konig for their valuable help in preparing the list of contents and the index and for proof-reading. Our thanks also go to Mrs. A. Speiser and Miss Ch. Drechsler for typing the manuscript.

It is largely due to the constant and personal interest of Dr. Friedrich Georgi, a proprietor of the publishing house, that this third volume, and, indeed, the whole project, was so satisfactorily completed. He had great patience and understood the problems which confronted the authors. Our special thanks are likewise extended to Mr. E. Topschowsky, manager of the publishing house, whose vast experience spanning many decades, contributed considerably to the outstandingly high standard of the book.

We hope that this third volume will be as well received as those which preceded it.

Giessen, Hanover, Munich Summer 1976

August Schummer, Karl-Heinz Habermehl, Helmut Wilkens, Bernd Vollmerhaus

Contents Page

Organs of the circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bloodvascular system ........................................................... .

Blood (A. Schummer, Giessen) ................................................ . Blood plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Blood cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Erythrocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Leucocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Granulocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Monocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Thrombocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Organs of the haematopoiesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Development of blood cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Blood vessels, structure and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Capillaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Arteriovenous anastomoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Nutrition of the vessel wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Innervation of the blood vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Hormones acting on the blood vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Heart 15

Pericardium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Conformation of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Position of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Tissue components of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

The skeleton of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Architecture of the heart musculature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The chambers of the heart and their internal structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The atria of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Right atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Left atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

The ventricles of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Right ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Left ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Excitation and conducting system of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Innervation of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

X Contents

Blood vessels of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Structure and special organization of the blood vessels of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Lymph vessels of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Species characteristic of the heart, general considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Size, weight and measurements of the heart, general consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

The heart of the dog and the cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Interior of the ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Size and weight of the dog's heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Position of the heart in the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Heart of the cat, size and weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Blood vessels of the heart of the dog and cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Heart of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Internal structure of the ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Size and weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Position of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Blood vessels of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Heart of the ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Internal structure of the ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Size and weight of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Heart of the sheep and goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Internal structure of the ventricles (sheep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Size, weight and position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Blood vessels of the hearts of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Arteries of the heart of the ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Veins of the heart of the ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Heart of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Internal structure of the ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Size and weight of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Position of the heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Blood vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Species-diagnostic features of the hearts of domestic mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Sheep and goat ...................................................... :. . 69

Ox . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . ... . ........... .... .... ... . ... . . ... . ... . . .. . . 70

Horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Arteries (arteriae) (H. Wilkens in collaboration with W. Munster, Hanover) . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Truncus pulmonalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Contents XI

Arcus aortae and truncus brachiocephalicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Arteries of the pectoral limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Comparative topography and nomenclature of the blood vessels

of the autopodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Deep vessels of the meta podium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Superficial vessels of the metapodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Vessels of the acropodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Arteries of the forefoot of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Arteries of the forefoot of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Arteries of the forefoot of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Arteries of the forefoot of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Arteries of the head and neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Aorta thoracica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Visceral arteries of the thoracic aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Aorta abdominalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Arteries of the pelvic limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Arteries of the hindfoot of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Arteries of the hindfoot of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Arteries of the hindfoot of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Arteries of the hindfoot of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Arteries of the pelvic and tail regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Visceral arteries ofthe abdominal aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Visceral arteries of the internal iliac and internal pudendal interna . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Veins (venae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Venae pulmonales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Vena cava cranialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Vena azygos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Veins of the pectoral limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Veins of the forefoot of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Veins of the forefoot of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Veins of the forefoot of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Veins of the forefoot of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Veins of the head and neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Vena cava caudalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Veins of the pelvic limb ............................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Veins of the hindfoot of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Veins of the hindfoot of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Veins of the hindfoot of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Veins of the hindfoot of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Veins of the pelvic and tail regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Visceral veins of the caudal vena cava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Visceral veins of the internal iliac and internal pudendal veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Lymphatic system (B. Vollmerhaus, Munich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Lymphatic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Phylogenesis of lymphatic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Immune system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

XTl Contents

Structure and function of lymphatic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Fixed cells of the lymphatic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Free cells of the lymphatic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Classification of organs of the immune system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Peripheral lymphatic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Lymphatic tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Tonsils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Lymph nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Haemolymph nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Thymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Ontogenesis ........................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Microscopic structure and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Macroscopic description of the thymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Thymus of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Thymus of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Thymus of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Thymus of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Lymphatic vessel system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Phylogenesis of lymphatic vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Ontogenesis of lymph vessels and nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Structure and function of lymphatic vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Lymph capillaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Extravascular circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Lymph formation ........................................ , . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Lymph vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Special arrangement of lymph capillaries and lymph vessels in various organs . . 303 Lymph collecting vessels and lymphovenous anastomoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Systematic and topography of lymph vessels and lymph nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Comparative description of the lymph vessel system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Lymph vessel system of the head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Outflow of lymph from the head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Lymph vessel system of the neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Lymph vessel system of the forelimb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Outflow of lymph from the forelimb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Lymph vessel system of the chest wall and thoracic organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Ductus thoracicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Lymph vessel system of the dorsal abdominal wall and the abdominal viscera . . 323

Cisterna chyli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Lymph vessel system of the lateral and ventral abdominal wall, the pelvis,

the pelvic viscera and the pelvic limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Outflow of lymph from the pelvis and pelvic limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Concluding remarks on comparative aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Lymph nodes of the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Lymph collecting ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Contents XIII

Lymph nodes of the cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Lymph collecting ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Lymph nodes of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Lymph collecting ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Lymph nodes of the ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Lymph collecting ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Lymph nodes of the goat and sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Lymph collecting ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Lymph nodes of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Lymph collecting ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Skin and cutaneous organs (K.-H. Habermehl, Giessen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Common integument, integumentum commune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 General and comparative considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Phylogenesis of skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Ontogenesis of the skin and its appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Subcutis, tela subcutanea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Corium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Epidermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

Hairs, pili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

Outer hair (Capilli) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Wool hair (U nderwool, pili lanei) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Long or horse hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Bristles (setae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Tactile hairs (pili tactiles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Arrangement of the hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Hair colour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Hair replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Skin glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Sebaceous glands (glandulae sebaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Sweet glands (glandulae sudoriferae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Blood supply to the skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Nerve supply to the skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Specialized structures of the skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

General skin modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Localized special glandular apparatus (cutaneous scent glands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Perioral glands, glandulae circumorale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Infraorbital organ, sinus infraorbitalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Hom gland, glandula comualis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Ceruminous glands, glandulae ceruminosae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Mental organ, organum mentale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Carpal organ, organum carpale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Metatarsal glandular organs, organa metatarsalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

lnterdigital sinus, sinus interdigitalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Tail gland, organum caudae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Subcaudal gland, glandula subcaudalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Anal sac, sinus paranalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Circumanal glands, glandulae circumanales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

XIV Contents

Inguinal sinuses, sinus inguinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Preputial glands, glandulae praeputiales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Preputial diverticulum, diverticulum praeputiale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Mammary gland, mamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Ontogenesis of the mammary gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

General and comparative considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Mammogenesis and lactopoiesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Specific hairless skin organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Ontogenesis of the specific hairless skin organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 General and comparative considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Digital organ, organum digitale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Hoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Claw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Nail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

The horn of ruminants, cornu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

The skin and its appendages of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Skin of the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Skin of the cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Mammary gland of the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Mammary gland of the cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Digital organ of carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Skin and cutaneous organs of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Skin of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Mammary gland of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Digital organ of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Blood vessels of the digital organ of the pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Skin and cutaneous organs of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Skin of the ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Skin of the goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Skin of the sheep ............................................ ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Mammary gland of the cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Blood vessels of the udder of the cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

. Lymph vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Mammary gland of the sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Blood vessels of the udder of small ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Digital organ of the ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

General considerations ...................................... , . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Subcutis of the claw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Corium of the claw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Contents XV

Epidermis of the claw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Digital organ of the small ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 Blood vessels of the digital organ of ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Skin and cutaneous organs of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Skin of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Mammary gland of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Blood vessels of the mammary gland of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

The digital organ of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Subcutis of the hoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Corium of the hoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Epidermis of the hoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Differences between the hoofs of the fore- and hind-limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Histological structure of the horn tubules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Chestnuts and ergots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Blood vessels of the digital organ of the horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Source of non-original illustrations Fig. 1: Scheunert, A., and A. Trautmann, Lehrbuch der Veterinar-Physiologie, 5'h ed., Paul Parey, Berlin and

Ham burg, 1965.

Fig. 2: Grau, H., and P. Walter, Grundrill der Histologie und vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Haussaugetiere, Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, 1967.

Fig. 3: Staubesand, J., in M. Ratschow, Angiologie, ed. by Heberer/Rau/Schoop, 2nd ed., Thieme, Stuttgart, 1974.

Figs 24, 136-139, 140-143: Ackerknecht, E., in Ellenberger/Baum, Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Hausi:iere, 18'h ed., Springer, Berlin, 1943.

Figs 60, 76, 83, 84, 93, 135, 166, 211, 367, 368, 375, 413, 429: Zietzschmann, 0., in Ellenberger/Baum, Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere, 18'h ed., Springer, Berlin 1943.

Figs 65, 66, 197: Ellenberger, W., and H. Baum, Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere, 17'h ed., Springer, Berlin, 1932.

Figs 103, 104, 110, 114, 123, 124,249, 419,421-423,428,433: Martin, P., Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere, vol. II, 2nd ed., by Schickhardt and Ebner, Stuttgart, 1915.

Fig. 206: Schmaltz, R., Atlas der Amatomie des Pferdes, part 2: Topographische Myelogie, 5'h ed., Schoetz, Berlin, 1939.

Fig. 222 A: Grau, H. in Krolling/Grau, Lehrbuch der Histologie und vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Haustiere, lOth ed., Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, 1960.

Fig. 232: Tondury, G., and St. Kubik, Zur Ontogenese des lymphatischen Systems. In: Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vol. 3, part 6, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1972.

Fig. 234: Leak, L. V. and J. F. Burke, in L. V. Leak, The Fine Structure and Function of the Lymphatic Vascular System. In: Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vol. 3, part 6, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1972.

Fig. 235 A: Sushko, A. A., in J. Wentzel, Normale Anatomie des Lymphgefallsystems. In: Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vol. 3, part 6, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1972.

Fig. 235 B: Kampmeier, 0. F. in J. Wenzel, Normale Anatomie des Lymphgefal\systems. In: Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vol. 3, part 6, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1972.

Fig. 236: Courtice, F. C., The Chemistry of Lymph. In: Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vol. 3, part 6, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1972.

Fig. 238: Casley-Smith, J. R., in: New Trends in Basic Lymphology, ed. by Collette!Jantet/Schofeniels, Birkhauser, Basel, 1967.

Figs 240 A, 253, 256, 282-294: Baum, H., and H. Grau, Das Lymphgefallsystem des Schweines, Paul Parey, Berlin, 1938.

Figs 244, 248, 262-273: Baum, H., Das Lymphgefallsystem des Hundes, Hirschwald, Berlin, 1918.

Figs 246, 255, 257, 321-335: Baum, H., Das Lymphgefal\system des Pferdes, Springer, Berlin, 1928.

Figs 250, 251, 258, 259, 296-309: Baum, H., Das Lymphgefallsystem des Rindes, Hirschwald, Berlin, 1912.

Figs 280, 281: Zietzschmann, 0., in Schonberg/Zietzschmann, Tierarztliche Fleischuntersuchung, 5th ed., Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, 1958.

Figs 359, 396, 398: Martin, P., and W. Schauder, Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere, vol. 3, 3'd ed., by Schickhardt and Ebner, Stuttgart, 1938.

Other illustrations have been reproduced from dissertations and journals which are listed in the bibliography at the end of the book.

List of Abbreviations (In the plural form the last letter of the abbreviation is duplicated)

a. arteria int. intern us proc. = processus art. articulatio lam. lamina prof. profu~dus can. canalis lat. lateralis propr. prop nus caud. caudalis lc. lymphocentrum prox. proximalis com. commums lig. ligamentum r. ramus cran. cranialis ln. lymphonodus reg. reg10 dext. dexter lob. lobus rostr. rostralis dist. distalis m. musculus s. seu, SIVe dors. dorsalis man d. mandibularis sm. sinister duct. ductus max. maxillaris str. stratum ext. extern us me d. medialis sup. supenor fiss. fissura mm. mmor supf. = superficialis for. foramen n. nervus transv. transversus ggl. ganglion nl. nodus lymphaticus trunc. truncus ~1 (d). ~la~dula palm. palmaris tub. = tuberculum me. mctsura plant. plantaris v. = vena in f. inferior post. posterior ventr. ventralis

Text references to figures

These appear in parenthesis in the text, mostly thus: (36/a). The number before the oblique line refers to the illustration; the symbol in italics following the oblique refers to a labeled part in that illustration. Therefore, notation (36/a ), for instance, refers to structure a in figure 36. The notation (36, 3 7, 38/b) refers to structure b in all three figures 36, 37 and 38. When the italicized index applies to several illustrations, then all the preceding figure numbers are separated by commas thus (36, 37, 38/b ); if, on the other hand the italicized indices apply only to some figures, then the figure numbers are separated by semicolons as, for instance (54; 60, 61/a). This refers to figure 54 and structure a in figures 60 and 61 .