R. Matijašić-Oil and Wine Production in Istria and Dalmatia in Classical Antiquity and Early...
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OIL
AND
WINE
PRODUCTION
IN
ISTRIA
AND
DALMATIA
IN
CLASSICAL
ANTIQUITY
AND
THE
EARLY
MIDDLE
AGES
The
eastern
coast
of the Adriatic
comprises,
north
to
south,
the
regions
of
Istria,
Liburnia,
Dalmatia
a.nd
}lontenegro.
It
wai
populated
by
a variety
of
tribes,
most
of
which
belonged
to
the Illyrian
Jthni.
g.9r
(excludinf'the
.Ir'istri
and possibly
the
Li.burn):
Delmalae,
Ardiaei,
Daorsi,
Plaeiei,
boileari,
Lafieati.
The
first
e'ident
contacts
with
the
classical
civilizalion
occurred
after
the
ntrr
cenlurj
B.c.
with
the
Greek
coloni-
sation (lssa,
Pharos,
Korltgra,
Heraclei,
etc.).
The
Roman
c;nquest
slarted
at the
end
of
the.3rd
century
B.C.
with
lhe gradual
submission
of
single
tribes
and
the
repression
of
the
indigenous
piratical
."onotny.
Until
the
Augustan
p."rioa
fhe
whole
Eastern
Adriatic
legion
was
part
of
the
Illyrian
province
(Ittgicum).
Augustus
transferred
the frontier
of
Italy
in
Istria
to
the
river
Arsia
so that
tire greater
part
6f
I.t.i,
formed
part
of
the
Italic
Regio
X
-
Venelia
et Histria.
Almost
at
th'e
same
time
Iligricum
was
divided
into
two
provinces,
Dalmalia
and
Pannonia.
The
coast
was
later
adniinistered
by
the Byzantines,
was
conquered
by
the East
Goths
and
then
by the
Franks.
Between
the 7th
and
the
llth
century Dalmalia
was
the
cradle of
the
Croatian
stafe
(kingdom
from
g2b)but
the
coastal
towns
gradually
fell
into
the
hands
of
the
Venetian
nepiltic.
With
the
exception
of
a
few
narrow
regions,
the
whole
Eastern
Adriatjc
coast
is
mountainous,
rocky
and
unhospitable,
althoigh
its
hundreds
of
islands
and islets
with
Lhousands.of
bays
ind
coves
offered
marvelous"protection
to
ships
travelling
along
it.
At
the
same
time,
the
region
was
very
suitable
for
oliv-e
and g.ape
growing.
In
fact,
owing
to
its
meagre
soil,
these
lwo
agricultlral
items
formed
the
nicleus
of
a su-bslstence
economy
together
with
small-scale.fruit
a,nd
vegetable
growing.
olive
irees
and
vines
were
proba-
bly
in^troduced
(or
domesticated)
in laier
Prot6histort
times
with
the
colonisation
of the
first
Greek
settlers
(from
the
6lh
century
B.c,
onwards)
:
unfortunately,
tt.r.
-rr.
no
archaeological
traces
of
wine
-
and
oil
-
producing
faciiities
either
in
Greek
colonies
or
indigenous
settlements'
After
the
final
Roman
conquest
and
pacification
in
the Augustan
p:t]9d'
a
rapid
development
of production
and
trade took
place
:
it
followed
the
inclusion
of
the..most
important
ports (the
colonies
of.
Salona,
Ep'idautrum,
liarona,
Iader,
pola,
Parenlium)
in
long-distance
travel
and
commerce.
The
territories
of
the Dalmatian
colo-
nres
were
Itot
exceptionally
wide
(Sa/ona
around
100
centuriae,
Iader
:
70,
Epidaurlts
:
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ROBERT
MATIJASIE
IBCH
SuPPl.
XXVI
248
b0
1)
and
the
remaining
stretches
o,f
tle
coast
ancl
Lhe
numerous
islands
were
noL
densel-v
populated.
The
westein
coast
of
Istria
prlse'ts
a
wholly
different
picture :
it
is
a low-
lying
region
with
a
well-inde't*d
"oa.t.
it,e
Romans
fou*ded
two
colonies
(Pola
and
Parenlium)
ancl
divided
Lheir
territories
into
somelhing
like
1700
cettturiaez:this
facl
alone
would
be
enough
to
prove the
densiLy
of
population
and
lhe
agricultural.character
of the
region.
euout*ibo"rilr"i
,ti".
"..
r.no*n
along
the
western coast and
in its
hi'ter-
lancl
(some
10
km
from
the
coastB)'
I.
ISTRIA
The
quality
of
olive
oil
from
Istria
is
attested
to by
more
[han
one
ancient
wriler
:
the
most
famoiis
quotation
is
pliny
^l
H.15,9
(Principatum
in
hoc
quoquebono
oblinuit
Italia
e
loto
orbe
^tr\;;-;;;o-Vr,oirono
..",,it'qui^
cerlimen
inter
Hislriae
terrae
et
Belicae
par
est)(See
also
u*.ti"'r,
12,
6i,
p""niti'
l0'
32'
19'
Cass'
Var'
12'
22-26)'
This'
together
witn
arcnaeJlofi"trl.*ri.r,
ittu.it"t"s
the
importance
of
olive
oil
production
in
Isiria,
and
its trade
in
the
surrounding
regtons'
A
recent
partial
revision
of
topog"rifii."r
a"t,
has,
shown
that
in
the
territory
of
Colottia
Iulia
Pola(the
southern
tip
of
tt
e'tstrian
peninsula)
there
are
50
sites
with
known
or
possible
remains;i;tl:;;;;;;.iitg
t".liities'
Abbut
30
sites
are
registered
in
the
remai-
ning
part
of
the
*..i.*
ioast.
of"these,
only
some
15
o/o.are
known
in
their
entirety'
having
been
completely
excavated
a.t
"n.
ti*.
or
another
during
the
last
100
years'
The
graphic
and
descripliJ.
"pp"r"tus
is
not
always
up
to
one's
expectations
so
that
this
survey
lacks
a
rot
oi-a.i"irlr'*r,l"r,
*orli
otherwise
be
quite
usefuj'
The
first
excavations
date
back
to
the
beginning
of
the
..nturyi
*t,.n
"
gtoup of
-ten
sites
were
explored'
Some
of
Lhem
were
rural
palaces,
luxurious
.ltrtats
of
ihe
nobility'
built
on
the
nicest
spots
along
Lhe
coast'
.
,
,- ^:-- r^r-:- r^lt inln oo.rp.ql
cnt,eEories
accor-
Topographicaldataonoilandwineplarrtsirrlstria'fallintoseveralcategorie
ding
to
the
degree
oi
r.,ro*ruage
of
the
*f,;l;
building.
A
lot
of
sites
are
known
only
from
the
remains
of
tfru-rton" p"tt"t
of
Lhe.
*r.ttintt
u'ui
in
the
processsing'
Since
the
main
elements
of
the
oil
and
wine-presse,
lrnrrrn"ttud
bases
of
press-beds
s[antions
of' arbores
and
sliplles)
were
made
of
stone,
these
blocks
were
often
iemoved
to
be
reused
in
other
constructions
or
enclosures
(walls
without
mortar
(a
seccorr)'
The
same
applies
to mill-
stones
and
mill-beds
that
belonged
to
oiipt.ttts'
These
Jinds
are
only
surface
signs
of
an
oil
or
wine
pt"nt
oii.n
associatel
*ith
;tfr;;
ttpical
surface
fincls
(pottery,
parts
of walls
and
cisterns)'
ln
a
few
instances,
the
stone
parts
of
presses
are.
visible.
today
on
the
surface
in silu
:
this
is
mostly
lrue
of
sites
along
tt-te
coait
where
the
erosion
pioves
to
be
an
efficient'
often
much
too
ernciunt,
means"of
clearing.the
surrounding
soil.
The
next
group
of
finds
co'sists
oi
?lements
of
oil
6r
wine
producLion
facilities
excavaled
during
small-scale
rescue
work
so
that
the
whole
building
cannot
be
(l)
Surc
(1976), l0l-102.
(?)
Bunr.ono
(1957).
(3)
Msrr.rrsrt
(1988).
(4)
Gnrns
(1908).
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lee3l
OIL
AND
WINE
PRODUCTION
IN
ISTRIA
AND
DALMATIA
249
reconstructed.
This
may
be
due
to
fragmentary
excavaLion
or to
fragmentary
conserva-
tion
of the
siLe
(destruction due
to
a
variety
of
reasons)'
The last
group of
sites
comprises
those
buildings
which
have
beeu
excavated
comple-
tely
or nearly"so.'ihis
includ",
thorc
in
which
the
productive
section
has been
explored
as
"
*hol",
indlpenclently of the
residential
section
of
the
building.
l. l.
Villae
on Brioni
Island.
Of these, the
two
most
remarkable
examples
are
on
lhe
island
of
Brijuni
(Brioni)
:
one
on
a
hill
named
Kolcis,
the
other
in
Dobrika
Bay6'
Both
were built
according
to
the
same
plan
:
three
wings with
oil-presse
magazines
and
other
rooms
used
in
fhe
production
process
around
a
quadrangular
yard.
.
'
The
building
bn
Itolc-i hill
-(fig.
1)
has
a
room
with
the
remains
of
four
presses'
a
channel
for the
draining
of
oil
(oi
r-ather
wine
as
no
traces
of
mills
for
crushing
the
olives
were found)
to
a
masoiry-buili
quadrangular
basin
and a
huge
store-room
which,
could
have contained
about
gti
ao a.
tt.
ptu.-t-leds
(areae)
are circular,
made
of
small
tiles
(spicae:11
x9x2cm)astherestofihefloor.Eachpresshadastonewithtwoquadran-
gular
recesses
for
the piacing
of
wooden
uprighls
(arbores).ou
which
Lhe
lever was
fixed'
The
extant
documentation
is silent
about
the
system
used
in
the
mounting
of the
win-
dlass.
There
is
no trace
either
of
counterweights
or
a
floor mounted
winch'
We
can
then
assume
that
in
Istria,
as
in
Dalmatia,
there
is
no
existing
proof
of
the
use
of
counter-
weights.
The producLive
uillaexplored
in
Dobrika
nav
(fig.2)is
the
first
phase.in.. 1u
develop-
ment of the
site,
upon
which
an Early
Medieval
Lort
(castrunr/
was
later
builtT'
It
is also
slightly
more
complicated
because
some
parts-_seem
lo
hav.e
been
added
and
adapted
neir"een
the
original
building
and
the
Castium,
We
recognize
two
sets
of
rooms
with
lhree
presses
each : oie
has
a
serie"s
of
quadrangular
basins
on..both
sides'
There
are
Lhree
store
,oo-,
recognizable
for
the
single
line
of
columns
or
pillars
that
divided
them
into
two
parts. As
tfris
site
has
not
yet been
properly
published,.we
cannol
preseuL
"d:ti]:
regar-
hing
rhe
technology
usecl
in
the processof
producing
oil
and
wine.
As
on
Kolci
Hill'
the
.ooir.
between
the
press-beas
ana
the
corridor
of
the
yard
had
floors
below
the
level
of
the
surrounding
rooms
:
again
no
trace
of
a
windlass
or
counlerweight
mounting
is
visible.
The
constructiol
in"side
the
yard
must
be
the
water
reservoir
(cislern)
as
it
was
placed
in
a
position
to
collec[
the
gieatest
possible
amount
of rain-water
from
the sur-
rounding
l"oof.
,
nearly
every
Romr'n
nuitaing
in
the
countryside
in
Istria
and
Dalmatia
had
to
resolve
the
dri'nking-water
problem
in
ttris
way
as
flowing
waters
in
these
Karst
regions
are
quite rare.
Moreover,
we must
mention
here
the
Lhree
rather
well-preserved
examples
of
presses'
scattered
on the
same
site,
which
were
in
use
in
the
post-Classical
period
(4th-7th
cen-
tury).
They,
as
well as a
fourth
partl.v
destroyed
press,
belong
to
the
Late
Roman
fortified
(b)
(6)
(7)
Collisi
:
GNrns
(1908),
134-136.
Val
Madonna :
Mr.rxrn
(1975-1976).
Mrex*n
(1975-1976).
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Fig.
t.
-
Itolci
IIill.
IBCH
Suppl.
XX\/I
Fig.
:1.
-
(lervar
Porat
?.
-
Dobrika
Bar'
Oast.r'um.
I
a
a
I
a
a
a
A
o
l0
20
#
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le93l
OIL
AND WINE
PRODUCTION
IN
ISTRIA
AND DALMATI.{
25I
settlement
(castrum) which
encompassed
the
Classical
villae. The
presses
were
built
in
houses
which were
erected
inside Lhe
uitta
courtyard
:all
three are
near the
parapet that
separated
the
settlement
from
Lhe
sea
(the
strongly
built
wall
protected
the
settlement
from the
land
side).
The
presses,
not
connected
one
to
another,
are
of
the
same
type,
each
in
a
different
room,
but ihey
differ
in
construction
details.
All
three
have
a
quadrangular
press-bed
made
of
a monoliihic
slab,
with
a small
basin
for
decantation
of
the
fluid.
The
windlass
was
supported
by two
stone
blocks
(stipites)
anchored
in a
recess
in
the
ground,
a hole
with
masbnry-buili
sides.
The distance
between
the
support
of
the
arbores
(lapides
pedicini)
and the slone
slipi
les
(rvhich
is
practicaly
the
length
of
the beam)
is
between
8
and
l0
m.
One
monolithic-base
of
Lhe
trapetum
(diam.
more
than
2 m)was
found
near
one
of the
presses. It
is
impossible
to
elaborate
further
on
the subject
of
these
presses
as
the
essential
details
have not
yet
been
published.
Another site
on
the
isiands of
Brijuni
(Brioni)
with
remains
of
pressing
facilities,
is
that
of
Lhe
uilla
of
Val
Calena
(VerigJ Bay)
:
it
rvas
excavated
at the
beginning
of
the
cenfury
e.
In
its eastern
half the
large
cella
is
easily
recognizable
:
it
had a
basin
into
which
Lhe
fluid
was
drained
from the
adjacent
press-room
by
means
of
a
channel. The
presses
were
not
preserved.
Near this
set
of
rooms,
there
is another
group of
two
rooms'
Ine
with
two,
thl
other
with
three
pillars.
It
cannot
be excluded
that
this
be
another
pressing
facility : if
the
first
was for
wine
(see
the
analogotts
cella
in Kolci
Hill
and
bobriki
Bay),
ihis
could
be
used
for olive
oil
: the
two
small
rooms
near
the
possible
press-room could
have
been
a
kitchen
with
a
stove
for hot
waterl0. Unfortunately'
no
remains
of
presses
are
recorded,
but
it seems
obvious
that
the uilla
had
all that
was
needed
lor
both
oil
-
and
wine
production'
l.
2.
Villae
in
Istria.
A
remarkable example
of
an
oil-producing
plant
of the
Classical
period
in
Istria
is
the building
in
Barbarig"
tt
'
it
has
not
been
completely
explored
but
excavations
in
the
bOs
have uncovered
r
io.rg
line of
presses
in
pairs
on
both
sides
of
the
stone
bases
for
arbores
(fig.4). There were-probabli
20
presses
(in
l0
pairs) in
the
period
of
maximum
activity
o-i
th.
plant
but two
different
draining
channels
can
clearly
be
distinguished
leading
to two sets
of
magazines
:
one
(G)
in
the
form
of simple
reservoirs,
the
olher
(D)
with
Jariously
built
basins
(two
groups
of
quadrangular,
stone
builL
receptacles
of
an
earlier
period
jfour
superposed
moiolitiric
stone
circular
vessels). Because
a base
for
a mill
has
been
found
in ,'.oorn
near
the
presses
there
can
be
no
doubt
that
olive
oil
was
produced in
Barbariga.
Unfortunately
the
store-rooms
have
not
yet been
discovered:
given the number
of
presses,
we
can
expect
their
dimensions
to
be
considerable
and
this
building
really
illustrates
the
importance
of
olive
oil
production
in
Istria'
Th-ere
is
yet
another
example
of
an
almost
completely
excavated
oil-processing
buil-
ding,
in
Cervar
Porat
near
Porec
12.
The
economic
section
is fairly
well
preserved
(fig.
3)
(8)
Mrlxrn
(1975-1976).
(9)
Gnras
(1908).
(10)
GNrns
(1908),
I37-139.
(ll)
Mrrr.r.rsri
(1982),
58-59.
(12)
Juaxrc
(1981),
84-88.
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252
ROBERT
MATIJASIC
Fig.
1.
-
Barbariga.
IBCH
Suppl.
XX\/l
/
and is
composed
of
three
groups
of
rooms
:
two
with
presses,
one
with
draining
channels
and basins. In the
first
press-room
(E),
the
circular
press-beds
are
made
of
ceramic
tiles
(spicae)
as
is
the
whole floor
with
the
exception
of
the
two
corresponding
monoliths
for
fixirig the
wooden
uprights
at
the
head
of the
lever
(prelum).In
a corner,
Lhere
are
clear
.u-"ins
of
an
oil-mill
(ieveral
fragmented
and
whole
mill-stones
were
found
on the
site
:
they are
all cylindrical
with
a
quadrangular
central
hole).
In Lhe
second
press-room
the
preises
are
less
rvell preserved.
It
seems,
however,
thaL
the
press-beds
(areae)
were
qua-
irangular
and
madg
of
stone.
The
space,
rvhere one
must
presume
the
position
of the
n1ountitlg
for
the
pressure
device
to
have
been,
is again belou'
the level
of the
press-room
floor.
And
there
is
no trace of
the
mechanism. The
two
pairs
of
presses are
connected
by a
single
drain
made
of
tiles
in
the
first
room, of
carved stone
blocks
in
the
second.
The
draln,
probably
led
to
the
group of
lhree
vessels,
Lhree
dolia
cut
horizontally
at
the
belly
in
ordel'to
be used
for the
settling
of
oil
:
these
adapted
dolia
rvere built
into
a
stone
base
so as to fix
their
rim
at a
normal
working
level'
1. 3.
Technology
used
in
Istria.
So
much
for
the
best
preserved oil
plant
sites
in
Istria.
There
are
many
more
sites
rvith
onl"v
fragmentary
information
on
various
details concerning
the
machinery
used
in
the
procLss.
Ot
tt",u 7O sites
with
elements
of
oil
-
or
wine-presses,
onlv
in 8
cases
do
we
have
finds of
mills or
mill-stones.
Onl.v
mills
give
us
the
certaint'y,
beyond
an.v
reasonable
doubt, of an oil-producing
plant but in
many other
cases
thel'
might
not
have survived'
AnoLher element
of
certainty,
very
rare
in
our
regions so far, is the
find of carbonized
olive
pi[s,
a
llnd
that
occurred in
the
western
press-room
of
Lhe
uilla
it"t
Dobrika
Bay
on
Brijuni
island,
Of the
9
knorvn mills,
rve have
been
able
to
record
the
measurements
of
four
of
them
:
fhev
are
of
the mola
olearia
type
(fig.
5
:
Pula) except one
rvhich
seems
Lo belong
to
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leesl
050
rgl
OIL
AND
WINE PRODUCTION
IN
ISTRIA AND DALMATIA
253
Fig. 5.
-
Pula
: molo
olearia.
E
Fig.
6.
-
)iegrin.
?nr
IlH-,
L----jI
ii
-
\
r__J
\\
Fie. 10.
-
Galizana
:
base
for arbores.
0
5o
100
#
Fig. 7.
-
Lakuza.
Fie. 9.
-
Stone vessels used as basins.
Fig. 8.
-
Vodnjan
:
Press-bed.
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ROBERT
MATIJASIC
IBCH
SuPPl.
XXVI
2b4
the
class
(rouleaux
et
cuves))
(frg'7)13'
The
diameter
of
the
former
is
mainly
around
2meters(1,95m',2,24m',1,70-2'00--'.'
tiipti"tllC"'\'"'Porat)thedimensionsof
the
latter
are
l,0o
x
0,85
m
(Barbariga).
uitt-siJnes
are
all
cylindrical
in
shape
so
that
none
belongs
to
the
rroprtu^'.f5.ru
"rJttru.
h
c.rt".
Porat,
iwo
in
Magornjak'.on'
in
Fizela
near
pula,
one
near
porec
found
ln
,
r..ona-"ry
fosition..Th.[
diameter
varies
from
80
to
g0
cm
and
the
quadrangular
hole
i,
u.u*tt-i*Z"O-ltt;
wide'
The
width
varies
from
13
to
40
cm,
There
are
trvo
types
of
press-beds
in
Istriart
sites
:
circu]ar
(fig. 10
:
Galizana
te;
made
of
ceramic
tiles
Isplcoel
like
the
entrre;;;;.-too;
floo.r
(diamefer
around
l'70-1'90
m)
and
quadrangular
(fi;."6;'v;nlan'u)
*;;;;i-slone
blocks
(sides from
l'b0
to
2'20
m
long)
The
latLer
are
l-.t|",
known
U.."u..
,tone
blocks
tend
io
be
found
on
the
surface'
sometimes
reused
:
they
have
a
channel
;;;
all
around
the
four
sides
with
a
beak
for
draining
::":fflJ,:il,
0"..,
ror
rhe
arbores
(tapides
pedicin.i)
t:
o:.l9.
ll:-press-beds
(fig.8):
these
.to.t"''iiotrt'
a'e
u'uatt'
i'iO
-'z'zO
I
iottg
with
two
recesses
(normally
around
45
x
45cm,
15
in
depth)
for
fixing
Lhe
wooden
uprights
(fig'
7
:
Lakuza)'
The
distance between
the
recesse.
,orr.rponit"to
int
*iatn
of
t"n"
lever
beam
which
was
placed
between
trr.*"t".t"iil;;;fu'40';;iA;"ther
kind
of'
lapides
pedicini
has
smaller
recesses
(15
x
t5
cm)
with
a
distance
oi
,ilout
90 cm
between
them
(fig'
6
:
Negrin)
:
thesewerethebasesforthestipites.uppo,t,ofthewindlass.Sofar,theyhaveneverbeen
found
fn
silu.
.. ,,
r--.:r.
^r
^*^'
i.nporrlrr
st.ones
with
a
Thebasinsforthesettlingofoilareusuallybuilt.of.smallirregularstones
layer
of
tight
waterpr""i-*"*?r..They,are
often
placed
atone
end
of
the
storeroom
so
rhar
rheir
lengrh
;i;;;;.;;'io
tn.
*iairr
"ithe
magazine
fot
dolia'
Not
unfrequent
are
circular
vessers
,r;;;i;;;
a
single
.i"r.
ii".r.
usirally
2
meters
in
diameter
(fig'
16)'
while
the
use
of
.d;;;t;-aiio
i'
a'ttested
to
only
in
Cervar
Porat'
As
regards
Lhe
presses
in
Istria,
r"t;;;;;n[erweight
has
been
found
up
to
now
and
there
are
no
signs
oi
tr,.
use
of
direct-scriew
fr"r.r.
in
Iitria'
It
is
also
interesting
to
note
that
stone
uprigt,ts
*ere
not
,red
he.a';"d;"Al;ti;'i
fttioa
but
appear
in
Late
Anti-
quiry
in t*o
urba,i
,t;;
'^tV;;
;um
(fre"'l;i';
tna
*tt
'Cast'um
of Brijunirz'
mentioned
above.
In
both
cases,
the
stone
upright?
for
fhe
windlass
were
placed
in
a
recess
in
the
ground
so
as
to
increase
the
path
of
the
lt"t'
'
this
will
be
a
frequently
used
technological
iolution
in
Dalmatia
r^,,-ri in
q
rr
'rally
the
The
remain.
oi"
0r...
in
Ilesactium
were
found
in
a
room
which
was
ortgrl
praefurniumof
the
baihs
lthermorT,
so
ih"t
it
is
clear
that
the
pressing
activity
was
a
secondary
use
of
tlrt
roo*.
Unfortunately'
the
remains
were
only
superficially
published'
and
no
datation
can
be
established
withcertainty
:
we.can
o-nly::i'
tl.tt
th-elress
was
erected
between
d;;;;i;e
use
of
ii'"-tiu^o'
and
the
end
oi
Nisactium
urban
life
in
611
(it
was
destoyea
""a
"ir^aoned).
ii."r.i.t.
of
a
quadrangular
area
with
a
forum(in
(13)
Bnux
(1986)' 69-70'
itai
Gnt*.
(1914),
182-183'
ilSi
Mnttrn.te
(1987)'
120'
(16)
PuscHr
(1905).
itzi
M'.n*^"
(1975-1976)'
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OIL
AND
WINE
PRODUCTION
IN
ISTRIA
AND
DALMATIA
Fig.
11.
-
Lakuza.
255
r9931
the
sense
of
Cato,
Agr.
18)According
to
the
ground
planls,
the
beam
pressing
mech.anism
was
supported
by
more
tian
one
v;rtical
stantion,
but
nothing
remains
in
place
today,
and
the
stone blocks
seem
to
have
disappeared.
2. DALMATIA
In
Dalmatia, the number
of
sites
with
remains
of
presses
or related finds amounts to
about
30.
In
comparison
with
Istria,
the
different
picture
stems from
a
different
approach
to
archaeological
excavations.
Rural
siLes
(uillae
rusticae),
probably.
not
so
nu*..ou,
as
along
the
istrian
coast,
have
not
been
explored
in
great
numbers'
There
are
few
rural
agricultural
buildings
with
more
than
one
pressing
machine
:
one
exception
with
five
pri....
is in
Muline
Jn
tit.
island
of
Ugljan
n€ai
Zadarts
(fi$.
l4),
another
with
two
presses
in
Sv.
petar
near
Bijacizo
(fig.
13 :Solin).
Most
agricultural
buildings
seem
to
have
been
either
centers
of
smail
land-holdings
or
installations
where
oil
and
wine
were
produced
in
small
quantities
for
local
needs
only
:
Mogorjelo
21,
Majsan
island
n-ear
Kor-
cula22,
Blato
on
Korcula2s,
Kupinovik
on
Hvar2a.
A
number
of
positions
on
Hvar
and
(18)
Pus*rr
(1905),
Pl.
lll, l.
(19)
Surc
(1960
and
I976).
(20)
Jerrc
(1896-1897).
(21)
Bonxovsxr
(1969).
(22)
Frsxovrd
(1984).
(23)
Onee
(1988-1989).
(24)
ZrnrNovre
(1982);
Snnrc
(1978).
rr
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256
ROBERT
NIATIJASIC
IBCH
Suppl.
XXVI
Fig.
13.
-
Sv.
Petar
Fig.
15.
-
I(astel
Gonrilila'
Fig.
l?.
-
Nesactiunt
Fig.
l,{.
-
N'luline
in
Ugljan.
o_
[[\
^l
ooou..'
o0u
ol
ol
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19931
OIL AND
WINE
PRODUCTION
IN
ISTRIA
AND
DALMATIA
257
Brac.areonly
presumed
sites
of
oil
and
wine
plants25.
Many
of
these
sites
have
not
been
published
in a
definitive
manner
so
that
in
many
cases, we
do
not have
the
ground
plans
at
our
disposal.
Similarlv,
the
descriplions
are usually
very
superficial,
wlthout
much
detail.
The
best
known
example
of
an oil-producing
villa
in
Dalmatia
is
certainly
Muline
26.
The
ground-plan
(fig.
14),
iately
published
ry
sirie
2?,
shows
a.group
of
rooms
around
a
courtyard.
Among
th.--,
Suic
recognizes
all
the
necessarv
elements
for
an oil
plant
:
store-rooms
for
olives,
basins
for
washing,
an
olive-mitl,
small
basins
near
the
press-beds,
a
storeroom
for
oil,
wiLh
dolia
and
amphorae. ln
the
available
ground-plan,
tire form
or
t^VRe
of
presses
is
not
recognizable
:
the
press-beds
are
drawn
as *e.r
quadrangles.
Of
the
five
presses,
two
might
have
had the
windlass
anchored
with
stone
uprigh"ts inside
a
reoess
in
the ground.
I
have
not
been
able
to
verify the plan
in silu,
because
recent war
activities
against
Croatia
in
late
l99l have
made parts
of
Dalmatia
inaccessible.
-
There
is a group
of
finds
of
presses
(probably
oil-presses)
associaled
with
some
of the
famous
PaleochrisLian
and
Byzantine
sacred monuments
in
and
around
Salona28.
First
there
is
the
press
belonging
to
the archibishop's
quarter
in
fown
near
the Lwin
basilicae
in
the north-western
corner
of
the
(Jrbs
noua
oiienlatis2e
:
its
shape
cannot
be
established,
b-ut
it probably
was
of
the
lever
type.
The lorcular
just
outside
ihe
cemeterial
complex
at
Manastirine
is shown
without
any detail
of
the
general
ground
plan
s0
:
the
orea
and
<forum)
was
on
a raised
platform
with
two
stone
uprighbs for
the windlass
below
it. The
best
documented
press
is
that
outside
the cemetery
af Kapljucsr
: it
is of the
same
type
as
thaL
in
ManasLirine.
Another
oil
press
of
the
same type was
found
near the
Forumsz
and it
must
also
be
dated
from
the Early
Middle Ages.-Only
a
few years
ago,
another
press was
found
outsi
de
a
horreun west
of
the theatress.
In
Diocletian's
palace
in
Split,
an
oil press
was
installed
in
one
of the
cellar
rooms
in the western
wingse (hg.
f6).
Finally
traces
of
a press
exist
inside
the
fortified monastical complex
of
Crikvine
on-a
hill
outsidl
Salona
36'
Most
of
these
oil presses
were
part of the
eccleliastical
economy
in the bth-6th
century
as
the
Church was
the owner
of
lands with
olive
trees
and vines
and both
liquids
were_noL
only
part,
of the
normal
diet
but
were
used
in
the
liturgy
as wells6.
,
.
Regarding those
presses
in
Dalmatia
whose
technological
details
are
easily
recogni-
zable,
most
seem
to
belong
to
the lever
and winch
type
with
slightly recessed
stone
uprights.
This
is
true
of
the
Classical
and
Early
l\{edieval
period.
Becauie
the
press-beds
were
on
a
higher
level,
they
are
often
badly
damaged and
it
is
difficult
to
estatlish their
shape
(sv.
Petar,
Mogorjelo)
: in
two cases,
they
seem
to
be
circular
(fig.
15
:
Kastel
(25)
ZexrNovre (t966
and
lg67),
(26)
Surc
(1960.
1976
and l98l).
(27)
Surc
(t981),
ZSB.
(28)
CEcr
(t9BJ),
227
-284.
(29)
Dvccvr
(l9bl),
B0;
Gsnsrn
(1917),
t0g-104.
(30)
Eccrn
(t926).
(31) Bnorvosrno (t928),
a0-al.
(32)
RnNorc
Mrocrvre
(l9bB).
(33)
Krnrcrn
et
atii
(1987).
tb.
(34)
Mrn,rsovrc
(1984).
(35)
Dvccvr
(l9bl),
fig.
III-20.
(36)
Dvccvn
(l9bl).
30: Nrxor,r.rer.rc
(t979).
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258
ROBERT
MATIJASIC
IBCH
Suppl.
XXVI
b1
Fig.
16.
-
Split
Diocletian's
palace'
Gomilica
near
Split,
Manastirine).
Mills
are not
known
with
the
exception
of
a
possible
(rouleaux
et
cuvesrr
type
(Sv.
Peiar),
where
an
elongated
base
was found
along
a
wall
in
the
press-room
togethe.
*itt
two
cylindrical
mill-stones.
Other
mill-stones
are
sometimes
meniioned
but on"ly
incidentally
"na
in
superficial
contexts,
Basins
for
the
deposition
of
oil
are mostly
buiit
as
watertight
,.r"rlroirr,
sometimes
made
of
stone
in
the
shape
of
circular or
quadrangular
vessels-.
They
are
almost
always
situated
near
the
elevaLed
areae
(Manastirine,
Kaste"l
Gomilica,
Sv.
Petar)'
so
that
the
draining
channels are
very
short'
No
storerooms
with
dolia
are
known
in
Dalmatia'
3.
CONCLUSION
The
archaeological
evidence
of
oil
production
in
Dalmatia
is
meagre
in
comparison
wibh
the
size
of
the
Lerritory
suitable
for
grape
and
olive
growing.
The
obvious
conclusion
is:olive
oil
and
wine *ere"not
produceJon
an
industrial
scale
for
export.
On
the
other
hand,
they
were an
important
agricultural
product
of Istria
w.hose
proximity
to
northern
Italy andio
the commercial
towi
of.
Aquilela
(land
routes
to
the
Danube
provinces)
made
it
a lucrative
activity.
Amphorae
produced
in
Istria
(Dressel
68)
wereJound
throughout
the
Po
valley 87,in
froricum
(Magd^alensbergss),
in
Ostiase
and even
in
Greece
and
Africa'
(37)
Crann
(1985).
i38)
Eccnn
(t969).
(39)
Znvt
(1967).
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lee3l
Dyccvs
(t9bl)
:
Dycovs
(E.)
_,4
EccBn
(1926)
:
Eccen
(R.)
-
De,
Wien
(1926).
Historg
of
Salonitan
Christianitg.
Osto
(l9bl).
altchristliche
Friedhof
Manastirine,
Forschungen
in
Salona
IL
oIL
AND
wINE
PRoDUCTIoN
IN
ISTRIA
AND
DALMATIA
25g
The
commercial
activity
of
Dalmatia
cannot
be identified
in
this
way
: its
oil
and
wine
must
have
been
intended
mainly
for
local
markets.
Anyway,
although
the
olive
oil
and
wine
producLion
in
Istria
is
fairly
well-knewn,
the
archaeological
tcienc"s
in
Dalmatia
,titt
tr"rr"
a
lot to
ao
in
orde.
to throw
more
light
n
economic
and
technological
questions
regarding
these
two
typically
Mediterranean
products.
similarly'
there
is
still
a
lot
of
research
to
do
in
the
fietd
of
medieval
and
industrial
archaeology
as
well
as
ethnography,
so
that
this
review
is
only
an
attempt
to sketch
out
he
slalas
maleriae.
(L)-
rAntidka
uljara
na
Mogorjelu
i
rekonstrukcija
njenog
d
Mogorjelo
et la
reconstitution
de
sa presse),r,
(NaSe
Starinej
Spomenika
Kulture
Bosne
i
Hercegouini
XII
(l969),
27_b2.
-
Ancienl
Landscapes,
Studies
in
Field
Archaeologg.
London
Robert
Mnrr.rasrc
*
(*)
Archaeological
Museum
of
Istria,
pula,
Croatie.
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/r-matijasic-oil-and-wine-production-in-istria-and-dalmatia-in-classical 16/16
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