R K Jain. CO 2 emission responsible for global warming Development process to go unhalted. Ways and...
13
R K Jain
Transcript of R K Jain. CO 2 emission responsible for global warming Development process to go unhalted. Ways and...
R K Jain
CO2 emission responsible for global warmingDevelopment process to go unhalted .Ways and means to be found for controlling and abating CO2.Energy efficient technologies, energy conservation , reduction in T&D losses to help CO2 emission.Ultimate solution may lie in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) which can stabilize CO2 concentration at 450 or 550 ppm.CCS as potential of reducing emission by 85% or more by 2050.
CO2 capture and storage system
FuelsProcesses
Transport
Storage options
Post combustion - CO2 separation from flue gases by chemical absorption with monoethanolamine (chilled ammonia process under development).Pre Combustion - CO2 separation in
reformer after gasification of fuel (sorbents used for separation).OxyFuel -Separating O2 and N2 from air and using O2 to burn fuel.
Ocean Storage (~nearly 1000 GtCO2 potential depending on environmental constrains)Geological storage (potential 2000 GtCO2).This can enable enhanced oil or gas recovery.Deep saline aquifers (potential 5-500 billion tCO2 ).Appears to be best long term solution.Depleted oil and gas reservoirs (good sites because of proven caprock).
CCS: geological storage potential
Capture Efficiency - 85-95%Net CO2 reduction - 80-90%Additional Energy use -10-40%
Planned storage (MtCO2)Canada 20Algeria 17Norway 20Nether Land 8USA 0.0016
For pulverized Coal Plants cost of CCS could vary between 61 to 99 US$/MWhr whereas cost of carbon mitigation could vary between 30 to 70 US$/ CO2 avoidedCost of Capture 15-75% US$/tCO2Cost of Transportation for 250 km 1-8 US$/t CO2Geological Storage 0.5 -8 US$/tCO2 injectedOcean storage 5-30 US$/tCO2 injectedCost of coal fired plant could increase by around 25% with adoption of CCS.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Co
st o
f E
lectr
icit
y (
US
$/M
Wh
)
CO2 emission factor (tCO2/MWh)
New Plants with Capture
New Gas and Coal Plants without Capture
Pulverized Coal Combustion (PC)
Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Co
st o
f E
lectr
icit
y (
US
$/M
Wh
)
CO2 emission factor (tCO2/MWh)
New Plants with Capture
New Gas and Coal Plants without Capture
Pulverized Coal Combustion (PC)
Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC)
Pulverized Coal Combustion (PC)
Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC)
Lack of real DataAppropriate Site selection for geological storage.Monitoring program to detect problems.Remedial methods to stop CO2 releasesImportant to evaluate potential for seepage based on site characteristics
It is estimated that fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reserves may be more than 99% over 1000 yearsRelease is estimated to be gradual over hundreds of years
•Technical issues Scale up of technology for CO2 separation. Efficiency improvements in compression of CO2. Chances of leakage of stored CO2 Damages on account of leakage of CO2
• Economic Issues More detail assessments needed to improve equipment design
and cost estimates.
• Legal Issues Property rights to underground space for storage Legal considerations for potential CO2 leak
• Regulatory Issues Building a regulatory framework for CCS needed.
