R ESEARCH D ESIGN KNR 164. THE GOAL 1. To learn how to select, read, understand, and critically...
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Transcript of R ESEARCH D ESIGN KNR 164. THE GOAL 1. To learn how to select, read, understand, and critically...
THE GOAL
1. To learn how to select, read, understand, and critically review a research article
a. What is (should be) in one b. Types of research c. What are variables d. Research Methods
A good test – can you read, understand and critically review the research article you selected?
As we go through the components of an article – read and apply this knowledge to your own article to “decipher” it’s content
ATTITUDE IS ALTITUDE LIFE LONG LEARNING = SUCCESS
Allied health careers Evidence Based Medicine
Why are you doing this and is there proof it works?
Can you prove what YOU are doing works? The “size” of Medical Knowledge doubles every
5 years!
Exercise science careers Merit based pay for performance outcomes
Why are you doing this and is there proof it works? can you prove what YOU are doing works?
FINDING RESEARCH ARTICLESGoal is to find “primary references” from
peer-reviewed academic journals
1. identify key journals in a specific subdiscipline and look through table of contents
2. conduct keyword searches using common databases available through Milner library
- Pubmed- Google scholar
3. ask ES professors and/or using class reading lists
Peer Reviewed Articles vs. Non-Peer Reviewed• The Peer Review process infers rigor = ensures
higher quality• Who is a “peer”?• Expert in the field and in this specific area
• Stated in Journal’s bylaws and operating procedures• go to home page of journal and read it’s
procedures
• This process is time consuming
Is your article “peer reviewed”…how do you know?
Peer Reviewed Journals: Structure
Editorial Board – Group who sets scientific mission, process, outlets and price (Governance – top people in field)
Editors – usually 1 – 2 people (Final decisions/disputes)
Associate Editors – depends of size and breadth of journal (10-30); assigned articles and are charged with administering the process; makes recommendation of reject/accept decision to Editors
Reviewers – general assembly; all qualified people selected by Assoc. Editors to read and critique the manuscript.
Blinded process – Only Associate Editors know who is involved
No one gets paid = service
Peer Reviewed Journals: Process
1. Manuscript submitted to Journal (electronically)
2. Editors read abstract and assigns Associate Editor
3. Associate Editors assign 3-5 reviewers to read and review- make comments on content, validity, writing/grammar- suggest improvements, add data, change
analysis- make recommendation to accept, revise or
reject
4. Associate Editor collects reviewer recommendations- synthesizes/summarizes/checks reviewer’s comments
- sends recommendation to Editors
5. Final Decision sent to Authors
COMPONENTS OF (MOST) RESEARCH ARTICLES
1. Abstract
2. Introduction a. Purposeb. Hypothesis
3. Methodsa. Subjectsb. Equipment/toolsc. Statistical procedures
4. Resultsa. Significant differencesb. Graphs and tables
5. Discussiona. Interpretation –
a. What does this mean b. How does it helpc. How does it compared. What are the limitations
Does YOUR article have thesecomponents?
Is your article one of these? Why?
Where and how is your study’s sample taken
Can you categorize your
study into one of these areas?
If your article does not fall into one of these;please find another one that does.
BASIC ELEMENTS: VARIABLES Variable: what is measured or varied. An
attribute or characteristic of a person (or object) that can change from person to person. IndependentDependentControl Intervening (mediator)Moderator
Can y
ou find a
nd list
the
varia
bles
in
your s
tudy?
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES Independent Variable: a variable that is manipulated,
measured or selected by the researcher in order to observe its relation to the subject's "response” on another variable.
Dependent Variable: the variable that is observed and measured in response to an independent variable.
EXAMPLE: What is the effect of increasing treadmill grade on heart rate during running? - What is IV?- What is DV? Can you explain why for each case? Is
this an example of a experimental or non-experimental study?
BASIC ELEMENTS: PURPOSE & HYPOTHESES Purpose: succinct statement of goal; based on
introduction Hypothesis: a tentative statement about the
expected relationship between two or more variables.State expected relationship or difference
between 2 variablesBe testableBe brief and clear
What is the purpose of your study?What is the stated hypothesis?
• Alternative hypothesis (HA)…• what you predict• what you think will happen
• Null hypothesis (HO) …• all remaining possible outcomes
Conclusion: Reject the null and retain the Alternate (p<.05)
Hypotheses: alternative vs. null
Hypotheses: one-tailed vs. two-tailed
• Two-tailed is non-directional – hypothesis does not state direction of outcome; just differences to occur
• One tailed gives a predicted directional response – hypothesis gives directional response of the outcome; • Less room for error, makes the hypothesis “tighter”• probability of being “right” is higher
If you were receiving this drug - would you want the data to be based any response; or, a directional response?
Why does this even matter?
In many studies it doesn’t
But what if the “stakes” of being wrong were very high?
Purpose: to determine the benefit of angiostatin on reducing blood clotting in heart
tissue immediately following heart attack symptoms
HYPOTHESES: ONE-TAILED VS. TWO-TAILED