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Introduction to Phonology

Interaction of Morphology and Phonology

There are many interactions between phonological forms and morphological structures.

Hence, it is very important to know about basic morphology in order to understand Morphophonemic processes.

Morphology

The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology.

Morphology

The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology.

Basic Idea:

- We store morphemes in the brain

- Morphemes are combined or changed via morphological processes

- The output of morphological processes are words

The Morpheme

The smallest linguistic unit of meaning or function.

cat + s

“A feline” “Plural”

Morpheme types

Morphemes

Free Bound

Roots Affixes Roots

Derivational Inflectional

Prefix Suffix Infix circumfix

Fig: Morpheme types

Morphology

The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology.

Basic Idea:

- We store morphemes in the brain

- Morphemes are combined or changed via morphological processes

- The output of morphological processes are words

Morphological Processes

Types of morphological processes

Affixation

Compounding

Reduplication

Alternations

Suppletion

Affixation

Attachment of an affix to a base(root).

1. Prefix (e.g. inactive)

2. Suffix (e.g. drinkable)

3. Infix (e.g. Bontoc(Philippines): fumikas = fikas „strong’ + um ‘to be’)

4. Circumfix (e.g. samoan: fefinaua?i = finau „to quarrel‟ +

fe- / a?i „reciprocal‟)

Compounding

Combining two independent words to form a new word:

Girlfriend, textbook, air-conditioner

Reduplication

Process of forming a word by repeating either an entire word or part of the word

Total/full reduplication

Indonesian(uses full reduplication for forming plurals of nouns):

rumah „house‟ rumah-rumah „houses‟

Partial reduplication

Tagalog(uses partial reduplication for forming future tense of verbs):

bili „buy‟ bibili „will buy‟

pasok ‘enter’ papasok „will enter‟

Alternations

Morpheme internal modifications that make new words or morphological distinctions

Hebrew: (Derivational alternations between nouns and verbs)

Verbs Nouns

[limed] „he taught‟ [limud] „lesson‟

[sijem] „he finished‟ [sijum] „end‟

English has limited alternations that are somewhat idiosyncratic:

Sink [sɪŋk] vs. sank [sæŋk] vs. sunk [sʌŋk]

Ring vs. rang vs. rung

Suppletion

A morphological process between forms of a word where wherein one form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other

„go‟ vs. „went‟

„is‟ vs. „was‟

Morphological Processes

Types of morphological processes

Affixation

Compounding

Reduplication

Alternations

Suppletion

Morphology

The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology.

Basic Idea:

- We store morphemes in the brain

- Morphemes are combined or changed via morphological processes

- The output of morphological processes are words

Morphological Analysis

Procedure of performing morphological analysis

Isolate and compare the forms that are partially similar [nokali] ‘my house’[ikali] ‘his house’

If a single phonetic form has two distinct meanings (functions), it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes.

[worker][faster]

If the same function and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morphemes( They are allomorphs of the same morpheme).

Imbalance [Imbæləns] Inability [InəbIləɾi]Incomplete [Iŋkəmplit] Irresponsible [IrIspansIbl]Illegible [IlɛdӡIbl]

[kali] = house

Morphological Analysis

Procedure of performing morphological analysis

Isolate and compare the forms that are partially similar [nokali] ‘my house’[ikali] ‘his house’

If a single phonetic form has two distinct meanings (functions), it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes.

[worker][faster]

If the same function and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morphemes( They are allomorphs of the same morpheme).

Imbalance [Imbæləns] Inability [InəbIləɾi]Incomplete [Iŋkəmplit] Irresponsible [IrIspansIbl]Illegible [IlɛdӡIbl]

[kali] = house

Morphological Aanalysis

Procedure of performing morphological analysis

Isolate and compare the forms that are partially similar [nokali] ‘my house’[ikali] ‘his house’

If a single phonetic form has two distinct meanings (functions), it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes.

[worker][faster]

If the same function and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morphemes( They are allomorphs of the same morpheme).

Imbalance [Imbæləns] Inability [InəbIləɾi]Incomplete [Iŋkəmplit] Irresponsible [IrIspansIbl]Illegible [IlɛdӡIbl]

[kali] = house

Morphological Analysis

Procedure of performing morphological analysis

Isolate and compare the forms that are partially similar [nokali] ‘my house’[ikali] ‘his house’

If a single phonetic form has two distinct meanings (functions), it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes.

[worker][faster]

If the same function and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morphemes( They are allomorphs of the same morpheme).

Imbalance [Imbæləns] Inability [InəbIləɾi]Incomplete [Iŋkəmplit] Irresponsible [IrIspansIbl]Illegible [IlɛdӡIbl]

[kali] = house

Interaction of Morphology and Phonology

There are many interactions between phonological forms and morphological structures.

Hence, it is very important to know about basic morphology in order to understand Morphophonemic processes.

An example of interaction

Consider the following data from an African language Maninka:

[bugo] hit [bugoli] hitting

[dila] repair [dilali] repairing

[don] come in [donni] coming in

[dumu] eat [dumuni] eating

[gwen] chase [gwenni] chasing

1. How do you represent “ing” in Maninka?

2. Can you predict which phonetic from will appear? If so, state the rule.

Q. How do we write these morphological rules??

Morphological Structures

How are the words put together?

Words with two morphemes: Simply by adding the two morphemes.

in+active=inactive

drink+able=drinkable

desk + lamp=desk lamp

The structure can be depicted using the tree

notation commonly used in syntax.

N

N N

desk lamp

Morphological Structures

How are the words put together?

What about words with more than two morphemes?

un+use+able=unusable

Which affix gets attached first?

Morphological Structures

1. The stems with which a given affix may combine (its input) normally belongs to the same part of speech class.

For e.g „able‟ attaches to verbs but not to adjectives or nouns.

verbs adjectives nouns

adjust + able asleep + able anger + able

debate + able happy + able student + able

Morphological Structures

2. The words that are formed when an affix attaches to the stem (its output) also normally belong to the same class.

verbs adjectives

adjust + able adjustable

debate + able debatable

Morphological Structures

What is the order for reusable?

use: stem

able: an affix that attaches to verbs and forms adjectives

re: (meaning: do again)attaches to verbs and creates verbs

1. re + usable

2. reuse + able

Morphological Structures

What is the order for reusable?

use: stem

able: an affix that attaches to verbs and forms adjectives

re: (meaning: do again)attaches to verbs and creates verbs

1. re + usable (usable is an adjective. re cannot attach to it)

2. reuse + able

Morphological Structures

Adj

verb

re use(verb) able

Conclusions:

1. Morphological structures can be

depicted using tree structures.

2. The order in which the morphemes

combine is clearly captured by the

tree structures.

3. The different groupings of the

morphemes can produce

differences in the meanings

Rules for derivation

Lets take the example of the same suffix „able‟ . We saw it in the words: usable, adjustable, debatable and lockable.

We concluded that it can attach to verbs (its input) and form adjectives (its output). So, the morphological structure for Washable can be shown as follows.

Adjective

Verb əbəl

wɔʃ

-able affixation

Verb + əbəl Adjective

Verb + əbəl means “able to be Verbed”[[wɔʃ]Verb əbəl]Adj

wɔʃ - əbəl

The basic concept…

Morphemes (stored in the lexicon/constant pronunciation)

Morphological rules (combine morphemes/rearrange the phonological environments

of the phonemes)

Phonological rules (generate the surface forms)

(The cases of English plural formation and Chimwiini illustrated that the order in which rules apply is important)

Morphophonemic Analysis

The purpose of Morphophonemic Analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that is consistent with the data.

Procedure of Morphophonemic Analysis:

Morphophonemic Analysis

Assignment 5

Only one rule and so ordering didn‟t matter

More on rule orderings…

Feeding

So we say that Apocope feeds Cluster Reduction.

Bleeding

So we say that /w/ epenthesis bleeds Vowel Deletion.

Counterfeeding

It is useful to think of “counterfeed” as fails to feed or arrives too late to feed.

Here, Non-Apical Deletion counterfeeds Final Lowering.

Counterbleeding

This shows that if Vowel Deletion had applied first it would have bled /w/ epenthesis.

So we say that Vowel Deletion counterbleeds /w/ epenthesis.

Morphophonemic Analysis

The purpose of Morphophonemic Analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that is consistent with the data.

Procedure of Morphophonemic Analysis:

English Plural morphemes

1. Account for the 3 allomorphs.

2. Give the derivations of [piz] and [mits]

3. Give the derivation of [glasiz].

4. Does the ordering of rules matter?

Good luck on your test!